One Hundred Years of Foreign Research Institutes in Jordan—1921 to 2021

Pain medicine practices vary across different regions within a country and between countries. The objective of the survey was to study the variation in interventional pain medicine practices in the United Kingdom (UK) and the United States (US). A survey was designed in 2019 on Survey Monkey®. Pain physicians from the UK and the US were invited to respond. A total of 120 responses were received from pain physicians in the UK and 122 from the US. Twenty-six percent and 90% of pain physicians in the UK and US, respectively, are in full-time pain medicine practice. There was marked variation in the utilization of diagnostic medial branch blocks before performing radiofrequency denervation (RFD) between the UK and the US. In the UK, 42% of pain physicians, and 50% in the US, use a 20-gauge or a 22-gauge radiofrequency needle for lumbar RFD. Around 30% to 50% of pain physicians, both in the UK and the US, discontinued antithrombotic agents before medial branch blocks at all the spinal levels. Around 50% of pain physicians in the UK and US are stopping anticoagulants before lumbar and cervical RFD. Over 95% of UK and US respondents stopped antithrombotic agents for interlaminar and transforaminal epidural injections along the spine. At the lumbar level, 51% of pain physicians in the UK and 47% in the US use a particulate steroid for the initial lumbar transforaminal epidural injection (TFESI); and 4% and 14% in the UK and US, respectively, use a particulate steroid for initial cervical TFESI. Eight percent of pain physicians in the UK and 20% from the US would switch to a particulate steroid if the initial TFESI with a nonparticulate steroid did not provide satisfactory pain relief. Ten percent of pain physicians from the United Kingdom and 20% from the US believed that this switch provides better pain relief. Interventional pain physicians from the UK and the US were invited to respond. This may not reflect global practice. Our survey has highlighted the wide variation in interventional pain medicine practices both in the UK and the US. The relevant governing bodies in the UK and in the US should encourage clinicians to use at least an 18-gauge radiofrequency needle for RFD at the lumbar level. Discontinuing antithrombotic agents for the lumbar medial branch block is not justifiable. Pain physicians must discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using a nonparticulate over a particulate steroid preparation with the patient before performing TFESI as a standard procedure during the consenting process. Antithrombotic agents, epidural steroid, medial branch blocks, pain practice variations, particulate and nonparticulate steroids, radiofrequency denervation, spinal interventions.

This introduction presents an overview of the key concepts discussed in the subsequent chapters of the book. This book presents the ancestral waves of inherited power and unearned privilege conferred on white nurses and scholars working and living in the United States (US). This privilege is accentuated by the systems of white supremacy that overdetermine the US healthcare (non)system and within the elite spaces of nursing academe around the world. The book includes chapters from influential nursing scholars whose work emanates from critical, radical, and emancipatory perspectives spanning three continents and five countries, including the US, Canada, Australia, United Kingdom (UK), and Germany. It examines the assumptions, ideologies, and discourses that shape the discipline and its place within healthcare more broadly including critiques of neoliberalism and whiteness, and unpacking disciplinary framings of culture and iconic myths tied to nursing's origin story.

ST-segment myocardial infarction (STEMI) is typically associated with increased age, but there is an important group of patients who suffer from STEMI under the age of 50 who are not well characterized in studies. We analysed results from Myocardial Ischemia National Audit Project (MINAP) from the United Kingdom (UK) between 2010 and 2017 and the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) from the United States of America (USA) between 2010 and 2018. After exclusion criteria, there were 32 719 STEMI patients aged≤50 from MINAP, and 238 952 patients' ≤50 from the NIS. We analysed temporal trends in demographics, management, and mortality. The proportion of females increased, 15.6% (2010-2012) to 17.6% (2016-2017) (UK) and 22.8% (2010-2012) to 23.1% (2016-2018) (USA). The proportion of white patients decreased, from 86.7% (2010) to 79.1% (2017) (UK) and 72.1% (2010) to 67.1% (2017) (USA). Invasive coronary angiography (ICA) rates increased in UK (2010-2012: 89.0%, 2016-2017: 94.3%), while decreased in USA (2010-2012: 88.9%, 2016-2018: 86.2% (USA). After adjusting for baseline characteristics and management strategies, there was no difference in all-cause mortality in the UK in 2016-2017 compared to 2010-2012 (OR:1.21, 95% CI:0.60-2.40), but there was a decrease in the USA in 2016-2018 compared to 2010-2012 (OR: 0.84, 95% CI: 0.79-0.90). The demographics of young STEMI patients have temporally changed in the UK and USA, with increased proportions of females and ethnic minorities. There was a significant increase in the frequency of diabetes mellitus over the respective time periods in both countries.

This chapter discusses how the search for the origins of beer and brewing in the United States has been hampered by the realities of the racial, gendered, and classed inequalities that created the United States in the first place. It integrates an overview of the deep history of beer in the US context, largely from 1587 until the end of Prohibition. Along the way, the chapter illuminates and critiques the 'origin stories' of beer. It uncovers some stories that have been long buried, asking questions that have not been adequately asked up until now. This deep history reveals some mythological stories as well as the old narratives that have served to cover up a full knowledge of race, racism, and beer, many of which the new narratives being pushed by contemporary brewers, beer lovers, and industry folks of color, though few and far between, continue to fight.

Founding Mothers, Myths, and a Martyr Nancy Isenberg (bio) Lori D. Ginzberg . Untidy Origins: A Story of Woman's Rights in Antebellum New York. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 2005. xiv + 222 pp. ISBN 0-8078-2947-1 (cl.); 0-8078-5608-8 (pb). Linda J. Lumsden . Inez: The Life and Times of Inez Milholland. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2004. xii + 265 pp.; ill. ISBN 0-253-34418-2 (cl.). Sherry H. Penney and James D. Livingston . A Very Dangerous Woman: Martha Wright and Women's Rights. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2004. xiii + 315 pp.; ill. ISBN 1-55849-446-4 (cl.); 1-55849-447-2 (pb.). Judith Wellman . The Road to Seneca Falls: Elizabeth Cady Stanton and the First Woman's Rights Convention. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2004. xxii + 297 pp.; ill. ISBN 0-252-02904-6 (cl.); 0-252-07173-5 (pb.). In recent years, popular biographers David McCullough, Ron Chernow, Walter Isaacson, and other nonhistorians have created an industry of books on the founding fathers. There is nothing new in Americans' desperate desire to envelop the story of national origins for the United States in a quasi-religious faith. Since the deaths of Benjamin Franklin and George Washington in the 1790s, eulogists immortalized the Revolutionary leaders for their singular genius and divine calling. David Edwin's painting Apotheosis of Washington (1800) gave the incomparable first president a halo, and made him into a "savior." The same tendency exists among those who would construct a pantheon of founding mothers. Journalist Cokie Roberts received a large advance for her puerile homily on great women, Founding Mothers. As historian Gerda Lerner put it, in the past women's historians relied on compensatory history, recording women's achievements without any critical analysis.1 How can such celebratory prose, often vapidly patriotic, be considered anything other than pseudohistory? There is no excuse for this kind of writing anymore. Publishing for a popular audience presents certain dangers. It can lead experienced women's historians to adopt the heroic narrative. Judith Wellman has been researching and writing on the origins of the Seneca Falls [End Page 185] convention for twenty-five years. Whether or not her book is designed as such, The Road to Seneca Falls is an homage to the Women's Rights National Historical Park. Her dedication is telling; she mentions not only the national park, but also the Elizabeth Cady Stanton Foundation, the National Women's Hall of Fame (in Seneca Falls) and "especially local historians," who collectively "keep the home fires burning for all of us." The Road to Seneca Falls begins with an imaginative re-creation of Stanton's walk to the convention on 19 July 1848, and it ends with the grand opening of the Women's Rights National Park in July 1982. That final chapter is a strangely condensed summary of everything meant to have taken place between 1848 and 1982. The book is both a story of origins and a celebration of the movement's local origins. "Locally inspired," Wellman writes, "the Seneca Falls woman's rights convention attracted immediate national attention. Like a magnifying glass, it transformed widespread but unorganized public sentiment into a focused movement for change." Echoing what Stanton wrote in her Autobiography, Wellman asserts that the convention "initiated a crescendo of activism on behalf of women." Stanton is the star of the show, the movement's "main organizer" and "catalyst" (10–11, 13). Wellman's political agenda obliges her to uphold the sacred role of the Women's Rights National Historical Park as keeper of the flame. Wellman's book is part biography and part community study. The first two chapters cover Stanton's childhood and life before the convention, while the latter chapters describe the social and reform environments she encountered when she moved to Seneca Falls in 1847. As a thorough social historian, she provides the reader with a detailed economic history of Seneca Falls and nearby Waterloo. She highlights the various reform influences in the area, such as Quaker dissent, antislavery, and efforts at legal reform in New York State. This meticulous local history is the best part of the book, because it reveals...

he wider health impacts of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic are of increasing concern, with an increase in rates of non-COVID-19 excess mortality observed. In England and the United States, the early pandemic was accompanied by a decline in patient visits to Emergency Departments (EDs), including those for cardiac diseases. 1, The decline may have been influenced by patient's reluctance to visit hospital due to the public health messages to protect National Health Service capacity, concerns about the risk of coronavirus infection, or difficulties in accessing medical care. The impact of delayed or nonpresentation to EDs with suspected cardiac disease on cardiac mortality is unknown. In this study, we used instrumental variable analysis to estimate the effects of reduced ED visits on cardiac mortality in England.

THE International Society of Protistologists (ISOP) met online from 26-30 July, 2021. The Program and Abstract book for this is available here (File S1). An in-person international meeting was not possible due to the continued COVID-19 pandemic. The meeting therefore took place using the society's Zoom license, which is available for use by ISOP members for other online protist meetings.

Takeover transactions are often the most significant activity affecting corporations and their shareholders. Accordingly, there are intense debates about the value and impact of takeovers and the extent to which law should regulate such transactions. One area of focus for takeover regulation has been the potential impact of takeovers on minority shareholders. The focus on minority shareholders is not surprising as research suggests that laws which protect minority shareholders are associated with stronger financial markets. This chapter discusses three methods of effecting a takeover, focusing on tender offers, schemes of arrangement, and triangular mergers, and assesses both the theoretical and empirical literature on their impact on minority shareholders of bidders and targets. The chapter primarily focuses on how two common law jurisdictions, the United States (US), the United Kingdom (UK), govern such transactions. In each jurisdiction, lawmakers, regulators and courts have attempted to address the potential for harm to minority shareholders under various deal structures. At times, regulators have arrived at different sets of rules for different types of transaction structures. These rules often provide different rights for shareholders of bidders and targets, and vary among various transaction structures, even when economically similar transactions are undertaken.This chapter chronicles the use of regulatory and judicial tools to address the rights of minority shareholders under each particular structure in the US and UK. An important regulatory concern in designing laws to govern various deal structures is the balance between shareholder interests and the costs of imposing legal requirements. What is clear is that the US and UK have arrived at different tools to address minority shareholder rights in each of these transactions. While the UK takeover regime focuses primarily on ex ante regulation, the US system uses some ex ante regulation but focuses primarily on ex post policing through the courts. What is less clear and needs further empirical enquiry is which of the tools used in the US and UK regimes better protect minority shareholders. To date there have been few studies that empirically evaluate the differences between the US and UK rules. Nevertheless, a few insights are suggested by the empirical research chronicled in this chapter. First, despite the differences in each jurisdiction’s regime, target shareholders gain in takeover transactions in both jurisdictions, and in the US regime these gains are higher in tender offers than in mergers. Second, recent research suggests that the UK’s takeover rules better protect bidder shareholders in large transactions than US regulation which largely deprive bidder shareholders a role in acquisition transactions. Finally, the research on US transactions suggests that different legal treatment of economically similar acquisition structures may make a difference to minority shareholders.

AUSTRALIA – Well-known antibiotic amoxycillin found to be ineffective cough treatment. AUSTRALIA – Bring the noise: has technology made us scared of silence? INDIA – Biocon receives marketing authorization for novel biologic itolizumab for psoriasis. ISRAEL – Aspireo reports Somatoprim Phase Ib interim data. JAPAN – Daiichi Sankyo and Amplimmune announce strategic alliance to develop AMP-110 therapy for autoimmune disease. JAPAN – Eisai signs agreement with Epizyme and Roche Molecular Systems to develop companion diagnostic. THE PHILIPPINES – Asia-Pacific Analysis: The growth of stem-cell therapy. THE PHILIPPINES – Is the world ready for scientific diplomacy? UNITED KINGDOM – ARIAD and the U.K. National Cancer Research Institute to collaborate on SPIRIT 3 clinical study. UNITED KINGDOM – Vision research collaboration on novel treatment for wet age-related macular degeneration. UNITED STATES – Reducing medical mistakes: Two recently published studies support the use of DNA testing on biopsy samples to prevent misdiagnoses. UNITED STATES – CoDa Therapeutics reports positive results from Phase IIb Study of NEXAGON® in chronic venous leg ulcers. UNITED STATES – Inovio Pharmaceuticals to initiate clinical trial for its hepatitis C therapeutic vaccine later this year. UNITED STATES – Jolt to brain eases pain without drugs. UNITED STATES – Can a new vaccine prevent colon cancer? UNITED STATES – Immunovaccine's DPX-Survivac produces sustained, dose related immune responses in Phase I ovarian cancer study.

Stroke is a major healthcare problem in both the United States (US) and the United Kingdom (UK). Little comparative data are available concerning how generalist physicians in the two countries approach the management of patients at high risk of stroke. Contemporaneous surveys of random samples of primary care physician-reported stroke prevention practices were performed in the US and UK from 1993 to 1994. The US National Survey of Physician Practices for the Secondary and Tertiary Prevention of Ischemic Stroke included 254 noninternist primary care physicians. The UK Survey of the Care of Patients With Stroke in General Practice obtained responses from 661 general practitioners. The two surveys used many of the same questions, allowing for direct comparisons of reported stroke prevention practices between American and British physicians. More than 80% of American physicians reported a variety of services (24-hour electrocardiography, echocardiography, brain CT scan, brain MR scan, carotid ultrasonography, cerebral angiography) as readily available. These same services were readily available to less than 10% of physicians in the UK (P < .001 for each comparison). Although physicians in the UK reported prescribing lower doses of aspirin for stroke prevention than physicians in the US, the proportions of physicians using aspirin were not different. In contrast, almost 70% of physicians in the US responded that they always or often anticoagulate patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation compared with 7% of British physicians (P < .001). Whereas 70% of American versus 14% of British physicians reported obtaining carotid ultrasound studies in patients with asymptomatic bruits (P < .001), physicians in the UK more commonly reported referring this type of patient to neurologists (46% versus 21%, P < .001). For patients with recent carotid-distribution transient ischemic attack or minor stroke, physicians in the US more commonly reported referral to neurologists (55% versus 45%, P = .022), referral to surgeons (39% versus 19%, P < .001), the performance of carotid ultrasonography (80% versus 11%, P < .001), echocardiography (45% versus 5%, P < .001), 24-hour electrocardiography (49% versus 4%, P < .001), brain CT scan (72% versus 3%, P < .001), and the prescription of anticoagulants (53% versus 4%, P < .001). These data show significant differences in stroke prevention practices as reported by primary care physicians practicing in the US and UK. Some of these differences may be related to the relative availability of specific services in the two countries, potentially leading to overutilization in the US and underutilization in the UK in certain circumstances.

Excess pneumonia and influenza death as herald wave of COVID-19 in England and Wales, United Kingdom

Laboratory Industry Perspectives on the Role of Self-Collection and Self-Testing in Remote Care for Sexually Transmitted Infections: How Do We Bring These Services to Scale?

This study examines registered nurse perceptions of their role in acute care hospitals that use nursing care assistants (NCA) and unlicensed assistive personnel (UAP). Also studied was registered nurse (RN) satisfaction with nursing care assistants and unlicensed assistive personnel in the United Kingdom (UK) and the United States of America (USA). The purpose of this study is to assist RNs and managers in the re-design of health-care delivery systems by investigating: 1. The differences and similarities of registered nurses in the UK and the USA in the perceptions of changes in the RN role when working with nursing care assistants or unlicensed assistive personnel. 2. The differences between and similarities of registered nurses in the UK and the USA in perceptions of NCA and UAP abilities to perform delegated duties, to communicate pertinent clinical information and to provide more time for professional nursing activities. Registered nurse perceptions in the UK were compared with the findings of a previous study of RN role changes and satisfaction in the USA. Registered nurses in the UK did not perceive a profound change in their role when working with UAP and were more satisfied with their use than were RNs in the USA.

Examining Pharmacy Workforce Issues in the United States and the United Kingdom

Over the past 10 years, there has been significant fluctuation in the yearly growth rates for cosmetic surgery procedures in both the United States and the United Kingdom. The authors compare cosmetic surgical procedure rates in the United Kingdom and United States with the macroeconomic climate of each region to determine whether there is a direct relationship between cosmetic surgery rates and economic health. The authors analyzed annual cosmetic surgery statistics from the British Association of Aesthetic Plastic Surgeons and the American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery for 2002-2011 against economic indices from both regions, including the gross domestic product (GDP), consumer prices indices (CPI), and stock market reports. There was a 285.9% increase in the United Kingdom and a 1.1% increase in the United States in the number of procedures performed between 2002 and 2011. There were significant positive correlations between the number of cosmetic procedures performed in the United Kingdom and both the GDP (r = 0.986, P < .01) and CPI (r = 0.955, P < .01). Analysis of the US growth rates failed to show a significant relationship with any indices. UK interest rates showed a significant negative correlation (r = -0.668, P < .05) with procedures performed, whereas US interest rates showed a significant positive correlation. Data from the United States and United Kingdom suggest 2 very different growth patterns in the number of cosmetic surgeries being performed as compared with the economy in each region. Economic indices are accurate indicators of numbers of procedures being performed in the United Kingdom, whereas rates in the United States seem independent of those factors.