On terraces for abelian groups

Let A be an abelian group. If for any we define , then is a quandle called the Takasaki quandle and is denoted by T(A). In this article, we focus on the lattice of subquandles of a finite Takasaki quandle T(A), denoted by . Indeed, we characterize the subquandles of T(A) and show that is the lattice of cosets of A if and only if A is an odd abelian group or its 2-Sylow subgroup is a cyclic group. Further, we determine the homotopy type of the lattice of subquandles of T(A) which is the wedge of r spheres of dimension d, where r is the number of prime numbers dividing and d is determined by applying the fundamental theorem of finite abelian groups. Furthermore, we prove that is graded if and only if A is an odd abelian group or its 2-Sylow subgroup is cyclic or its 2-Sylow subgroup is elementary abelian. Moreover, we show that the lattice of subquandles of a finite Takasaki quandle is determined by a unique Takasaki quandle. In other words, we show that the lattices of subquandles of two finite Takasaki quandles T(A) and T(B) are isomorphic if and only if A and B are isomorphic. However, the lattice of subquandles of a quandle which is not a Takasaki quandle can be isomorphic to the lattice of subquandles of a Takasaki quandle. We show this by providing a quandle Q of order 8 which is not a Takasaki quandle, but is isomorphic to

All groups considered are finite. A group has a trivial Frattini subgroup if and only if every nontrivial normal subgroup has a proper supplement.The property is normal subgroup closed, but neither subgroup nor quotient closed. It is subgroup closed if and only if the group is elementary, i.e. all Sylow subgroups are elementary abelian. If G is solvable, then G and all its quotients have trivial Frattini subgroup if and only if every normal subgroup of G has a complement. For a nilpotent group, every nontrivial normal subgroup has a supplement if and only if the group is elementary abelian. Consequently, the center of a group in which every normal subgroup has a supplement is an elementary abelian direct factor.

We distinguish 2-maximal and strictly 2-maximal subgroups of a finite group and give examples of soluble and simple groups in which every 2-maximal subgroup is strictly 2-maximal. Let M be a maximal subgroup of a group G. We prove that every maximal subgroup of M is strictly 2-maximal in G if M is normal in G or if G is p-soluble and We describe the structure of a finite group in which all 2-maximal subgroups are Hall subgroups. In particular, it has a Sylow tower and all its Sylow subgroups are elementary abelian.

The main aim of this article is to discuss the relationship between Pontryagin duality and pro-objects. The basic idea arises from K. H. Hofmann's articles [7] and [8] where it is shown that the elementary abelian (Lie) groups are “dense” in the category of locally compact hausdorff abelian groups.

If G is a group, then K(G) is the set of commutators of elements of G. C is the class of groups such that G′ = K(G) is the minimal cardinality of any generating set of dG. We prove: Theorem A. Let G be a nilpotent group of class two such that G' is finite and d(G′) < 4.Then G < G.Theorm B. Let G be a finite group such that G′ is elementary abelian of order p3. Then G ∈ C.Theorem C. Let G be a finite group with an elementary abelian Sylow p-subgroup S, of order p2, such that S ⊆ K(G). Then S ⊆K(G).

Let π be a set of primes. We will call a group π-separated if it can be decomposed as a central product of a π-torsion group of bounded exponent and a π-radicable group. It is easy to see that an abelian π-separated group can in fact be decomposed as a direct product of bounded and π-radicable factors (Lemma 1.1 below). A poly-π-separated group is one which can be obtained from π-separated groups by forming a finite series of group extensions. We will show here:Theorem 1. Every poly-π-separated nilpotent group is π-separated.The need for such a result arises in model theory in the case that π is the set of all primes, in which case we refer simply to separated and poly-separated groups. In connection with the conjecture that ω-stable simple groups are algebraic, it is useful to have a structure theory for solvable ω-stable groups analogous to the theory available in the algebraic case over algebraically closed fields. In particular the structure of nilpotent ω-stable groups is of interest, for example in connection with the known result [Zi1], [Ne] that the derived subgroup of a connected solvable ω-stable group of finite Morley rank is nilpotent.As a model-theoretic application of Theorem 1 we obtain:Theorem 2. If G is an ω-stable nilpotent group then G may be decomposed as a central product B * D with B and D 0-definable subgroups, B torsion of bounded exponent, and D radicable. In particular, B and D are ω-stable. Furthermore, ω · rk(B ∩ D) ≤ rk D.Corollary. The ω-stable groups of finite Morley rank are exactly the central products B * D of ω-stable nilpotent groups of finite Morley rank with B torsion of bounded exponent, D radicable, and B ∩ D finite.In addition to the purely algebraic Theorem 1, these results depend on Macintyre's characterization [Mac] of the ω-stable abelian groups as exactly the separated ones.

Gerhard Ringel was an Austrian Mathematician, and is regarded as one of the most influential graph theorists of the twentieth century. This work deals with two problems that arose from Ringel's research: the Hamilton-Waterloo Problem, and the problem of R-Sequences. The Hamilton-Waterloo Problem (HWP) in the case of Cm-factors and Cn-factors asks whether Kv, where v is odd (or Kv-F, where F is a 1-factor and v is even), can be decomposed into r copies of a 2-factor made entirely of m-cycles and s copies of a 2-factor made entirely of n-cycles. Chapter 1 gives some general constructions for such decompositions and apply them to the case where m=3 and n=3x. This problem is settle for odd v, except for a finite number of x values. When v is even, significant progress is made on the problem, although open cases are left. In particular, the difficult case of v even and s=1 is left open for many situations. Chapter 2 generalizes the Hamilton-Waterloo Problem to complete equipartite graphs K(n:m) and shows that K(xyzw:m) can be decomposed into s copies of a 2-factor consisting of cycles of length xzm and r copies of a 2-factor consisting of cycles of length yzm, whenever m is odd, s,r≠1, gcd(x,z)=gcd(y,z)=1 and xyz≠0 (mod 4). Some more general constructions are given for the case when the cycles in a given two factor may have different lengths. These constructions are used to find solutions to the Hamilton-Waterloo problem for complete graphs. Chapter 3 completes the proof of the Friedlander, Gordon and Miller Conjecture that every finite abelian group whose Sylow 2-subgroup either is trivial or both non-trivial and non-cyclic is R-sequenceable. This settles a question of Ringel for abelian groups.

Perfect Isometries for Principal Blocks with Abelian Defect Groups and Elementary Abelian 2-Inertial Quotients

Tutte’s 3-Flow Conjecture suggests that every bridgeless graph with no 3-edge-cut can have its edges directed and labelled by the numbers 1 or 2 in such a way that at each vertex the sum of incoming values equals the sum of outgoing values. In this paper we show that Tutte’s 3-Flow Conjecture is true for Cayley graphs of groups whose Sylow 2-subgroup is a direct factor of the group; in particular, it is true for Cayley graphs of nilpotent groups. This improves a recent result of Potočnik et al. (Discrete Math. 297:119–127, 2005) concerning nowhere-zero 3-flows in abelian Cayley graphs.

In this paper, we study the capacity/entropy region of finite, directed, acyclic, multiple-sources, and multiple-sinks network by means of group theory and entropy vectors coming from groups. There is a one-to-one correspondence between the entropy vector of a collection of \(n\) random variables and a certain group-characterizable vector obtained from a finite group and \(n\) of its subgroups. We are looking at nilpotent group characterizable entropy vectors and show that they are all also abelian group characterizable, and hence they satisfy the Ingleton inequality. It is known that not all entropic vectors can be obtained from abelian groups, so our result implies that to get more exotic entropic vectors, one has to go at least to soluble groups or larger nilpotency classes. The result also implies that Ingleton inequality is satisfied by nilpotent groups of bounded class, depending on the order of the group.

A normal Hall subgroup $N$ of a group $G$ is a normal subgroup with its order coprime with its index. Schur-Zassenhaus theorem states that every normal Hall subgroup has a complement subgroup, that is a set of coset representatives H which also forms a subgroup of G. In this paper, we present a framework to test isomorphism of groups with at least one normal Hall subgroup, when groups are given as multiplication tables. To establish the framework, we first observe that a proof of Schur-Zassenhaus theorem is constructive, and formulate a necessary and sufficient condition for testing isomorphism in terms of the associated actions of the semidirect products, and isomorphisms of the normal parts and complement parts. We then focus on the case when the normal subgroup is abelian. Utilizing basic facts of representation theory of finite groups and a technique by Le Gall [STACS 2009], we first get an efficient isomorphism testing algorithm when the complement has bounded number of generators. For the case when the complement subgroup is elementary abelian, which does not necessarily have bounded number of generators, we obtain a polynomial time isomorphism testing algorithm by reducing to generalized code isomorphism problem. A solution to the latter can be obtained by a mild extension of the singly exponential (in the number of coordinates) time algorithm for code isomorphism problem developed recently by Babai. Enroute to obtaining the above reduction, we study the following computational problem in representation theory of finite groups: given two representations rho and tau of a group $H$ over Z_p^d , p a prime, determine if there exists an automorphism phi:H -> H, such that the induced representation rho_phi=rho o phi and tau are equivalent, in time poly(|H|,p^d).

In this paper, I show that if p is an odd prime, and if P is a finite p-group, then there exists an exact sequence of abelian groups 0→ T (P )→ D(P )→ lim ←− 1<Q≤P D ( NP (Q)/Q )→ H1A≥2(P ),Z )(P ) , where D(P ) is the Dade group of P and T (P ) is the subgroup of endo-trivial modules. Here lim ←− 1<Q≤P D ( NP (Q)/Q ) is the group of sequences of compatible elements in the Dade groups D ( NP (Q)/Q ) for non trivial subgroups Q of P . The poset A≥2(P ) is the set of elementary abelian subgroups of rank at least 2 of P , ordered by inclusion. The group H A≥2(P ),Z )(P ) is the subgroup of H1A≥2(P ),Z ) consisting of classes of P -invariant 1-cocycles. A key result to prove that the above sequence is exact is a characterization of elements of 2D(P ) by sequences of integers, indexed by sections (T, S) of P such that T/S ∼= (Z/pZ), fulfilling certain conditions associated to subquotients of P which are either elementary abelian of rank 3, or extraspecial of order p and exponent p. AMS Subject classification : 20C20

Recently, the concept of (normal) bent partitions, which are partitions of elementary abelian groups having similar properties to spreads, has been introduced by Anbar and Meidl. A large number of bent partitions, so-called generalized semifield spreads, can be obtained from semifields with certain properties. A strongly related concept, namely Latin square partial difference set packings (LP-packings) in finite abelian groups, has also been introduced recently by Jedwab and Li. The examples for LP-packings in an elementary abelian group are obtained from spreads. LP-packings yield bent partitions (not only for elementary abelian groups). In this paper, we first point out that conversely, generalized semifield spreads yield LP-packings. As a result, there is a huge amount of LP-packings in elementary abelian groups, other than spreads. With some examples from ternary bent functions, we then show that normal bent partitions and LP-packings are not the same concept. Finally, we extend the lifting procedure from spreads to LP-packings in nonelementary abelian groups to a lifting procedure from some generalized spreads to LP-packings in nonelementary abelian groups and in larger elementary abelian groups. This potentially yields bent partitions other than generalized semifield spreads.

A group G is called semi-n-abelian, if for every g ∈ G there exists at least one a(g) ∈ G-which depends only on g-such that (gh)n = a-1(g)gnhna(g) for all h ∈ G; a group G is called n-abelian, if a(g) = e for all g ∈ G. According to Durbin the following holds for n-abelian groups: If G is n-abelian for at lesast 3 consecutive integers, then G in n-abelian for all integers and these groups are exactly the abelian groups. In this paper this problem is generalized to the semi-n-abelian case: If a finite group G is semi-n-abelian for at least 4 consecutive integers then G is semi-n-abelian for all integers and these groups are exactly the nilpotent groups, where the Sylow-2-subgroup is abelian, the Sylow-3-subgroup is any element of the Levi-variety ([[g, h], h] = e ∀ g, h ∈ G) and the Sylow-p-subgroup (p &lt; 3) is of class &lt;2. As a consequence we get a description of all finite (3-)groups, which are elements of the Levi-variety.

Herrlich, Salicrup, and Strecker [HSS] have shown that Kuratowski’s Theorem, namely, that a space X is compact if and only if for every space Y, the projection π2X×Y → Y is a closed map, can be interpreted categorically, and hence generalized and applied in a wider settin than the category of topological spaces. The first author, in an earlier paperj [Fl] , applied this categorical interpretation of compactness in categories of R-modules, obtaining a theory of compactness for each torsion theory T. In the case of the category of abelian groups and a hereditary torsion theory T, a group G is T-compact provided G/TG is a T-injective. In this note, the notion of compact is extended to the categories of hypercentral groups, nilpotent groups, and of FC-groups; it is shown that if T π denotes the π-torsion subgroup functor for a set of primes π, then a group G is T π-compact provided G/T πG is π-complete, extending the abelian group result in a natural way.