Open source REST services for environmental sensor networking

The objective of this project is to evaluate existing and emerging Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) standards for use in LLNL programs that rely heavily on geographic data. OGC standards are intended to facilitate interoperability between geospatial processing systems to avoid duplication of effort, lower development costs, and encourage competition based on improved capability and performance rather than vendor lock-in. Some of these standards appear to be gaining traction in the geospatial data community, the Federal government, DOE and DHS. A serious evaluation of this technology is appropriate at this time due to increasing interest and mandated compliance in the Federal government in some situations. A subset of OGC standards is identified and reviewed with a focus on applications to LLNL programs. Each standard or recommendation reviewed was evaluated in general terms. In addition, for specific programs such as Gen&SIS and NARAC, a specific evaluation was made of several of the standards and how they could be used most effectively. It is also important to evaluate the acceptance of these standards in the commercial arena. The implementation of OGC standards by the largest GIS vendor (ESRI) was reviewed. At present, OGC standards are primary useful in specific situations. More generally, many of the standards are immature and their impact on the government and commercial sectors is unclear. Consequently, OGC and related developments need to be observed. As specific standards or groups of standards mature and establish their relevance, these can also be incorporated in LLNL programs as requirements dictate, especially if open implementations and commercial products are available.

Representational State Transfer (REST). It’s all the rage these days. And, actually, has been for the last few years (at least). Even so, many developers are still trying to wrap their heads around what it actually means to build a RESTful service. No doubt if you’re developer, or anyway near development activities, you’ve had a run-in with designing, building, or fixing a REST service. It’s become one of those things that everyone wants to do, but not many know exactly why they should or shouldn’t. On top of that, there’s a wide variety of technologies out there for building RESTful services, many of which actually get in the way of understanding what REST is really about.

Along with the unprecedented data-collecting capability, the higher algorithm accuracy and real-time application requirements, redundant spatial computing model had been implemented. Traditionally these spatial computing models are stored in different application centers. To avoid waste of resource, Grid workflow provides a powerful tool for sharing both remote sensing data and processing middleware. In order to enhance the interoperability of the heterogeneous quantitative remote sensing retrieval model in the Grid workflow environment, we propose a web service based Grid workflow framework to improve this situation. According to the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) and web service standards, we implement a prototype of this framework. Through the experiment, we can find that web service can work well with Grid workflow and provide a management ability of remote sensing model. Also this approach can separate the application logic and process logic, providing the interoperability ability both in application and process layers.

The applications of Geographic Information System (GIS) in the education sector are increasing day by day. The geospatial information can be published, discovered, searched, analyzed, and displayed through webGIS-based applications. Lack of an open source geospatial resource-based platform for data sharing, discovery, and service delivery in the education sector is a critical issue in managing the education of large population in India. The use of open geospatial consortium (OGC) developed open standards for geospatial web services will result in the interoperability of geographic information. In this paper, an interoperable and secure service-oriented architecture (SOA)-based webGIS framework is developed to handle the technical and non-technical issues in the education sector. In this research work, spatial analysis on schools is performed along with the design and development of webGIS framework using SOA, OGC standards, and open source software. The developed webGIS framework, acronym as EduGIS, is interoperable and secure which is implemented for the education sector. The development of webGIS framework is based upon three-tier thin client architecture. The present research work has investigated an optimized adoption of various free and open source software like Quantum GIS, GeoServer, Apache Tomcat, PostGIS, and uDig in different tiers of developed webGIS framework. The interoperability of developed EduGIS ensures that it can be shared across different technologies, data, platforms, and organizations. The development of open source-based webGIS framework will serve as a means of reducing licensing costs in developing countries like India and will promote indigenous technological development for primary education in rural areas.

Abstract. Provenance, also known as lineage, is important in understanding the derivation history of data products. Geospatial data provenance helps data consumers to evaluate the quality and reliability of geospatial data. In a service-oriented environment, where data are often consumed or produced by distributed services, provenance could be managed by following the same service-oriented paradigm. The Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) Catalogue Service for the Web (CSW) is used for the registration and query of geospatial data provenance by extending ebXML Registry Information Model (ebRIM). Recent advance of the REpresentational State Transfer (REST) paradigm has shown great promise for the easy integration of distributed resources. RESTful Web Service aims to provide a standard way for Web clients to communicate with servers based on REST principles. The existing approach for provenance catalogue service could be improved by adopting the RESTful design. This paper presents the design and implementation of a catalogue service for geospatial data provenance following RESTful architecture style. A middleware named REST Converter is added on the top of the legacy catalogue service to support a RESTful style interface. The REST Converter is composed of a resource request dispatcher and six resource handlers. A prototype service is developed to demonstrate the applicability of the approach.

Monitoring the environment is critical for scientists to understand the environmental dynamics. However, the traditional monitoring systems such as sensor networks are usually labor-intensive and complicated to deploy. As the concept of citizen sensing has been proposed to include volunteers into the environmental monitoring systems, a key to realize the citizen sensing vision is to empower citizens with the low-cost and easy-to-use sensing devices. In this paper, we focus on two technologies that have the potential to realize the citizen sensing vision: the Internet of Things (IoT) and the world-wide sensor web. In order to address the issues from the decentralized and heterogeneous nature of IoT devices and sensors, we propose the TinySOS service, a tiny web server hosting a light-weight profile of Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) Sensor Observation Service (SOS). By hosting open standard sensor web services on the IoT devices, not only the devices become self-describable, self-contained, and interoperable, but also the collected observations are accessible via the Internet as soon as they are measured. In this case, the sensor web can provide real-time sensor data streams in a much higher spatial and temporal resolution, which consequently allows scientists to observe phenomena that were previously unobservable.

IoT, EO and the Web are providing ever increasing amounts of geospatial information. In order to access and integrate the data using geospatial and temporal methods, standards are needed. This paper provides a summary of current capabilities and recent advancements in standards from the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) that provide these capabilities.

Single Page Applications (SPA) complemented by Representational State Transfer (REST) are key tools for data management in critical environments such as hospital systems. This research evaluated the performance of a REST-based SPA designed to manage medical records in a university hospital. Multiple functional modules were developed and integrated into the application using the agile Scrum methodology. Load simulations were performed using Apache JMeter to measure its performance, analyzing response time and server processing capacity metrics.The results showed an average performance of 99,2 %, with response times that met the ISO/IEC 25010 standard criteria. Statistical analyses showed consistent performance across loads, demonstrating system stability and efficiency. Previous academic studies support the idea that REST-enhanced SPAs are an efficient alternative for hospital environments due to their high responsiveness and functionality.This study emphasizes the importance of quality metrics in assessing critical applications and proposes that REST-based SPAs represent a practical and efficient solution for healthcare systems. However, testing under real-world operating conditions is recommended to validate these findings. The findings lay a solid foundation for future advancements in similar systems, highlighting the potential of these technologies to improve data management and user experience in hospital management environments

Financial fraud associated with the transactions of credit card leads to unauthorized access of performing credit card transactions in different platforms by intercepting important card credentials. In order to curb this problem, an effective fraud detection system is of primary importance for any financial institution. In the proposed methodology, a web-based fraud detection system has been designed considering two different protocols for the web-based services such as simple object access protocol (SOAP) and representational state transfer (REST). Further, for detecting the fraudulent transactions, these services are associated with five different machine learning techniques such as support vector machine (SVM), multilayer perceptron (MLP), random forest regression, autoencoder and isolation forest. The performance analysis of each machine learning algorithm associated with SOAP and REST services are critically assessed. The web services have been designed based on concepts of service oriented architecture (SOA) by considering a middleware family of software products i.e., Oracle SOA suite which is very often used by the software architects.

Interoperable agro-meteorological observation and analysis platform for precision agriculture: A case study in citrus crop water requirement estimation

Moving Object Databases will have significant role in Geospatial Information Systems as they allow users to model continuous movements of entities in the databases and perform spatio-temporal analysis. For representing and querying moving objects, and algebra with a comprehensive framework of User Defined Types together with a set of functions on those types is needed. Moreover, concerning real world applications, moving objects move along constrained environments like transportation networks so that an extra algebra for modeling networks is demanded, too. These algebras can be inserted in any data model if their designs are based on available standards such as Open Geospatial Consortium that provides a common model for existing DBMS's. In this paper, we focus on extending a spatial data model for constrained moving objects. Static and moving geometries in our model are based on Open Geospatial Consortium standards. We also extend Structured Query Language for retrieving, querying, and manipulating spatio-temporal data related to moving objects as a simple and expressive query language. Finally as a proof of concept, we implement a generator to generate data for moving objects constrained by a transportation network. Such a generator primarily aims at traffic planning applications.

This paper describes the history, background, and current status of the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) standards development consensus process. The roots of the formation of the OGC lie in the early 1990s when a very strong market requirement for exchanging GIS data content was clearly stated. At that time, each GIS vendor had their own formats for publishing and/or exchanging their GIS data. There was no mechanism or organization that provided a forum for the GIS vendors and GIS data users to collaborate and agree on how to share GIS data. That requirement, along with the vision of a few individuals, led to the formation of the OGC. This paper describes the early development of the consensus process in the OGC, how this process has evolved over time, why consensus is so important for defining open standards that are implemented in the marketplace, and the future of the OGC consensus process.

The rapid growth in global sensor networks is leading to an explosion in the volume, velocity and variety of geospatial and geoscientific data. This coupled with the increasing integration of geospatial data into our everyday lives is also driving an increasing expectation of spatial information on-demand, and with minimal delay. The challenge we face in meeting these expectations is how to convert the vast and increasing volume of data being delivered from an increasingly diverse network of sensor things into meaningful information in a timely fashion. A key factor in meeting these challenges is the development and implementation of international standards (through the Open Geospatial Consortium [OGC®] and other international standards bodies) focused on establishing common methods and protocols that enable machine-to-machine transfer of data from sensors to people via the internet. However, until recently there has been a gap in the standardization of the spatial data architectures and technologies used to manage the geospatial data at the server-side and this has led to numerous ad-hoc and bespoke spatial data infrastructures being constructed which are potentially incompatible with each other and the wider ecosystem of the Internet of Things. Over the past 3 years the OGC has been working at filling this gap through the development the first international standard for Discrete Global Grid Systems (DGGS), with this new standard expected to be published in 2017. DGGS are a form of Earth reference system that represents the Earth using a hierarchical equal-area tessellation of the surface of the Earth and are designed to ensure a repeatable representation of measurements that is better suited to today's requirements and technologies. A DGGS presents a common framework that is capable of linking very large multi-resolution and multi-domain datasets together to enable the next generation of analytic processes to be applied. To date, DGGS haven't been used directly in the context of sensor networks. This paper proposes to demonstrate the application of DGGS to the Internet of Things and to highlight the immense benefit and value of using standards to enable interoperability in the era of Big Data.

Interoperability is the main challenge on the way to efficiently find and access spatial data on the web. Significant contributions regarding interoperability have been made by the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC), where web service standards to publish and download spatial data have been established. The OGCs GeoSPARQL specification targets spatial data on the Web as Linked Open Data (LOD) by providing a comprehensive vocabulary for annotation and querying. While OGC web service standards are widely implemented in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and offer a seamless service infrastructure, the LOD approach offers structured techniques to interlink and semantically describe spatial information. It is currently not possible to use LOD as a data source for OGC web services. In this chapter we make a suggestion for technically linking OGC web services and LOD as a data source, and we explore and discuss its benefits. We describe and test an adapter that enables access to geographic LOD datasets from within OGC Web Feature Service (WFS), enabling most current GIS to access the Web of Data. We discuss performance tests by comparing the proposed adapter to a reference WFS implementation.

The necessity of open standards for effective sharing and use of remote sensing continues to receive increasing emphasis in policies of agencies and projects around the world. Coordination on the development of open standards for geospatial information is a vital step to insure that the technical standards are ready to support the policy objectives. The mission of the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) is to advance development and use of international standards and supporting services that promote geospatial interoperability. To accomplish this mission, OGC serves as the global forum for the collaboration of geospatial data / solution providers and users. Photogrammetry and remote sensing are sources of the largest and most complex geospatial information. Some of the most mature OGC standards for remote sensing include the Sensor Web Enablement (SWE) standards, the Web Coverage Service (WCS) suite of standards, encodings such as NetCDF, GMLJP2 and GeoPackage, and the soon to be approved Discrete Global Grid Systems (DGGS) standard. In collaboration with ISPRS, OGC working with government, research and industrial organizations continue to advance the state of geospatial standards for full use of photogrammetry and remote sensing.