On the uniqueness of convex-ranged probabilities

We show that for a subspace $E\subseteq\{(x,-x):x\in\mathbb R\}$ of the Sorgenfrey plane $\mathbb S^2$ the following conditions are equivalent: (i) $E$ is $C$-embedded in $\mathbb S^2$; (ii) $E$ is $C^*$-embedded in $\mathbb S^2$; (iii) $E$ is a countable $G_\delta$-subspace of $\rr$ and (iv) $E$ is a countable functionally closed subspace of $\ss$. We also prove that $\mathbb S^2$ is not a $\delta$-normally separated space.

A σ-frame is a lattice in which countable joins exist and binary meets distribute over countable joins. In this paper, the category MσFrm, of metric σ-frames, is introduced, and it is shown to be equivalent to the category MLFrmu, of metric Lindelof frames.

This paper presents a study of English-Indonesian translation of the humorous utterances in Walt Disney’s Donald Duck comics. Twenty one Indonesian translated comics of the 2008 issues and their original English versions were used as the source of data. A total of 480 humorous English utterances were identified and verified by 4 native English speakers. These 480 English utterances and their translations were used as the data. Analyses of the collected data were then made to see the translation techniques used by the translator in translating the humorous utterances and to see the resulted pragmatic equivalence viewed from the equivalence of pragmatic force between the source text (ST) and target text (TT), involving implicture analysis of the utterances. The findings of the research reveal that 647 uses of translation techniques are made to translate the 480 utterances, as more than one techniques are used in some of the utterances. Seventeen out of 18 translation techniques proposed by Molina & Albir (2002) are chosen by the translator. It is also found out that the translator’s choice of translation techniques has resulted in 96.87% of the translated humorous utterances being equivalent in their pragmatic force, compared to the original English utterances. The use of such translation techniques as generalization, established equivalent, linguistic compression, amplification, literal translation, compensation, linguistic amplification, variation, particularization, borrowing, transposition, description, and calque has resulted in equivalent pragmatic force between ST and TT. Only minor portion (3.13%) of the translated text is not equivalent in its pragmatic force, and this is caused by the use of amplification, discursive creation, reduction, adaptation, and modulation techniques. The high rate of pragmatic equivalence shows the translator’s success in translating the text. Key words : implicature, pragmatic force, pragmatic equivalence, translation technique

Introduction: Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer among women in Brazil and the world. The study of ultrasonographic and mammographic reports based on the BI-RADS 3 and BI-RADS 4 classes with the objective of predicting the existence of breast cancer in the light of the histopathological exams is of crucial importance, in our view, to seek the diagnosis of assurance. Thus, streamlining the therapeutic initiative, which in the direct proportion of the precocity of its beginning will be the probability of cure. Objective: To establish a relationship between BI-RADS 3 and BI-RADS 4 indices on ultrasonography as well as mammography and related histopathological results, through the analysis of the mastology charts of patients attended at the Niteroi Women's Assistance Clinic in the period of February 2015 through February 2017. Method and Technique: It is an observational, retrospective study that established a relationship between BI-RADS 3 and BI-RADS 4 indices on ultrasound as well as mammography and related histopathological results, by analyzing the results of the medical records mastology of the patients treated at the Niteroi Clinic for Women's Care from February 2015 to February 2017. Male records were excluded, percutaneous needle biopsy compatible with Idiopathic Granulomatous Mastitis and charts with mammography and ultrasonography classified in BI- RADS 1, BI-RADS 2, BI-RADS 5 and BI-RADS 6. RESULTS: The mean age was 47 years, with three age groups for the medical records: 18 to 50 years (29.3%) of the medical records, from 51 to 69 years old (52.3%) and from 70 to 89 years (18.4%). The studied population comprised the population of the municipalities of Niteroi (45.5%) and Sao Goncalo (45.2%), followed by Marica (6.8%) and Itaborai (2.5%). We observed a total of positive cases for breast cancer in the population studied, with a total of 6.1% of cases positive for breast cancer and 93.9% of cases negative for breast cancer in the sample analyzed with the respective BI-RADS 3 and 4. In the statistical analysis of the groups we observed that group 1 is statistically equal to group 2, of positive cases of breast cancer after percutaneous biopsy by thick needle. Similarly, group 1 is equivalent to group 3. Therefore group 1, group 2 and group 3 are statistically equivalent in the results. However, when MMG BI-RADS 4 and USG BI-RADS 4 (group 4), this differs significantly from all others. When we established only two groups, considering the sum of group 1, group 2 and group 3 as Group BI-RADS 3 or BI-RADS discordant and compared with Group 4, which was renamed of Group BI-RADS 4 concordant, we found that the odds ratio is 9.9. CONCLUSION: In view of the concomitants of BI-RADS 4 category in ultrasonography and mammography, the probability of detecting breast cancer by histopathological study is ten times higher than the concomitance in BI-RADS 3 especially when there is disagreement between them

Section 2.1 discusses the following question (which, in the case M = L ∞ (X, F,μ) with μ finite, is answered affirmatively by the existence of the Lebesgue integral): if m: P(M) → [0,1] is countably additive in the sense that $$ m\left[ {\mathop{V}\limits_{{n = 1}}^{\infty } {e_n}} \right] = \sum\limits_{{n = 1}}^{\infty } {m({e_n})} $$ for any countable collection of pairwise orthogonal projections in M, does m extend to a linear functional on M which is well-behaved under monotone convergence?

A retrospective, cost-effectiveness analysis was performed on 106 clinically evaluable patients who participated in a multi-centre, randomized study of sequential IV/oral ciprofloxacin therapy versus ceftazidime for the treatment of nosocomial pneumonia. Although nearly half of the ciprofloxacin patients received sequential therapy, the majority were treated with a full IV regimen. Clinical success rates and antibiotic-related adverse events were similar for the ciprofloxacin and ceftazidime groups. Per patient and per day costs of antibiotic acquisition; preparation and administration; treatment of adverse events, and clinical failures were compared. Decision analysis revealed that ciprofloxacin therapy was cost-effective compared to ceftazidime 2 g q8h. Varying the probability of clinical success between 60-99% failed to change the economic decision; costs for ciprofloxacin were always lower than for ceftazidime. Further sensitivity analyses demonstrated that if the ceftazidime price was reduced by 50% (equivalent to 1 g q8h), treatment costs would be similar to ciprofloxacin therapy. Increasing the ciprofloxacin price by 50% (equivalent to a q8h frequency) produced per patient costs similar to ceftazidime, although ciprofloxacin therapy retained a lower cost per day (p < 0.0002). For the treatment of nosocomial pneumonia, ciprofloxacin therapy was cost-effective compared to ceftazidime.

The increased water demand and the increased capital construction costs of water resource development projects force engineers and water planners to utilize efficiently the existing and proposed water resources systems. Hence, it is considered necessary to find the optimum real time operating rules for systems of multiple reservoirs.Stochastic dynamic programming (SDP) has been used as the tool for deriving the real time operating rules for a system of multiple reservoirs, in preference to simulation analysis and linear programming. This is because the operation of the storages is considered as a sequential decision problem and dynamic programming is well suited to handle sequential, multi-period type decision problems. Further, the stochastic nature of streamflow is considered explicitly through a multivariate distribution for streamflow. The method theoretically produces the global optimum solution.The computational difficulties in terms of computer time and memory space have prohibited the realistic application of this method to systems of multiple reservoirs in the past. In this study, two methods have been introduced to reduce the computational difficulties of the method, thus making SDP more attractive to use in the derivation of the real time operating rules for a system of multiple reservoirs.The first method, the assumption of cross correlation of streamflow, reduces the number of states in the SDP method which reduces computer time and memory space. Further, it reduces the number of conditional probability estimates of streamflow which are used in recursive relation of the SDP algorithm. The second method, the “corridor” approach, reduces computer time involved in the SDP method by eliminating the computation of infeasible and/or inferior (suboptimal) solutions. These two methods have resulted in significant savings in the computer effort of the SDP method.The conditional probabilities of streamflow are computed by considering the hypervolume under the conditional probability density function between the integration limits using the computationally efficient Gaussian Legendre quadrature method. The conditional probability density function is derived from the historical streamflow data.Real time operating rules are expressed as a function of the storage volume(s) at the beginning of the current time interval and the forecast inflow into the storage(s) during the current time interval.The Melbourne water supply system is used as the example. The derived operating rules have been tested by operating a simulation model and the conclusion is made that the SDP method is a satisfactory technique for objectively deriving real time operating rules for a system of multiple reservoirs.Finally, a combined stochastic dynamic programming – statistical disaggregation approach is introduced to determine the real time operating rules for a system of multiple reservoirs where operational data are available. Releases from individual storages are a function of the total system storage volume and inflow. The method uses SDP to determine the release rules from the equivalent single reservoir of the multiple reservoir system; these releases are then disaggregated to individual releases using the statistical release disaggregation model whose parameters are derived from the historical operational data. The approach was used to derive real time operating rules for the Melbourne water supply system and the operating rules were validated using a simulation model of the system.

In the present paper we consider initial value problems for Hilfer fractional differential equations and for system of Hilfer fractional differential equations. By using equivalent integral equations and some fixed point theorems, we study the local existence of solutions. We extend these local existence results globally with the help of continuation theorems and generalized Gronwall inequality.

Bernstein’s theorem states that the following properties are equivalent for a function ψ:]0, ∞ [→ R (which then is called completely monotone):moreover, the measure σ in iii) is uniquely determined.

In this thesis, we use integral equation methods to study the scattering of timeharmonic electromagnetic plane waves by biperiodic multilayered structures. Here, such structures are modeled by vertically arranging finitely many non-self-intersecting polyhedral Lipschitz interfaces. We distinguish single profile scatterers and scatterers composed of at least two surfaces. The electromagnetic scattering problem, which arises from the presence of obstacles of the first type, serves as a basic model that we reuse in the multilayered case. By treating it with a combined potential ansatz, we obtain an equivalent new periodic singular integral equation with Fredholm index zero. The Fredholmness is verified by Garding inequalities. This property is crucial for proving one of the main results of our analysis in the single interface setting: an existence theorem for the derived integral equation under certain assumptions on the electromagnetic material parameters. The second central result, a uniqueness theorem, is proven by a variational argumentation and again depends on the values of the electromagnetic material parameters. In the main part of this thesis, we then extend the considered obstacles to “real” multilayered obstacles consisting of at least two grating interfaces. For these, we propose two recursive integral equation algorithms to determine the generated reflected and transmitted waves. On the one hand, the recursive scattering matrix method and, on the other hand, a recursive algorithm based on the transmission conditions across the interfaces of the multilayered structure. In addition to their accurate derivation, new existence and uniqueness results, depending on the electromagnetic properties of the considered obstacle, are presented for each algorithm. Their proofs partially exploit the insights originating from the treatment of the single interface model problem. Our analytical investigation is intended to provide a basis for new efficient numerical implementations of the biperiodic multilayered electromagnetic scattering problem.

Despite the high potential of geothermal reservoirs in Meshkinshahr, we only see the government entering the electricity extraction of geothermal energy because the cost of the Meshkinshahr geothermal electricity is higher than the balanced price of the electricity market and the private sector is disadvantaged for entering it. So, the government has adopted a feed in tariff policy for geothermal electricity to encourage private sector investors. This research is aimed at financial appraisal of Maskinshahr geothermal power plant with the assumption of feed in tariff by the government with Equivalent Uniform Annual Worth, Equivalent Uniform Annual Worth, and Equivalent Uniform Annual Cost methods. Equivalent Uniform Annual Benefit is obtained from feed in tariff of government and Equivalent Uniform Annual Cost is determined based on technical and economic components of the geothermal power plant and macroeconomic parameters. The results of the data analysis show that the construction of the geothermal power plant is fully justified with the 14% reduction rate, but if the investor's minimum expected rate exceeds 54%, the construction of the power plant has no economic justification. Also, if the construction of Meshkinshahr geothermal plant takes more than 13 years and 5 months like the government project, the generation of geothermal power is not cost-effective.

In 1924 Hasse proved a fundamental theorem concerning quadratic forms over algebraic number fields, namely that two quadratic forms with coefficients in an algebraic number field K are equivalent if and only if they are so in every completion K p of K by valuations of K.

Design bored pile foundation often use formulae of Reese and wright (1977) on projects heild in Jakarta. The safety factor often use on the design foundation on project in Jakarta are generally 2 or 3. By using advance First Order Liability Method to analysis design foundation, the result showed that the design was very conservative. Proven by the safety index for this design is 2.68 where’s the equivalent of failure probably 3.72 x 10-3, this result is less than requirement of failure probability 1 x 10-2. Lastiasih (2012) propose the use of multiple safety factors by applying Load Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) in accordance with the design of building age so as not to use single safety factor again. Further more the design of bored pile foundation become more efficient.

Many engineering applications face the problem of bounding the expected value of a quantity of interest (performance, risk, cost, etc.) that depends on stochastic uncertainties whose probability distribution is not known exactly. Optimal uncertainty quantification (OUQ) is a framework that aims at obtaining the best bound in these situations by explicitly incorporating available information about the distribution. Unfortunately, this often leads to non-convex optimization problems that are numerically expensive to solve. This thesis emphasizes on efficient numerical algorithms for OUQ problems. It begins by investigating several classes of OUQ problems that can be reformulated as convex optimization problems. Conditions on the objective function and information constraints under which a convex formulation exists are presented. Since the size of the optimization problem can become quite large, solutions for scaling up are also discussed. Finally, the capability of analyzing a practical system through such convex formulations is demonstrated by a numerical example of energy storage placement in power grids. When an equivalent convex formulation is unavailable, it is possible to find a convex problem that provides a meaningful bound for the original problem, also known as a convex relaxation. As an example, the thesis investigates the setting used in Hoeffding's inequality. The naive formulation requires solving a collection of non-convex polynomial optimization problems whose number grows doubly exponentially. After structures such as symmetry are exploited, it is shown that both the number and the size of the polynomial optimization problems can be reduced significantly. Each polynomial optimization problem is then bounded by its convex relaxation using sums-of-squares. These bounds are found to be tight in all the numerical examples tested in the thesis and are significantly better than Hoeffding's bounds.

On characterizing and generalizing the optional [formula omitted]-stability property for pricing set