On International Cargo Transit within the Shanghai Cooperation Organization

The growing complexity of environmental challenges has spurred extensive discussions on sustainability across various sectors, including food production, livestock management, urban development, energy consumption, and ecosystem health within the economies of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO). This study investigates the effects of food production (FP), urbanization (UR), livestock production (LP), and energy use (EU) on environmental quality (CE) in SCO member economies. Using the panel cross‐sectional autoregressive distributed lag (PCS‐ARDL) approach, we examine both short‐ and long‐term relationships between these variables. To ensure data reliability, we also apply robust techniques such as panel generalized method of moments (PGMM) and panel quantile regression (PQR). The findings reveal that food production and energy consumption have a positive impact on environmental quality, whereas urbanization and livestock production negatively affect it. These results suggest that SCO member states need to balance food supply, urbanization, energy use, and environmental quality through cohesive policies. Strategies should include promoting urban agriculture, adopting clean energy, ensuring sustainable water management, and engaging communities to improve food security and urban quality of life, fostering a resilient and sustainable future for the region.

ASIANPERSPECTIVE, Vol. 32, No. 3, 2008, pp. 183-187. Commentary RUSSIA AND THE SHANGHAI COOPERATION ORGANIZATION: MOSCOW'S LONELY ROAD FROM BISHKEK TO DUSHANBE* Mark N. Katz One of Russian leader Vladimir Putin's most important for­ eign-policy initiatives has been the Shanghai Cooperation Orga­ nization (SCO)—a regional international organization he co­ founded in 2001 that groups together Russia, China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan. The stated aims of the SCO are to combat the “three evils" of terrorism, separatism, and extremism, as well as to promote various forms of coopera­ tion among the member governments. In addition to these stat­ ed goals, however, Moscow has attempted to make use of the organization to resist efforts at democratization emanating from inside and outside the member states, to limit American and other Western influence in Central Asia, and to promote Russian foreign-policy goals generally. Up through the August 2007 SCO summit in Bishkek, Putin had good reason to be pleased with the SCO. Although there were some important differences among various members, the SCO appeared to be a useful mechanism for advancing Moscow's * This commentary originally appeared as a publication of the Hokkaido University Slavic Research Center in September 2008 and is reprinted here with permission and slight editorial changes. See http://src-h.slav. hokudai.ac.jp/center/essay/20080901e_Mark_N_Katz.html. 184 Mark N. Katz priorities. In the year leading up to the August 2008 summit in Dushanbe, however, Moscow has experienced a number of set­ backs with regard to the SCO. The most important of these occurred at the Dushanbe summit itself when the SCO members refused to endorse Moscow's military action in Georgia or its recognition of Abkhaz and South Ossetian independence. Although both the SCO and Russian membership in the organi­ zation will undoubtedly continue, these events suggest that the SCO's utility for advancing Russian foreign-policy aims is quite limited. The SCO grew out of the Shanghai Five, which was estab­ lished in 1996 in order to resolve border issues between China on the one hand and the four former Soviet republics neighbor­ ing it (Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan). At the group's July 2000 summit (the first attended by President Putin), the leaders announced the organization's intention to "wield significant influence not just in the region, but globally as well." With the addition of Uzbekistan at the June 2001 summit, the Shanghai Five became the SCO. The first SCO joint military exercise, though only involving about 1,000 servicemen, took place in 2003. Mongolia gained observer status at the June 2004 summit. What happened at the 2005, 2006, and 2007 summits in par­ ticular gave the impression that the SCO was emerging as a powerful organization successfully challenging American "hegemony." Shortly before the July 2005 summit, the United States and other Western governments criticized Uzbekistan for using force to suppress largely peaceful demonstrators in the town of Andijon. Uzbek leader Islam Karimov took offense at this and demanded that the U.S. forces that he had allowed into his country after 9/11 be withdrawn within six months. At the July 2005 SCO summit shortly thereafter, the SCO presidents issued a joint declaration calling upon the United States to set a timetable for pulling out all the military bases it had acquired in Central Asia after 9/11. Washington did indeed withdraw the forces it had stationed in Uzbekistan a few months later, and had to pay considerably more in order to retain its base in Kyrgyzstan. In addition, Iran, Pakistan, and India were granted SCO observer status in 2005. The 2006 SCO summit was noteworthy because it was the Russia and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization 185 first one attended by Iran's sharply anti-American president, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad (he also attended the 2007 and 2008 summits). His presence raised concerns that the SCO might encourage or even support Tehran's confrontational approach toward the West. At the time of the 2007 SCO summit, SCO mili­ tary exercises took place in China and Russia involving 6,000 troops. This raised concerns in the West that the SCO could become a military alliance. Despite all this, it was...

One of the main factors in environmental degradation and climate change is the consumption of fossil fuels. For this reason, cooperation between countries to overcome environmental challenges is seen more than ever. In this regard, regional economic treaties are a good platform for advancing common policies in the development of renewable energy, because this type of energy has fewer external effects on the environment. Accordingly, the purpose of this paper is to investigate the spatial effects of energy consumption and green production in Shanghai Cooperation Organization member states. For this purpose, the spatial panel data econometric approach has been used. Spatial effects refer to the effects of neighboring countries. According to CO2 emissions, the spatial effects of the positive or negative effects of these emissions and other determinants of neighboring countries are local. The results show that although both fossil fuels and renewable energy have a negative effect on green GDP, the impact of fossil fuels is almost four times greater. On the other hand, proximity and membership in the Shanghai Cooperation Organization have had a positive effect on green GDP in member countries, as countries have tried to coordinate their development policies in the field of renewable energy. Therefore, the development and strengthening of regional cooperation can play an effective role in controlling pollution caused by fossil fuel consumption and ultimately improve green production.

There were six autonomous Muslim countries in the area following the collapse of the USSR. They still had economic and security issues and were undeveloped. Together with China and Russia, three Central Asian states Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan have agreed to establish an organization to settle their border disputes and address security concerns. The Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), was established as a defence alliance in 2001 to combat three evils (terrorism, extremism, and separatism). Due to the abundance of natural resources in the Central Asian region, regional and extra-regional powers also wish to demonstrate their presence in the area for the sake of their own national interests. By analyzing the secondary sources of data, it has been established that SCO has the capacity to make use of local resources.The USA wants to establish its influence in the Central Asian area as a superpower. The major countries have hegemonic aspirations in the area, particularly Russia, China, and the USA. The SCO and the USA do not directly oppose one another. A conflict between the US and the SCO members may result from the USA's backing for the democratic movement in the Central Asian States.

The Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO)—an organization interpreted in various ways—officially announced that it intended to ensure regional security by countering international terrorism, ethnic separatism and religious extremism. This article discerns the motivations of the SCO members, arguing that they have their respective, albeit occasionally mutual, interests and priorities. There is generally asymmetry of interests—the principal reason why the SCO's strategic situation is largely a suasion game between China and the members—with China demonstrating a greater interest in the SCO; moreover, the power asymmetry between China and the Central Asian members and the power equality between China and Russia further complicates the situation. This sophisticated relationship implies that despite some measurable results, the SCO faces tremendous challenges in becoming a well-established regional organization.

The article considers the most relevant and important advantages of participation of countries in the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), as one of the largest modern organizations in Central Asia. The article analyzes the spheres of interests of the SCO founding countries: Russia and China, their diff erences and contradictions, as well as the problems of economic interaction within the organization that result from this. Based on the speech of the SCO General Secretary Vladimir Norov, which took place on January 15, 2020, conclusions were made on the prospects for further cooperation of the SCO members.

The Ukrainian market of international freight transportation has considerable unrealized potential, therefore it is necessary to identify mechanisms for improving the efficiency of functioning of the transport system of Ukraine and its integration into the international transport system.  One of the priority areas for the development of the Ukrainian transport industry is its integration into the world and European transport and logistics systems.  This can be achieved by developing the country's transport and logistics infrastructure and creating a network of modern transport and logistics centers.  Transport and logistics centers, as objects of transport and logistics infrastructure, have emerged due to the spread of integration processes in the economies of countries and have become an integral part of transport and logistics systems.  The transport and logistics center is a complex system that includes several subsystems, integrated by integration links, through which it is able to perform logistic functions. The article provides an analytical overview of the transit potential of Ukraine and the country's transport and logistics system in the global environment, examines the world experience of creating and operating transport and logistics centers as elements of the transport and logistics system, and gives attention to the peculiarities of functioning of logistics centers in developed countries. The main characteristics of the transport and logistics center, its place in the transport and logistics system and the goals of operation are determined.

The article discusses the political importance of transport corridors in terms of the development of integration projects in the post-Soviet space. The world is witnessing the formation of a single market and transport and communication infrastructure, which intensifies competition among regional and world leaders, both states and non-state actors, such as businesses, markets over the routes of transporting goods. In the medium and long term the value of the control over the transport routes will increase due to the dynamics of economic development in the Asia-Pacific region. Competition for the development of projects of international transport corridors (ITC) between the leading countries in the region will increase, because the ITC entail the formation of a common political space, the reduction of tariff and customs barriers, which provides easy access to the markets of countries linked by ITCs and creates the preconditions for economic integration. The growing political importance of ITC is reflected in the fact that global leaders such as China, the US, the EU, are trying to create their own versions of international land transport corridors connecting Europe and Asia. China is trying to promote their transport project "Economic Belt Silk Road" European countries develop cooperation on ITC TRACECA with other countries of Eurasia. US also embody their interests through the implementation of the project by the ITC in Afghanistan. Transport corridors in Russia are seen as a way to integrate it into the global transportation system and logistics space. To do this, Russia needs to develop Eurasian transport corridors through its territory. As a result of the implementation of transport projects Russia will be able to ensure the transit of goods from China to Europe, which has a positive impact on the economic development of the regions through which they pass. Development of international transportation through Russia will unite many of the players on the world stage: integration associations, state, transnational corporations, business entities, regional authorities.

The object of research is the processes of managing the functioning of international transport corridors and projects for the transportation of goods, taking into account the assessment of the quality of transport services. There is a problem of assessing the quality of the international transport process taking into account such factors as the time of delivery of goods, the speed of movement of vehicles across the customs border and the tariff, which are determined by customer requirements. All these factors depend on the logistical support of transportation projects.The following methods were used to solve the tasks set in the work: the method of analysis of expert evaluations for the selection of project evaluation criteria; mathematical apparatus of decision theory; methods of simulation model for the assessment of the integral indicator of quality to achieve the optimal solution.Regularities of providing conditions of continuous, safe and convenient movement of traffic flows as a basis for creation of effective system of management of processes in a network of automobile international transport corridors are defined and the methodology of definition of efficiency of their functioning is developed.A method of forming a management system for the functioning and development of the network of international road transport corridors based on socio-economic forecasting in the form of a hierarchical structure of elements and their relationships has been developed. This made it possible to develop a model for forecasting the required amount of resources for road works on the basis of a certain demand from users of international road transport corridors.The study is aimed at obtaining new knowledge about the regularities of improving the efficiency of road transport along the routes of European international transport corridors, which can be used as a basis for the theory of determining its positive impact on the development of the economies of countries through which international transport corridors pass. In the course of the research, the approbation of the developed technique on a choice of the optimum project of transportation at the project-oriented enterprises of motor transport is carried out.

статья посвящена анализу системных аспектов развития железнодорожного транспорта России на основе информационных технологий (ИТ). Введение ИТ рассматривается как ключевой фактор модернизации железнодорожной отрасли, направленной на повышение эффективности управления, улучшение качества услуг и оптимизацию затрат. В рамках Транспортной стратегии России на период до 2030 года акцент сделан на создание Единого информационного пространства, взаимодействие субъектов транспортной отрасли и реализацию проектов, таких как «Государственный информационный ресурс транспортного комплекса Российской Федерации» и «Логистические центры и информационное сопровождение перевозок по международным транспортным коридорам». В исследовании проанализированы такие направления, как внедрение систем электронного документооборота, автоматическая идентификация грузов с использованием технологий RFID, развитие системы управления вагонным парком (ДИСПАРК), и создание телекоммуникационной инфраструктуры, включая строительство волоконно-оптических линий и использование спутниковых систем связи. Отдельное внимание уделено проблемам нормативно-правового регулирования, кибербезопасности и необходимости подготовки квалифицированного персонала для работы с новыми технологиями. В статье также рассматривается международный опыт, включая примеры Германии, Японии и Китая, где информационные технологии успешно используются для оптимизации управления и повышения безопасности железнодорожного транспорта. Выявлены перспективы адаптации этих передовых практик в российских условиях. В заключении подчёркивается, что дальнейшее развитие ИТ может значительно повысить конкурентоспособность российского железнодорожного транспорта на глобальном уровне, способствуя устойчивому развитию транспортной системы страны. the article is devoted to the analysis of the systemic aspects of the development of Russian railway transport based on information technology (IT). The introduction of IT is considered as a key factor in the modernization of the railway industry, aimed at improving management efficiency, improving the quality of services and optimizing costs. Within the framework of Russia's Transport Strategy for the period up to 2030, the emphasis is on the creation of a Unified Information Space, interaction of transport industry entities and the implementation of projects such as the "State Information Resource of the Transport Complex of the Russian Federation" and "Logistics centers and information support for transportation along international transport corridors". The study analyzes such areas as the introduction of electronic document management systems, automatic identification of goods using RFID technologies, the development of a car park management system (DISPARK), and the creation of telecommunications infrastructure, including the construction of fiber-optic lines and the use of satellite communication systems. Special attention is paid to the problems of regulatory regulation, cybersecurity and the need to train qualified personnel to work with new technologies. The article also examines international experience, including the examples of Germany, Japan and China, where information technology is successfully used to optimize management and improve the safety of railway transport. The prospects of adapting these best practices in Russian conditions are revealed. In conclusion, it is emphasized that further development of IT can significantly increase the competitiveness of Russian railway transport at the global level, contributing to the sustainable development of the country's transport system.

This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the nexus between economic growth and environmental degradation, with a specific focus on carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. It leverages a dataset spanning from 1991 to 2021, encompassing all 12 member nations of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO). The investigation includes a wide array of statistical examinations, such as stationarity tests, cross-section dependence, and co-integration analysis. The Johansen Fisher Panel co-integration test is employed to reveal long-term correlations between the variables. Furthermore, the paper adopts the Dumitrescu and Hurlin panel causality model, which accommodates variations in causal relationships across different countries. Additionally, the study analyses the asymmetric impact of GDP on carbon emissions across various quantiles using quantile regression. The findings of this research yield valuable insights, highlighting a significant positive correlation between GDP and CO2 emissions, suggesting that higher income levels are associated with greater pollution. However, the paper also illuminates more intricate scenarios, such as those characterized by inverted U-shaped and N-shaped Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) patterns, revealed through DOLS estimations. These estimations consider FDI, inflation, and industrialization as control variables. This research delves into the Pollution Haven Hypothesis and examines the interaction effects of FDI with other considered variables. These insights contribute to a deeper understanding of the complex dynamics between economic growth and environmental impact within the SCO member nations.

Purpose- China’s agricultural product exporting to the member countries of Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) appeared the trends of faster increase. In order to further enhance the agricultural trade and cooperation, this paper will verify the increasing factors of China’s agricultural products exporting to the SCO member countries. Design/Methodology/Approach- The Constant Market share Model (CMS) with two-level decomposition is used to identify different factors, among which the increase effect is the main increase factor, and then the covering increase factors are summarized. Findings- The increase factors of China’s agricultural products exporting to SCO the Member Countries were appeared in different types, however, to some extent the constraining effects are highly similar. Originality/Value- This study is the first to carry out the analysis on the increase factor in the case of China’s agricultural products exporting to the SCO member countries. Key words: China; Agricultural products; Shanghai cooperation organization; Increasing factor

The implementation of the project “The Economic Belt of the Silk Road” and the creation of new transport links of the international communication make it important to place logistics centers on the road to the flow of freight flows in the East-West direction. The purpose of this study is to develop a methodology for assessing the variants of logistics centers location. The authors proposed the methodology and model allowing us to determine the necessity of placing logistics objects on the basis of a system analysis of transport performance indicators, infrastructural, socio-economic factors. The paper analyzed trends in international trade, reviewed existing and prospective international Euro-Asian transport corridors. The researchers systematized the factors that have the greatest impact on the transport and logistics infrastructure development and on the logistics centers location. Based on the proposed system of factors, the authors developed an assessing methodology for locating variants of logistics centers. The chapter performs the results of the attractiveness assessment of the regions for the logistics infrastructure facilities location according to the developed methodology for the conditions in the Russian Federation as in one of the countries pretending to promote cargo flows through its territory within the framework of the project “The Economic Belt of the Silk Road”.

This paper discusses a new approach to road management, which is based on a unified intelligent transport system (ITS). The ITS methodology is based on modern technical means, innovative developments in the modeling of transport systems and the regulation of transport and information flows, providing end users with greater information content and safety, as well as qualitatively increasing the level of interaction between traffic participants. It is aimed at reducing operating costs, increasing the level of control over the quality of work on inter-municipal and territorial highways of the regions. At the same time, scientific research does not pay enough attention to operational management, the choice of organizational structures in the road complex and the optimal option for managing an intelligent transport system. It is shown that in the presence of various methods for choosing the optimal control options, methods for solving some problems of mathematical programming are often used. As the characteristics of control systems, defined as constraints, the time of solving a complex of control problems (the criterion of the operator’s efficiency), the labor intensity of operation, the labor intensity of design and implementation, the cost of design and implementation (the criterion of the designer’s efficiency), reliability, efficiency, upgradability, completeness of decisions (the criterion of efficiency of the consumer of information), the reliability of the decisions made, and some others are used. An integrated approach is proposed, the essence of which lies in the simultaneous consideration of the requirements of the designer, operator and information consumer on the basis of a single efficiency criterion.KeywordsHighwayIntelligent transport systemManagementOptimizationCriterionEfficiency

The article is devoted to the development of the algorithm and the routes formation along the international transport corridor for the applied use. Data on the required volume of delivery, as well as the frequency of deliveries, are considered as the fundamental factors in the organization of the movement of material flow. These factors determine the required volume of the batch and the required delivery time. Taken together, it is also essential to take into account the cost component of each delivery (including the cost of transportation, all accompanying processes, such as loading and unloading, the cost of insurance and other overhead costs that arise during the delivery process). The article presents a systematization of the approaches of domestic and foreign authors to issues related to the logistics of international transport. The analysis of approaches to the analytical components of the processes of transportation routes formation along international transport corridors is carried out. The developed methodology for optimizing the choice of transport corridor for international transport is intended for use in the logistics structure of modern industrial enterprises.