On formalizing UML state machines using ASMs

UML activity diagrams have become an established notation to model control and data ow on various levels of abstraction, ranging from fine-grained descriptions of algorithms to high-level workflow models in business applications. A formal semantics has to capture the flexibility of the interpretation of activity diagrams in real systems, which makes it inappropriate to define a fixed formal semantics. In this paper, we define a semantics with semantic variation points that allow for a customizable, application-specific interpretation of activity diagrams. We examine concrete variants of the activity diagram semantics which may also entail variants of the syntax re ecting the intended use at hand.

Other Situations of Violence: Classification Issues and Concerns: The Nigerian Situation Akpoghome, Theresa U Abstract The classification of conflicts into two broad categories – international and internal armed conflicts is to help determine the law that applies in any given situation of conflict. Beside these broad classifications, there are other situations of violence which according to the provisions of Additional Protocol II are not covered by IHL. This distinction has given rise to unsettled areas which revolves around when a given situation becomes an armed conflict and the applicable law when there is an intervention by foreign armed troops either on the side of the government or the insurgents. The issue of the applicable law in any situation of violence usually begins with the analysis of the distinctions that have been drawn between internal conflicts and other situations of violence which a lot of people find very difficult to understand when placed against the backdrop of IHL’s objectives of humanity and being effective and credible. This paper discusses the concerns that have arisen as a result of the classification and the non applicability of IHL to other situations of violence in Nigeria and the justification for such. It also discusses the relevant provisions of AP II and the effect on IHL’s aim of protecting humanity and suggests a possibility for reform by reconsidering the threshold question. The paper also suggests ways of ensuring that State do not hide under the guise of other situations of conflict and allow such situations to continue to claim the lives of civilians. Full Text: PDF DOI: 10.15640/jlcj.v3n1a6

List of Tables - List of Figures - Foreword - Introduction - PART 1 THE STRUCTURE OF CONFLICT - Structure - Conflict Situations - Processes - PART 2 CONDUCTING CONFLICT - Psychological Dimensions of Conflict - Perceptions During Conflict - Conflict Behaviour - Conflict Behaviour as Communication - PART 3 ENDING CONFLICT - Conflict Termination - Settlement Strategies - The Structure of Negotiations - PART 4 CONTAINING CONFLICT - Managing Conflict - Peacemaking - Afterword: Future Directions - Notes - Bibliography - Index

Problem of setting. In of the article first certain and analysed research narratives to the international conflict, which was folded in modern scientific discourse - civilization, universal, phenomenological, deterministic, rhythm of development, the world is politicians, judicial. There is an appropriate question in science: how in our time to perceive and explain the situation of international conflict - by global turbulence or destructions of the world system?Analysis of main researches. In political science tradition objectively there were different of international of the world. Narrative of «conflict of civilizations» (S. Hantington) takes a place from their global opposition in foreshortening of the historical differences, values and alternative ways of life. P. Sorokin and Q. Wright developed universal narrative of international conflicts, where attributed them to the class ofgeneral social. Other scientists (E. Luard, K. Levin, J. Rubin, D. Pruit, K. S. Kim, T. Shelling) formulated in in the second half of XX century deterministic, rhythm of development, the world is politicians, judicial narratives of conflicts on a world arena.Paper objective. Idea and purpose ofthe article: to generalize the picture ofinternational conflicts in phenomenological narrative (the essence, sources, varieties and strategies of decision); to expose objective connection of conflicts with destructions of the world system and processes of global turbulence.Paper main body. In the epoch of globalization the modern world tested cardinal changes, caused the contradictory tendencies of integration and differentiation of international processes of, which strengthens the conflict of relations. In these terms essence of international conflict is interpreted, as culmination of development of objective contradictions between the states (by the group of the states), the display of which is a collision on soil of opposite national interests, public aims and aspirations. The sources of origin and factors of determination of international conflicts do not touch private or group interests, they are anymore determined defence of sovereignty of the state, interests ofnational safety, maintainance of territorial integrity, rights andfreedoms of the citizens; but sometimes international excesses are continuation of retrograde internal policy of certain countries.In maintenance internationally-legal conflicts more frequent international spores - formal disagreements consist between international legal of, subjects which arose up on questions of debatable fact or broken right. A global danger in relation to a conflict in is the world created by international terrorism, especially with the risk of application of weapon of mass defeat. General systematization of international conflicts allows to select a few their types and classes, in particular - intergovernmental and national liberation wars, international conflicts inwardly, local, regional, global, armed or unarmed conflicts and others that. The special place in development ofconflict on the global arena of relations occupies international crisis. Its essence is more high phase of the international opposing, growth of him from confrontation to the greatest political level. Original narrative of these international collisions offers the canadian political scientist A. Rappoport, where in obedience to a form and the specific flowing characterizes an international crisis in three formats: of ’battle’, ’game ’ and ’debate’.The world political system is objective reality, result of concordance nation-states political, legal, social and economic ’status quo ’ on planetary and regional levels. But it modern character is straight predefined influence offactors of global turbulence in an international policy. An international law, in obedience to UN Charter, gives advantage principles ofpeaceful decision of international conflicts and crises, that it is fixed in bases of existence and stable functioning of world concord.Conclusions. Logic of development of conflicts and crises shows on a world arena, that the political system ofplanet has certain destructions, disfunctions and global problems which become the drivers of international conflict.

Психичната защита съдейства за избягване на тревога и други отрицателни емоции, блокиране на осъзнаването на заплаха. Психичните защити са естествен механизъм за преодоляване на вътрешни конфликти чрез специфично преработване на информацията, което предпазва личността от загуба на самоконтрол в условията на конфликт. Изследвано е използването на защитните механизми отрицание, формиране на реакция и псевдо-алтруизъм от изучаващи бойни спортове – таекуондо, джудо и самбо. Те формират самопожертвувателен защитен стил. Налице са значими различия по пол, вид боен спорт и възраст по отношение на използваните психични защити. Спортуващите бойни спортове жени по-често използват защитният механизъм псевдо-алтруизъм, както и самопожертвователния защитен стил. Последният е предпочитан от спортуващите джудо, а спортуващите самбо по-често прилагат формиране на реакция. По-възрастните спортисти по-често използват защитния механизъм псевдо-алтруизъм.

It is salutary that serious academic scholars are once again turning their attention to the religious dimension of social and international conflict.1 In 1989, in a paper for a seminar organized by the Life and Peace Institute, Uppsala, Sweden, I argued that ethno-religious factors would play an increasing role in internal conflicts in the Third World.2 Since then, there has been an explosion of publications particularly on ethnic conflict, but also increasingly on the role of religion in conflict situations.3 There is a considerable literature on the wider political impact of religion in Third World contexts and increasingly on the study of religious fundamentalism. However, it is surprising that there is little systematic treatment of the Church of England and international affairs in recent studies.4

Valery Tishkov, Chechnya: Life in a War-Torn Society (California Series in Public Anthropology). Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press, 2004, 284pp. Ethnic conflicts in the countries of the former Soviet Union have triggered a massive wave of emotional writing by politicians, journalists, and human rights activists. The number of publications and conferences discussing events in the breakaway republic of Chechnya has probably outnumbered those devoted to other hot spots in the territory of the former Soviet Union. Just browsing through the web one will find thousands of websites dealing with the war in Chechnya and related issues. Indeed, the duration and intensity of the conflict, as well as the scope of devastation inflicted on the area, can hardly leave any observer indifferent. But feelings triggered by the conflict served as fertile ground for elaborate myth-making and political manipulation. In addition, ethnic grievances may be difficult to disentangle from political struggle between the center and periphery, competition for control over resources and attempts of the emerging elites to destroy existing sociopolitical and cultural hierarchies. The literature on internal conflicts, especially those that involve violence, is growing rapidly. Some studies focus on the conceptual and theoretical problems related to such conflicts (see, for example, Horowitz 1985; Popov 1992; Stone and Rutledge 2003; Vayrynen 1994), others are concerned with the causes and consequences of violent conflict and strategies enabling their prevention and resolution (see Evans 1993, Montville 1989; Vazquez 1995; Internet Resources on Conflict Management, Prevention and Resolution, www.dec.org/pdf_docs/PNACH194pdf, etc). Still others present case studies focusing on specific areas (see, e.g., Clemens 1991; Spencer 1989; Yamskov 1991). Since the early 1990s, several successor states of the USSR have been on the list of countries haunted by war and violence. Readers of the Anthopological Quarterly are familiar with the works of Western researchers analyzing conflicts in the Caucasus, Trans-Denistria, and Central Asia, but little such writing focuses on Russia, mostly because it is written in the Russian language (see http://wwics.si.edU/subsites/ccpdc/pubs/aklaev/1.htm for a survey of the existing literature by Aklaev). The translation of Russian sources into English is beneficial for the research community as they tend to offer a perspective from within that presents interest whether it is accepted or rejected by the reader. A case in point is Valery Tishkov's book on Chechnya. When emotions are fueled by conflict it is difficult not to take sides and avoid embellishing one party while demonizing the other. Valery Tishkov has made an effort not to fall into this trap and has presented a balanced view of the drama. His book is a result of a long-term and meticulous study of the historical, social and ethnographic antecedents of the conflict and the dynamics of its development. A leading researcher into the problems of ethnicity and ethnic conflicts in the USSR and successor states, Federal Minister of Nationalities in 1992, and a member of the Russian governmental committee trying to work out a peace plan for Chechnya in 1995, Tishkov knows the subject of his study well. The author's primary goal is to present the voices of the participants in the events, whose visions are least of all heard in the course of a conflict, who are least of all responsible for it, but who suffer the most from it. Tishkov follows up on the opinions of these people with his own understandings and facts drawn from a multitude of scientific, historical, statistical, and media sources. This approach, which he defines as ethnography of direct voices, requires systematic fieldwork, an immensely difficult and sometimes impossible task in conflict situations. Tishkov's solution was to conduct interviews with fourteen Chechen intellectuals and public figures in Moscow and elsewhere. …

The traditional way to explore the connection between human rights courts and IHL does not seem so precise and neat once the decisions and reports issued by the supervising mechanisms are examined. The Inter-American Human Rights system has found it difficult to take in hand the matter of its competence to refer to IHL when a specific situation of internal conflict is submitted. This chapter reviews the relationship between IHL and HRL on the one hand, and the applicable laws and competent fora on the other. By examining the vocabulary used by the regional Commission and the Court?in order to shed some light on the expressions denoting the ways in which IHL and HRL intermingle?it demonstrates how and to which extent regional mechanisms to protect human rights are legally able in their praxis to make direct recourse to a set of rules?exclusively applicable in times of armed conflicts. Keywords: armed conflicts; human rights courts; human rights law (HRL); Inter-American Human Rights system; internal conflict; international humanitarian law (IHL)

The ubiquitous phenomenon of intergroup conflict has a built-in tendency to escalate, as indicated in the eclectic model and as substantiated by a host of research results documented in the preceding chapters. Human limitations and fallibilities in perception and cognition lend themselves to misperceptions, cognitive errors, and self-fulfilling expectations that feed the conflict spiral of mistrust, threat, and counterthreat. The competitive and ethnocentric tendencies of cohesive and threatened groups feed decision making and constituent pressure that support contentious and escalatory tactics. For purposes of either defense or aggression, win-lose approaches to handling conflict are often reciprocated as conflicts move to new and ever more destructive levels of intensity. As indicated in the high intensity system state of the eclectic model, the parties become locked into inadequate communication and interaction, and counterproductive dispute resolution. At this point, parties are usually unable and unwilling to search seriously and effectively for alternative means to de-escalate and resolve their conflict. Even if one party does consider a unilateral move toward cooperation, it is immediately constrained by fear of exploitation, which, given the situation, is not unrealistic. If both parties attempt cooperative moves, existing perceptions and entrenched styles of interaction fueled by suspicion and hostility make it difficult if not impossible to maintain deescalation. It is for these reasons that the intervention of a third party is often necessary to initiate de-escalation and mutual interaction toward resolution in situations of intense intergroup and international conflict.

The article explored the role of negotiations in resolving conflicts among personnel to achieve business goals of the enterprise. The main causes of conflicts in the organizational environment were analyzed, including the diversity of personal interests, values, views and goals of employees, as well as structural and external factors that can cause conflicts. The impact of conflicts on labor productivity, corporate culture and the achievement of the organization’s strategic goals was assessed. In particular, it has been shown that constructive conflict can stimulate creativity and improve decision-making processes, while destructive conflict often leads to lower productivity, higher employee turnover and emotional exhaustion. An understanding of the main types of negotiations (cooperation, compromise, dominance, avoidance, concession) and their effectiveness in various conflict situations was formed. The study found that successful negotiations require following certain stages, including preparation, establishing contacts, discussion, reaching an agreement and evaluating the results. Recommendations were also developed to increase the effectiveness of negotiations, in particular, the use of methods of active listening, building trust, flexible choice of tactics depending on the management situation. The main difficulties that managers may face during negotiations were identified, such as psychological barriers, lack of necessary skills and cultural characteristics. The limitations of negotiation effectiveness were assessed depending on the type of conflict, including conflicts of interest, personality, and structural conflicts. To overcome these challenges, a comprehensive approach was proposed, including the development of skills, overcoming psychological barriers, taking into account cultural characteristics and the use of external assistance. Thus, negotiations are an important tool for improving the effectiveness of conflict management and ensuring the sustainable development of a modern enterprise. Enterprises capable of effectively resolving internal and external conflicts respond better to changes in the market environment, make strategic decisions faster and optimize their resources.

One of the main advantages of the UML is its possibility to model different views on a system using a range of diagram types. The various diagrams can be used to specify different aspects, and their combination makes up the complete system description. This does, however, always pose the question of consistency: it may very well be the case that the designer has specified contradictory requirements which can never be fulfilled together.In this paper, we study consistency problems arising between static and dynamic diagrams, in particular between a class and its associated state machine. By means of a simple case study we discuss several definitions of consistency which are based on a common formal semantics for both classes and state machines. We furthermore show how consistency checks can be automatically carried out by a model checker. Finally, we examine which of the consistency definitions are preserved under refinement.KeywordsState MachineSemantic ModelBasic ConsistencyClass ElevatorExternal ChoiceThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.

There has been a close relationship between conflict, peace, development and sport. The use of sports for international and intra-state conflict analysis and peacebuilding proposes has become an important study subject in the 21st century. Sport can be associated with intolerance, nationalistic sentiments, and, most of time, violence. It is also true that international sport events may cause conflicts, violence, aggression and controversies (Öğretir-Özçelik, 2017). According to sport and olympic ideology, the main function of international sport is to promote international peace and development. It can be also used for a tool for societal change and social transformation. Since the ancient time, sport activities has related to the simulation of struggle between two conflicting parties and the civilized war. This study aims to analyze the link between international and intra-state conflicts, peace and sports. The objective of this paper is to examine the role of sports both conceptually and practically in conflict analysis and peace building. The first part is to present a conceptual framework in the study of sports, conflict resolution, and peace building. Second, it highlights some case studies where sports have an important role in international conflict and a tool for peace and reconciliation. Third, it focuses on the international use of sport and physical activity to attain the culture of peace and development objectives such as the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Keywords: Sport, Conflict Resolution, Peace Studies.

Affect may be important for understanding physical activity behavior. To examine whether affective valence (i.e., good/bad feelings) during and immediately following a brief walk predicts concurrent and future physical activity. At months 6 and 12 of a 12-month physical activity promotion trial, healthy low-active adults (N=146) reported affective valence during and immediately following a 10-min treadmill walk. Dependent variables were self-reported minutes/week of lifestyle physical activity at months 6 and 12. Affect reported during the treadmill walk was cross-sectionally (month 6: β=28.6, p=0.008; month 12: β=26.6, p=0.021) and longitudinally (β=14.8, p=0.030) associated with minutes/week of physical activity. Affect reported during a 2-min cool down was cross-sectionally (month 6: β=21.1, p=0.034; month 12: β=30.3, p<0.001), but not longitudinally associated with minutes/week of physical activity. Affect reported during a postcool-down seated rest was not associated with physical activity. During-behavior affect is predictive of concurrent and future physical activity behavior.

The alliance formation puzzle and capacity constraints

Conflict research has already advanced some very useful conceptual and empirical discoveries concerning the structure and process of international conflict escalation. Some of the more basic findings suggest that when two parties involve themselves in a conflict situation, they tend to escalate the intensity, scope, and frequency of their negative signals; they tend to make more visible or even possibly compound their areas of incompatibility; they tend to raise the intensity of their mutual images; and they tend to engage in or increase the rate of a potentially destructive arms race (Boulding, 1961; North, 1963; Richardson, 1960; Singer, 1962; Smoker, 1966; Wright, 1965). Conflict reduction on the other hand is less well understood. However there is