On transversal numbers of intersecting straight line systems and intersecting segment systems

The energy and stability of a vortex line in anisotropic London theory

We analyze the application limits of stiff and deformable segmental lining systems for TBM tunneling in squeezing rock, looking at structural behavior and construction management aspects, as well as TBM and concrete technologies. We also present practical design aids that enable different lining systems to be compared quickly so that appropriate systems can be chosen for given geotechnical situations. Comparative investigations show that deformable lining systems are preferable for very deep tunnels crossing rocks of relatively fair quality, as rock pressure can be decreased significantly in such cases by allowing small deformations to occur.

Structural forces in segmental linings: process-oriented tunnel advance simulations vs. conventional structural analysis

This chapter contains the types of grounding systems, single ground rod, single strip end connected, single strip center connected, radial grounding, single radials, equipotential mesh electrodes, radial grounding, multiple radials, and grid electrodes grid with ground rods, ring electrode, and grounding chain. It contains also the method of calculating single grounding electrode system resistance, length/depth of the ground electrode, diameter of the ground electrode and number of ground electrodes to obtain the required grounding system resistance. The chapter contains the grounding nomograph, example worksheet using nomograph, design of multiple grounding electrode in straight line and ring systems, examples layout and graph, multiple grounding electrode system are presented. It contains also calculating methods of multiple grounding electrode system resistance of different configurations. Color code technique to calculate the design parameters of the grounding rods is also presented.

The high intensity winds (HIW) associated with thunderstorm outflows (downbursts, tornados) have profile shapes that differ greatly from the straight line winds in conventional atmospheric boundary layers that form the basis of the design wind loads for electricity transmission line systems. Evidence from line failures, such as Manitoba Hydro's (MH) on 5 th September 1996, that caused failure of 19 towers and a 5-day line outage, suggests that many are the result of HIW, due to a combination of extreme wind speed and an off-design wind load distribution. Whilst the complete upgrading of any given line system to withstand the severest storms is not feasible, some critical locations (e.g. major river / road / rail crossings) could benefit from remediation based on a thorough understanding of HIW loads. The authors have completed the first phase of a comprehensive research program aimed at quantifying these HIW wind fields, their loading on transmission line tower and line components and the resultant response of the transmission line system. The main outcomes from that phase were 1 Formulation of a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model of downburst and tornado wind fields validated by small-scale laboratory experiments and a theoretical / analytical model 2 Derivation of a loading model for downburst winds and application of this model to fully non-linear finite element (FE) models of a MH Type A guyed tower / line system. Identification of some of the critical members and failure mechanisms. A second phase of work is currently in progress that is concerned with the validation and implementation of the previously developed concepts, encompassing 1 Design and construction of a large scale downburst simulator (based on a 2-D wall jet concept) 2 Testing of tower/line physical models in the large-scale downburst simulator, with comparison to loads derived from atmospheric boundary layer wind profile model testing. 3 Improving the downburst and the tornado numerical models by introducing atmospheric parameters and comparison with Doppler radar atmospheric data.

In order to improve the degree of automation in plastic pipe production and save labor cost, this paper proposes a design scheme about the electric control system design of straight pipe automatic conveyor line. The Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) is the core control component in this system. This system can control the start and stop of production lines by applying communication between computer and PLC, change the number of each bundle of pipes, and monitor online the operation conditions of automatic transmission lines. Finally, actual operation of the system shows that it runs steadily, operates simply, and is highly automatic with low labor cost.

For a singular nonlinear traveling wave system of the first class, if there exist two node points of the associated regular system in the singular straight line, then the dynamics of the solutions of the singular system will be very complex. In this paper, two representative nonlinear traveling wave system models (namely, the traveling wave system of Green–Naghdi equations and the traveling wave system of the Raman soliton model for optical metamaterials) are investigated. It is shown that, if there exist two node points of the associated regular system in the singular straight line, then the singular system has no peakon, periodic peakon and compacton solutions, but rather, it has smooth periodic wave, solitary wave and kink wave solutions.

An intersecting r-uniform straight line system is an intersecting linear system whose lines consist of r points on straight line segment of ℝ2 and any two lines share a point (are intersecting). On the other hand, an intersecting r-segment system is an intersecting linear system whose lines consist of r consecutive integer points on a line segment in ℤ2 and any two lines share a point. It is not hard to see that an intersecting r-segment system is an intersecting r-uniform straight line system. Recently, Oliveros et al. (2020) proved any intersecting r-segment system has transversal number at most r - 1. In this paper, we improve such result given by Oliveros et al., we prove that any intersecting r-uniform straight line system has a transversal number at most ν 2 - 1, where ν 2 is the maximum cardinality of a subset of lines R of the straight line system such that every triplet of different elements of R doesn’t have a common point.

Notes on the anatomy and biology of the Basking Shark (<i>Cetorhinus maximus</i> (Gunner)).

The continuous model is introduced, and the nonlinear partial differential equations of taut-slack mooring line system are transferred to nonlinear algebraic equations through tanh method, and four solitary solutions are obtained further. At the same time, to express the results clearly, the curve surfaces of strains, displacements, and tension are plotted. The results show that there are four different solutions in the system. With the pretension increasing, the tension changes from one solitary solution to snap tension, and when the pretension is increased further, the curve converts to continuous line, until straight line, which is corresponding to the taut mooring line. In the process of increasing of pretension, the mooring line transfers from slack to taut, accompanied with tension skipping, which is reduced by the system parameters, and different combination of parameters may introduce different tension in line, and the uncertainty may cause the breakage of mooring system. The results have an agreement with experiment, which shows that the calculating method in this paper may be believable and feasible. This work may provide reference for design of mooring system.

CHAPTER IV - SYSTEMS OF FUNCTIONS AND CURVILINEAR COORDINATES IN A PLANE AND IN SPACE

Robotic assembly lines serve as a foundational element of modern manufacturing, facilitating the efficient production of high-quality goods. Reducing the energy consumption of robots in these assembly lines is essential to promoting greener manufacturing practices, lowering costs, and achieving global energy efficiency goals. This study seeks to create a model that optimizes robotic assembly line systems by minimizing cycle time and energy consumption, either independently or simultaneously. The research assumes an unlimited supply of various robot types, each with distinct variants, processing times, and energy demands for specific tasks. The problem is modeled using Integer Linear Programming (ILP) in the LINGO (21) solver. For multi-objective scenarios involving both cycle time and energy consumption, a weighted sum approach is applied to convert the problem into a single-objective format. To tackle large-scale problems more effectively, several concepts and rules are proposed to accelerate data processing. The results demonstrated improved performance compared to benchmark problems. The analysis indicated that reducing cycle time contributes to lower energy consumption, driven by an increase in the number of stations and robots. Additionally, the Pareto front analysis of cycle time and energy consumption revealed that energy usage remains nearly constant across a wide range of cycle times.

Manufacturing industries these days are more concerned about the energy consumption due to the increasing energy cost. It is observed that industries can achieve significant savings in the energy cost even when a small percentage of energy consumption is reduced. In a manufacturing industry, assembly lines are equipped with robots to perform the assembly tasks and there is a need for efficiently balancing the assembly line by reducing the energy consumption during the production phase. The authors could not find any research on optimizing energy consumption in U-shaped robotic assembly line systems to date. The objective of this paper is to propose an optimization models with an objective of minimizing the energy consumption in a U-shaped robotic assembly line when the number of workstations are fixed. Since the assembly line balancing problems falls under the category of NP-hard, an efficient bio inspired algorithm is implemented to solve the problem. The model proposed is very well applicable for automobile assembly line where robots are employed. The energy consumption is evaluated on the benchmark data and energy consumption obtained by the U-shaped robotic assembly line is compared with the energy consumption obtained with straight robotic assembly line. The cycle time of the layouts are also compared. The results obtained using this proposed model can be used for the decision making process in the industry. The paper also proposes an optimization model for minimizing the cycle time. The energy consumption of the assembly line when the cycle time is minimized is evaluated and presented.

Crosstalk or coupling characteristics between a cascaded line with an abrupt step on the way and a straight transmission line of finite length are discussed comparing measured and calculated results. To analyze the coupling phenomenon, a modified telegrapher's equation including the effects of external fields to the lines system is derived. The fields can be obtained by estimating vector potentials of currents in the line and the terminal sections, where the terminals are fabricated like a "via" configuration. A four-port network expression of the voltage and current at each terminal is obtained from solutions of the equation. We have done some experiments to appraise the utility of the theory used here by comparing the transmission characteristics.