Open design and knowledge integration in semiotic manufacturing integration

Open-source software abbreviated as OSS is computer software that is available with source code and is provided under a software license that permits users to study, change, and improve the software. For the commercial software the source code and certain other rights are normally reserved for copyright holders,i.e. the company who developes the software. A group of people in a collaborative manner often developes the Open source software, not under the roof of a large organization. This strategy makes open source software cheap, reliable and modifiable if needed. In this context we shall discuss mainly the features of Open Source Software, differences of open source and free software and open source software movement in Indian perspective.

In the rapid diffusion of artificial intelligence (AI), firms increasingly rely on AI to reshape user interactions, yet how such interactions translate into sustained innovation remains unclear. Adopting a user–producer interaction perspective, this study examines how AI-Driven User–Producer Interaction (ADUPI) affects User–Producer Interconnected Innovation (UPII), focusing on the mediating roles of User–Producer Knowledge Exchange (UPKE) and User–Producer Knowledge Integration (UPKI), as well as the moderating effect of AI Readiness (AIR). Using survey data from 974 firms and applying regression, mediation, moderation, and bootstrap analyses, the findings show that ADUPI significantly enhances UPII. Moreover, UPKE and UPKI jointly mediate this relationship, forming a dual mediation mechanism in which knowledge integration exerts a stronger effect than knowledge exchange. In addition, AIR positively moderates the effects of ADUPI on both UPKE and UPKI, amplifying innovation outcomes under higher AI readiness. This study advances AI and innovation research by shifting the focus from internal firm capabilities to cross-actor interaction, clarifying differentiated knowledge mechanisms, and highlighting AI readiness as a key condition for value realization. The results also provide actionable insights for firms seeking to convert AI-driven interaction into interconnected innovation through improved AI readiness and knowledge management.

A pilot regional Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) has recently been developed for the Heraklion Prefecture in Crete, Greece, using Geographic Free and Open Source Software (GeoFOSS). This SDI is compatible with the geospatial standards and specifications introduced by the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) and it distributes the geospatial content on the web through widely accepted services (e.g., WMS, WFS, WCS and CSW). This paper presents the architecture, the components and the functionality of the Heraklion SDI. Specifically, it focuses on the map server, along with the services that provide accessibility to the data repositories, the spatial database server, the metadata and data catalog, the visualization tools and the web-client interface.

PurposeDeveloping multigenerational products through iteration helps enterprises cope with environmental uncertainty and maintain lasting competitive advantages in a globally competitive environment. From the knowledge integration perspective, this study aims explore how enterprises achieve multigenerational product innovation.Design/methodology/approachAn exploratory case study design is used to explore the multigenerational product innovation process.FindingsThis study proposes a model of the multigenerational product innovation process and shows that knowledge integration includes two important parts: the internalization of external knowledge and intergenerational knowledge integration. This study further conclude that multigenerational innovation has three main channels: rapid iteration, continuous reflection and coordination.Originality/valueFirst, this study presents a theoretical model of the process of multigenerational product innovation, including triggers, knowledge integration, learning systems and outcomes, and further enhances our understanding from product innovation to multigenerational product innovation. Second, this study contributes to the literature on the multigenerational product innovation process by revealing the knowledge integration process of the internalization of external knowledge and intergenerational knowledge integration.

This chapter discusses the nature of free and open source software from the perspective of business models that can be used to operate within this emerging industry. The focus in the chapter is on free and open source software in general rather than on the specific geospatial domain, however this area of activity is used in several places for reference and by example. The chapter also examines the closed and proprietary complements of the free and open source world and contrasts the rationale and behaviours of software developers and users within both market places. While it is not the intention to set one or the other markets up as a straw man, it is clear from the discussion that the free and open source alternatives have a number of advantages in terms of developing high quality outputs that are responsive to end user needs while embodying the principles of innovation and advancing knowledge.

Modern enterprises rely on Information Systems specifically designed to manage the increasing complexity of their operation. In the usual case, they are built as hybrid systems which integrate several software components of different nature and origins e.g.; legacy systems, web services, commercial components (typically referred as COTS) and, Free and/or Open Source Software (FOSS). The evaluation of individual software components is highly relevant in this kind of system and is usually conducted with the support of software Quality Models. However, these artifacts usually consider only the evaluation of technical quality requirements, in detriment of non-technical ones (e.g. costs, legal and quality of suppliers) which can be just as critical, particularly in the selection of COTS and FOSS. In this paper, we propose an extension to preexisting software Quality Models, intended to deal with technical and non-technical quality requirements in a homogeneous and holistic way. The relevance of the approach is illustrated in relation to four industrial FOSS adoption processes.

This chapter presents issues that relate to developing countries’ use of open source software (OSS) and the experience of these countries with OSS. Here the terms open source software (OSS), free/libre and open source software (FLOSS) and free software (FS) are used interchangeably. It describes the benefits of FLOSS including its superior quality and stability. Challenges to FLOSS use particularly for developing countries are described. It indicates that despite the greater benefits to developing countries of technology transfer of software development skills and the fostering of information and communication technology (ICT) innovation, the initial cost of acquiring FLOSS has been the key motivation for many developing countries adopting FLOSS solutions. It illustrates this by looking at the experience of a university in a developing country, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine Campus in Trinidad and Tobago. Strategies for developing countries to benefit “fully” from FLOSS are presented including the implementation of formal organized programmes to educate and build awareness of FLOSS. The authors hope that by understanding some of the developing country issues that relate to OSS, solutions can be found. These countries could then fully benefit from OSS use, resulting in an increase in size of the global FLOSS development community that could potentially improve the quality of FLOSS and indeed all software.

Free software and open source databases have become a serious alternative to commercial databases. This article states common points and differences between the open source and free software movements and briefly describes the most relevant licenses and database projects.

Early Supplier Involvement (ESI) aims to facilitate New Product Development (NPD) success and create competitive advantage for the purchasing firm. Unfortunately, empirical results are inconsistent in verifying the linkage between ESI and NPD success. To solve this paradox, this paper views ESI as a knowledge integration process and examines the role of the purchasing firm's integrative capabilities in the process. Competing models are proposed and tested. The results demonstrate that NPD success depends not only on the supplier's knowledge and expertise, but also on the purchasing firm's integrative capabilities to absorb knowledge and increase efficiency of knowledge integration.

We believe that the wealth of digital humanity research resources that is available in Institutional Repositories in Southern Africa is largely over-looked because it is not machine explorable as defined by Berners-Lee (2006). We argue that extracting research from Institutional Repositories, which Berners-Lee (2006) describes as One-Star Linked Data, and then enriching this research and storing it as tuples in a triple store (RDF data store) will expose the research to a greater audience; make it machine explorable; and integrate it with a broader network of Linked Data, known as the Linked Open Data Cloud (LODC).Our approach is to utilize software building blocks licensed under Free (Libre) Open Source Software (FLOSS) licences and to create a pipeline that can potentially transform any Institutional Repository into into a triple store, which can be published onthe Internet as part of the LODC. Our transformation process embraces under-resourced institutions by utilizing FLOSS com-ponents and utilizing digital resources already published on the internet in order to promote the research from One-Star Linked data to Five-Star Linked Data in Berners-Lee (2006) taxonomy of linked data.

Open source software (OSS) is computer software that has its underlying source code made available under a licence. This can allow developers and users to adapt and improve it (Raymond, 2001). Computer software can be broadly split into two development models: • Proprietary, or closed software, owned by a company or individual. Copies of the binary are made public; the source code is not usually made public. • Open-source software (OSS), where the source code is released with the binary. Users and developers can be licenced to use and modify the code, and to distribute any improvements they make. Both OSS and proprietary approaches allow companies to make a profit. Companies developing proprietary software make money by developing software and then selling licences to use the software. For example, Microsoft receives a payment for every copy of Windows sold with a personal computer. OSS companies make their money by providing services, such as advising clients on the GPL licence. The licencee can either charge a fee for this service or work free of charge. In practice, software companies often develop both types of software. OSS is developed by an ongoing, iterative process where people share the ideas expressed in the source code. The aim is that a large community of developers and users can contribute to the development of the code, check it for errors and bugs, and make the improved version available to others. Project management software is used to allow developers to keep track of the various versions. There are two main types of open-source licences (although there are many variants and subtypes developed by other companies): • Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) Licence: This permits a licencee to “close” a version (by withholding the most recent modifications to the source code) and sell it as a proprietary product; • GNU General Public Licence (GNU, GPL, or GPL): Under this licence, licencees may not “close” versions. The licencee may modify, copy, and redistribute any derivative version, under the same GPL licence. The licencee can either charge a fee for this service or work free of charge. Free software first evolved during the 1970s but in the 1990s forked into two movements, namely free software and open source (Berry, 2004). Richard Stallman, an American software developer who believes that sharing source code and ideas is fundamental to freedom of speech, developed a free version of the widely used Unix operating system. The resulting GNU program was released under a specially created General Public Licence (GNU, GPL). This was designed to ensure that the source code would remain openly available to all. It was not intended to prevent commercial usage or distribution (Stallman, 2002). This approach was christened free software. In this context, free meant that anyone could modify the software. However, the term “free” was often misunderstood to mean no cost. Hence, during the 1990s, Eric Raymond and others proposed that open-source software was coined as a less contentious and more business-friendly term. This has become widely accepted within the software and business communities; however there are still arguments about the most appropriate term to use (Moody, 2002). The OSMs are usually organised into a network of individuals who work collaboratively on the Internet, developing major software projects that sometimes rival commercial software but are always committed to the production of quality alternatives to those produced by commercial companies (Raymond, 2001; Williams, 2002). Groups and individuals develop software to meet their own and others’ needs in a highly decentralised way, likened to a Bazaar (Raymond, 2001). These groups often make substantive value claims to support their projects and foster an ethic of community, collaboration, deliberation, and intellectual freedom. In addition, it is argued by Lessig (1999) that the FLOSS community can offer an inspiration in their commitment to transparency in their products and their ability to open up governmental regulation and control through free/libre and open source code.

Software license is the most well-used technology in copyright protection of commercial software and shareware, as well as the development and management of free software and open source software. There are several different license types that allow controlled access of services. The two most popular types are the fixed license, which gives access rights for an identified workstation, and the floating license, which restricts the number of simultaneous users to a certain bound. In this paper, we propose a floating license system, called MFFLS, which efficiently implements the management and protection of software.

The success of engineering innovations depends on effective communications in the group for engineering innovations to a large extent. The author analyses the communication issues within the group for engineering innovations from the perspective of knowledge integration. It is presented that the communications are influenced mainly by knowledge form, communicational structures and group mentality. In the process of engineering innovations, such factors could result in barriers and pits in the process of communications and bring engineering innovations to bay.

Senses are the extensions of language and interrelations between word meanings within language and the basis of flexible language use. Computers are basically made to process symbols. Computational linguistics is to simulate part of, if not all of, the natural language competence. From the perspective of computational linguistics, this paper sheds some light on semantic formalization, and proposes tagging of senses along with tagging weight values when processing word meanings. Also, this paper makes attempts to apply sense weight values to sentence processing in computational linguistics. Keywords-semantics, sense, weight, formalization, computational linguistics I. SEMANTIC KNOWLEDGE IN LANGUAGE PROCESSING According to prototype theory, semantic knowledge is part of human’s cognitive and belief systems. Semantics is also the critical research area since its initiation in 1893 by Michael Breal, and then by Trier and Lakoff who contributes to semantic research from both the descriptive and generative perspective. In linguistic semantics, rules and principles explain how literal meaning is coded in language and how to understand the “senses” of an expression or sense-relations that hold between one word and other expressions within the same language (Ceusters et al, 1999). Language is the carrier of both thoughts and forms. Thoughts are to induce, deduce, infer and judge, while senses are the contents and basis of thoughts. Senses are not the repeated addition of forms, rather a psychological process. Semantics is the mapping of cognitive structure from language expressions. Based on concepts, which are the abstract and general categorization of objects, people can apply semantic principles, situational contexts and encyclopedic knowledge to construct cognitive schema of the outside world. With frequent interactions and cognitive strategies, limited forms can be used to express unlimited connotation of thoughts (Tesser and Leone, 1977). For example, same meanings can be expressed with different semantic forms. a) 他这个人真有意思 (funny); b) 于是人们以为他们有了意思 (wish); c) 你向他意思意思 (express)如何; d) .我根本没有那个意思 (thought); e) 他常说人生真没有意思 (nonsense); f) 你们这么说是什么意思 (intention) These sentences are easy to comprehend. People not only use the grammatical structures but also the sense weights to process the words. The sense weight schema are stored in memory, and activated to represent and distill other sense weights. In this chain activation, sense weights are restructured and created to reflect prototypes. For example, “你好?”, “你好么?”, “好么你?”. Different structures are used in the above examples, but their essential meaning remains the same. So, semantic knowledge is of utmost importance in language comprehension. II. THE STATUS QUO OF COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS Three domains and three corresponding levels of study are involved in building natural language processing systems, i.e. theoretical linguistics and grammar level, computational linguistics and formalization level, computer technology and realization level. Among them, grammar level concerns the innate characteristics of language and paves the way for the latter modules. Realization level focuses on how to control computer operation and provides the efficient development tools and environment. Formalization level is the interface of grammar level and realization level, with the task to readjust the general grammar modules to form grammar modules for convenient computer processing. Computational linguists’ mission is to establish formal grammars (Kaufmann and Pfister, 2012). Computational linguistics is also to establish formalized mathematical modules to analyze and process natural language, and develop computer programs to make it possible that machines can simulate part of, if not all of, human behavior and competence. Computers can only be used to process symbols and all those processed by computers are symbolized with no exception of languages (Yushi, 2003). Meanwhile, there have been breakthroughs in processing Chinese characters and phrases, so sentence level processing has become critical. Basic researches in syntactic, semantic and pragmatic knowledge are the frontier studies in Chinese processing. And how to acquire syntactic and semantic knowledge is the key, while the latter constitutes the major difficulty in processing the word level senses. As aforementioned, semantic formalization can take on many impossible missions in artificial intelligence and computational linguistics, and face challenges at the same time. Thus, the researcher will use semantic field to investigate formalization issues. Semantic fields are the sememe systems, which include the semantemes to represent similarities and differences, and are classified by the subordinates, i.e. degree and number of abstraction of Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Computer Science and Electronics Engineering (ICCSEE 2013) Published by Atlantis Press, Paris, France.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the complex interrelationships among the key constructs, supply chain orientation (SCO), supply chain integration (SCI) and supply chain performance (SCP) in Indian manufacturing industries. These relationships have been studied using the relational view (RV) and the knowledge-based view (KBV) theoretical perspectives. Design/methodology/approach The conceptual model was derived from the existing body of knowledge in the supply chain domain. The study is based on a sample size of 122 data collected via face-to-face meetings with the Indian manufacturers using well-established scales. The covariance-based structural equation modeling was used to test the proposed hypotheses. Findings In Indian manufacturing and supply chains, SCO has a positive relationship with SCI and SCP. Moreover, the direct impact of SCO on SCP diminishes when SCI is used as a mediating variable. This study also observes positive impact of: i) SCO on SCP, ii) SCI on SCP and iii) discovery of mediating role of SCI on SCP under the theoretical lenses of RV and KBV. Research limitations/implications Cross-sectional survey of manufacturing firms of one country (using one response per firm) calls for validation covering other parts of the world and demands a longitudinal survey. This research will trigger more scholarly, practice and policy debate among researchers studying Indian and emerging economies context. Practical implications The notion of a holistic view of the SC with a focus on improving the customer value can enhance strategic partnerships among the SC partners (i.e. SCI) and overall SCP. Firms should make efforts to include SCI in SC designs to successfully transform SCO into SCP. Originality/value The originality of the research lies in studying the complex interrelationships among key concepts of SC in a unique Indian manufacturing context. The Indian supply chains operate in a set of unique characteristics, which have been detailed out in this paper. This paper not only establishes the mediating role of SCI for overall SCP in emerging economies but also enhances the scholarly knowledge in the SC domain. Most studies report SCO as a single-order construct, measured by scales comprising of only few items. The second-order SCO measures in this study bring credibility to the findings. Additionally, it contributes to both academicians and practitioners alike in the context of an integrated SC in emerging economies.