On Publishing

Modern medicine is confronted with cultural crossings in various forms. In facing these challenges, it is not enough to simply increase our insight into the cultural dimensions of health and...

Epistemological challenges in Knowledge Organization in the digital age

We are going through great changes in information valuation and technology use. The so-called Age of Information or Knowledge Society is characterized by the virtualization of human beings: by the vectors of flexibility, deterritorialization and speed of the information process. The Internet is responsible for transmitting virtual information of mixed – commercial and academic – usage and is experiencing an exponential growth in the number of networks and users, now exceeding 200 million. With respect to scientific research, the Internet has represented an essential environment, not only for information dissemination, but also for institutional cooperation. It allows researchers to think globally and create valuable products for the community in a more efficient and rapid way. On the one hand, scientific knowledge is disseminated at an accelerated speed and, on the other, dominant paradigms are strengthened. Internet is a vital tool for collaboration in the research community. In combination with its international range, advances in network speed and size also provide greater opportunities for discoveries that join nations and scientific areas. Using advanced visualization technologies and collaborative environments, scientific colleagues can control and interact with one and the same experience from countless locations. In this context of using the Internet to disseminate health information, the Scientific Electronic Library Online – SCIELO stands out. It is the result of a partnership between the State of Sao Paulo Research Foundation FAPESP. The project was elaborated to increase the national and international visibility and accessibility of Brazilian scientific journals and was later extended to Chile, Cuba, Spain and Venezuela. Nowadays, initiatives are being developed in Argentina, Colombia, Costa Rica, Mexico, Peru, Portugal and Uruguay. The positive impact of this project in the scientific community admits the need to minimize inequalities, including the publication of scientific research results primarily in English, independently of the country where the research was carried out. SCIELO allows for the dissemination of scientific knowledge in English, Portuguese and Spanish and offers various resources, particularly bibliometrics, which produces the publications’ impact factor. This information is highly valued by research assessment and funding bodies. Only five journals are currently representing the Nursing area in the SCIELO Collection (Revista Latinoamericana de Enfermagem, Revista Cubana de Enfermeria, Ciencia y Enfermeria, Revista Index de Enfermeria e Revista de la Sociedad Espanola de Enfermeria Nefrologica). This figure is considered incipient in view of the considerable quantity of qualified nursing journals published in Portuguese and Spanish and the amount of scientific studies produced by graduate programs and professionals active in teaching and care. The leaderships responsible for the publication of these journals in Latin America are making every possible effort to have most of them share the same quality standards, increase their representativeness in the SciELO Collection and contribute to the development of research in health. The dimensions of the demand for scientific publication in Latin-American Nursing is illustrated by the Open Directory of Latin-American Journals in Nursing, published by the Program for Technical Cooperation in Nursing of the Pan American Health Organization – Strategic Health Development Area – Human Resources Development Unit. This joint effort is guided by the permanent search for excellence, by high quality standards and by new scientific communication demands in the age of knowledge. In this context, the SCIELO methodology also structures the Virtual Health Library – VHL, produced by BIREME/OPAS/OMS. This is a strategic product for the cooperative development of an electronic information network on the Internet, offering universal access to health information.

This exploratory study, which is based on the basic concepts of science communication, conducted in-depth interviews to examine the Chinese public's perceptions of and attitudes towards genetically modified organisms (GMOs). We found that, while scientific knowledge may to some extent be a differentiating factor in attitudes to GMOs, people are subject to significant influence from other information sources. Besides scientific knowledge and scientific literacy, the perception of risks in three dimensions—scientific uncertainty, food safety and conspiracy theories—forms an individual's affective framework for understanding GMOs. The trust framework, which is the regulating mechanism of perception and attitude, plays different roles through institutional trust and interpersonal trust. These tentative conclusions shed new light on how science communication should build the relationship between science and the public in the age of globalization and digitalization.

Приведен научно-технический обзор о ретроспективе, успехах, тенденциях и перспективах развития мировой электроники. Рассмотрены основные этапы развития электроники, связанные с изобретением радиолампы, транзистора, интегральной схемы и высокоинтегрированного микропроцессора. Отмечен вклад электронных компаний "Кремниевой долины" США в технологический прорыв в микроэлектронике. Описано состояние работ в области вакуумной микроэлектроники и наноэлектроники.

In the European continental tradition, the knowledge of the law, mainly in academia, has been often designated as scientific and such label has been used to promote various conceptions of the legal phenomenon. Such way of presenting the knowledge of law and, particularly, the knowledge of specific legal systems has to be contrasted with what is contemporarily understood as scientific knowledge. Besides analysing what is nowadays covered under such umbrella, the chapter tries to show that propositions about the law are not qualitatively different from the content of any other statements commonly enacted about other objects widely accepted as apt to scientific knowledge. Even when law just allows for hypothetical propositions (those that face legal indeterminacies), a rational justification can be presented and its scientific value, as in any other science, has to be assessed on the basis of the explanatory power the proposition at hand carries with it. And as sustained in the chapter, the awareness of law as a possible object of science seems to have valuable outcomes: it promotes rigour and accuracy and it confines the practices of legal scholars within correct epistemic values.

Now more than ever, medical educators at all levels are tasked with delivering foundational concepts and content necessary for the next generation of physicians and physician scientists to incorporate evidence-based medicine into their clinical practice and research. Physicians need the skills to evaluate the quality and relevance of content that they are incorporating to their expanding medical knowledge database. The emphasis of modern medical education should therefore focus on acquiring, interpreting, and applying new knowledge rather than committing old (and rapidly outdated) knowledge to memory. Whether encountering a patient with an unfamiliar set of symptoms and numerous comorbidities or a gap in mechanistic understanding of a complex biological or physiological process, medical and scientific knowledge must be applied appropriately to be effective. Furthermore, assessments of the outcomes of that application to the patient or an experimental observation must be robust if conclusions are to be reached that advance our understanding of patient care or fundamental biological processes. However, instruction or training in evidence-based medicine presents a challenge to medical educators, because the depth of mechanistic understanding of physiological and pathophysiological process has exploded. Quantum leaps have been made in our understanding of human biology advanced by the solving of DNA structure in 1953 and sequencing of the first human genome in 2003. The depth in our understanding of fundamental processes in human biology and disease is seen at every level, genetic, molecular, cellular, and system wide. However, despite this explosion of scientific knowledge, the time devoted to basic science instruction in most medical school curricula has been shrinking rather than expanding. We should all expect more from our medical students than a snap-chat, wikiknowledge level of basic science processes. Moreover, we must recognize that the process of knowledge acquisition is equally as important, if not more so, than the actual knowledge acquired. Because the recall of stored content can be so rapid and effortless in the digital age, how can we expect the current generation of students to be excited and inspired by delivery of content merely for content’s sake? In 1910 (1), Abraham Flexner published his report on the state of medical education in the United States and Canada that fundamentally reformed medical schools in North America with curricular and policy recommendations that remain essentially intact in today’s landscape of medical education. Flexner himself was instrumental in the founding of one of the first American medical schools (ie, the

The article is devoted to the analysis of some current problems caused by digital transformation of modern science, in particular, the possibility of using foresight technology to understand its future and development paths. The science has begun to perform its prognostic function based on cognitive tools, clothed in the form of scientific methodology, and with the help of a special scientific language, having initially given the resulting knowledge a probabilistic nature. Positive consequences of digitalisation of the science are analysed, risks and threats faced by the modern science are named. It is proven that problems of security of digital knowledge and digital information are coming to the fore. Significant experience in using the foresight for prognostic purposes of scientific activity is studied, and the meaning of the foresight as an impact on the future of the science in order to build its desired future is revealed. Strengths and various (technological, algorithmic, socio-cultural, ontological, and ethical) limitations of the foresight methodology are identified, and ways to resolve them are outlined. A philosophical approach to study of the digital transformation of the science is presented. It is shown that it should serve not only as a tool for analysing current changes, but also as a basis for the formation of future scientific knowledge, for the development of new approaches to the scientific knowledge in the digital age.

In today's digital era, technological development is occurring rapidly and having a significant impact on various aspects of human life, including Islamic da'wah. The transformation of the spread of Islamic teachings in the digital age has become inevitable along with the rapid advancement of information technology, particularly with the advent of Artificial Intelligence (AI). This study aims to explore how AI is utilized in spreading Islamic values and analyze the accompanying ethical and theological challenges. This research uses a qualitative approach with a literature study method, which includes a review of scientific journals, articles, and contemporary Islamic documents. The results show that AI has been applied in various forms of digital da'wah. For example, Islamic chatbots that can automatically answer religious questions, prayer and other worship reminder applications, and Quran learning platforms equipped with voice recognition and tajweed recitation technology. Although innovative and promising, the use of AI in da'wah poses challenges, particularly the threat to authority over scientific knowledge, the validity of religious content, and the risk of dehumanization in the process of conveying Islamic teachings. Therefore, an adaptive yet ethical approach to Islamic preaching is needed, involving collaboration between religious scholars, academics, and technology experts. This approach must take into account the values of Islamic law, morality in digital communication, and sensitivity to the cultural context of Muslims. Thus, AI-based Islamic preaching can be an innovative solution for effectively reaching a wider audience, without sacrificing the essence and spirituality taught by Islam itself. Thus, AI-based Islamic preaching can be an innovative solution for effectively reaching a wider audience, without sacrificing the essence and spirituality taught by Islam itself. Going forward, a sustainable Islamic digital ecosystem needs to be built so that technology becomes not only a tool, but also a means of increasing faith and piety.

In his influential article “Why Has Critique Run Out of Steam?” Bruno Latour, the French philosopher, sociologist and anthropologist, argued that critique as an analytical method had reached a dead end. Pointing at the conspiracy-ridden discourse around global heating as one dangerous contemporary outcome of critique’s drive to question the objective status of scientific knowledge, he called for a truce between humanists, social scientists and scientists in view of the climate crisis. Heather Love, queer studies and literary scholar, responds to this perspective whereby criticism as an intellectual and analytic tradition is considered to have acquired dogmatic and destructive characteristics. As part of this effort, Love looks back at Donna Haraway’s early writings on scientific objectivity, identifying a productive tension between a critical and post-critical position. Love shows how Haraway attacks the ideological notion of scientific objectivity by describing it as a fantasy of external, non-engaged, observation which has no room for either body, class, ethnicity or gender. At the same time, she casts a light on Haraway’s insistence on the construction of empathy, intimacy, and coexistence as values intrinsic to scientific observation. This article looks at the way Love presents Haraway’s work as a neglected, pioneering, model of cultural, textual analysis that incorporates both care and critique. In the intellectual portrait Love sketches, Haraway identified and formulated a variety of discordant meanings of scientific objectivity and knowledge by looking at competing perspectives on scientific analysis and knowledge production. Haraway enables us to think analogically about the complex and evolving nature of critique as both an intellectual tradition and a hermeneutic tool.

Stephen Turner’s book Explaining the Normative (Polity, Oxford, 2010) constitutes a powerful onslaught against one of the main intellectual havens where the thesis of something like a transcendental foundation for rationality is still alive and flourishing. During the two last centuries, naturalism has been conquering one territory after another, but there was a portion of philosophical land where it seemed that ordinary scientific research would necessarily be insufficient to offer us an account of what happened there. This thesis has often been expressed as the ‘irreducibility of normativity’ (see Parfit 2011 for a recent exposition), and Turner’s book aims at showing that the arguments supporting this thesis are not defensible. I am absolutely sympathetic to the claim that the normative is just an ordinary citizen of the natural world, though probably more complex than other vulgar things like neutron stars, hurricanes or lizards, but my own impression reading the book has been that Turner tries perhaps to go a little bit farther than where I would be happy to take company with him, and I shall try here to explain the slight differences I see in our ways of understanding the question, albeit running the risk of misinterpreting some of his claims of course. I have to make a confession to begin with. A large part of my own work in analytical philosophy of science has been inspired by the idea that, besides analysing the ‘internal’ structure and dynamics of ‘purely epistemic states’ (i.e., what makes of something a theory, or a case of empirical confirmation, or a case of approximation to the truth, etc.), it was convenient to look at ‘scientific objects’ as the result of the decisions of human agents (i.e., scientists), and those decisions would not only be guided by ‘epistemic interest’, but also by ‘social’ ones. Most of the work done in the sociology of scientific knowledge in the last quarter of the past century tended to interpret the ‘epistemic’ and the ‘social’ as not only different, but usually conflicting aspects and forces within the possible motivations of scientists, with an increasingly smaller space left to the former as we approached the more radical, relativistic brands within the discipline. Looking for some approach in which the ‘epistemic’ and the ‘social’ could be conceived as coherent, complementary, and even interdependent elements of the process of scientific research, I came across Robert Brandom’s breathtaking theoretical fabric as disclosed in his book Making it Explicit, and found in his notions of commitment, entitlement and scorekeeping a particularly apt methodological tool to represent the dynamics of scientific research in terms of a ‘conversation’ governed by a system of inferential rules. These are rules that

Background: There is tremendous potential to leverage the value from electronic health records (EHRs) and population-based cancer registry data by integrating them to study the cancer continuum from screening to diagnosis and treatment. Registries provide detailed diagnosis and tumor characteristics and initial treatment summaries (even across health care systems), while EHRs contain rich clinical detail such as medical histories and preventive screenings. Moreover, to the extent that EHR systems may be comparable across health care systems, pooling EHRs from multiple health care systems can enhance the generalizability of findings. Furthermore, there is the potential to integrate neighborhood or environmental data based on geocoding patient addresses for research focusing on multilevel exposures. With patient populations frequently in the millions, the opportunities for highly powered scientific discovery are nearly unparalleled. However, the logistical complexity, cost, and possibility for systematic error to hamper findings may be considerable. Recently, we linked the EHRs of a large, multispecialty health care delivery system with the California cancer registry (CCR) and established two retrospective cohort studies. We will describe the process undertaken, some challenges and lessons learned, and the resulting cohort populations. Methods: Using a probabilistic linkage process, we combined Sutter Health EHR data with the CCR to identify incident cancer cases occurring among the EHR population. We then established two retrospective cohorts each with 13 years of follow-up time and distinct scientific objectives. The mammogram cohort is designed to study patterns of screening utilization and breast cancer-related outcomes. The lung cancer cohort will elucidate risk factors for lung cancer in never-smokers, an uncommon diagnosis that has not been successfully studied in other data sources due to lack of smoking status and/or small sample sizes. Results: From an adult EHR population of 4.5 million, we identified 306,554 unique cancers diagnosed between 2000 and 2013. Linkage efforts, including multiple institutional approvals, took 18 months to complete. We compared the identified cases with the rest of the CCR patients in the Sutter Health catchment region to evaluate external validity. Inclusion/exclusion criteria resulted in a mammogram cohort of 516,419 screened women, 11,222 of whom were diagnosed with breast cancer, and a lung cancer cohort with 1.3 million male and female never-smokers, 1,143 of whom were diagnosed with lung cancer. For the latter, we also undertook patient address geocoding and linkage with neighborhood and environmental data. Multiple imputation and sensitivity analysis will be used to explore the impact of missing EHR data, a common issue in such studies. Conclusions: Our experiences set the foundation to encourage and inform researchers interested in working with EHRs for cancer research as well as provide context for improvement and scalability. This abstract is also being presented as Poster A27. Citation Format: Caroline A. Thompson, Mindy DeRouen, Su-Ying Liang, Anqi Jin, Harold S. Luft, Daphne Lichtensztajn, Salma Shariff-Marco, Iona Cheng, Scarlett L. Gomez. Linking electronic health records with cancer registry data for epidemiology and health services research: Challenges and opportunities [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Modernizing Population Sciences in the Digital Age; 2019 Feb 19-22; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2020;29(9 Suppl):Abstract nr PR08.

THE TACIT IN EXPERIBNCE: POLANYI AND WHITEHEAD THERE IS A striking resemblance between some of the work of Michael Polanyi and that of A. N. Whitehead. As one of his foremost interpreters, Marjorie Grene, observes, Polanyi's "approach has much in common with some forms of existentialist and phenomenological thought as well as with the Lebensphilosophie of Dilthey and the organismic philosophy of Whitehead." 1 While Grene does not herself explore these commonalities in any detail, the one in which we are interested involves various epistemological and ontological features of what Polanyi calls the " tacit dimension " and of Whitehead's analysis of experience. I wish to explore this resemblance here, and to indicate ways in which their work can be mutually supportive. Both philosophers are speculative thinkers whose reflections range over a vast array of human achievement and thought. Of the two, Whitehead is the more systematic and Polanyi the more concrete. If there is genuine commonality in various respects, it may be that some of the variety of examples which Polanyi provides can serve as concrete illustrations for Whitehead 's theory of experience. The systematic scope of Whitehead 's theory, in turn, may be able to give additional rigor and form to some of the general theses which Polanyi is presenting . At any rate this is a possibility which we shall consider . Both Polanyi and Whitehead entered philosophy late in their lives-Polanyi as a chemist and Whitehead as a mathematician. Each entered in part because he had reservations about the philosophical underpinnings of science. Whitehead was con1 The Knower and the Known (New York: Basic Books, 1966), p. 14. 28 THE TACIT IN EXPERIENCE cerned that people forget too easily the selective character of inquiry that is essential to scientific activity and knowledge. Because they forget, they are likely to substitute a tissue of concepts for the fullness of reality. Misplaced concreteness is a temptation for all and particularly so in science. Polanyi was concerned about the ideal of .science as detached and impersonal knowledge. Such an ideal of exact science is mischievous because it is unattainable. There can be no wholly explicit knowledge. Inquiry can never eliminate the tacit and, thereby, the personal element of knowledge. This is an issue which may be more familiar when cast in the terms of the later work of Edmund Husserl. In fact, it may be that this is what Grene had in mind in her reference to phenomenology. Science, Husserl argued, presupposes the lifeworld for its very meaningfulness. By this he meant that it is our common and pre-given experience that is the matrix for all our scientific abstractions. It is this prior world of perception and daily activity which is the fundament for the sciences. It is the life-world that functions "not as something irrelevant that must be passed through, but as that which ultimately grounds the theoretical-logical ontic validity for all objective verification, i.e., as the source of self-evidence, the source of verification." 2 It follows, then, that the precision and objectivity of science are logically derivative, not basic. Husserl retained the ideal of philosophy as an exact science, however, and his work also ultimately involves theses about the constitutiveness of consciousness-an ideal and theses which distinguish his thought from that of both Whitehead and Polanyi.3 It is rather this important priority of pre-scientific experience which is one of the basic points upon which both Whitehead and Polanyi alike are insisting. Let us turn first to the way in which Polanyi presents this notion. It involves his s The Crisis of European Sciences and Transcendental Phenomenology, trans. David Carr (Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1970), p. 126. 8 In another essay I have explored in greater detail these and other differences between Husserl and Whitehead. See "Husserl's Crisis and Whitehead's Process Philosophy," The Personalist (Summer, 1975), pp. !l89-SOO. so JOHN B. BENNETT concept of the tacit, one of the most suggestive features of his work. Following this, we shall look at Whitehead and then at the ontologies of the two men. I According to Polanyi, the tacit dimension is the foundation or presupposition of all knowledge and of...

One of the pillars on which product liability law is based is the defence for development risks. According to this defence, the producer is not liable for the damage caused to the injured party if, at the time the product was put into circulation, the state of scientific and technical knowledge did not allow the existence of the defect to be discovered. The Proposal for a Directive drafted by the European Commission and published on 28 September 2022 continues to provide, in Article 10.1.e), the defence for development risks. The Proposal for a Directive refers to this particular issue in Recital 39, which introduces some requirements for the assessment of such defence.However, despite this recognition, does this defence fit into the digital paradigm, and how can it be applied to damage caused by defects in products with digital elements that incorporate artificial intelligence?

Evaluation of urban land-use structures with a view to sustainable development