Optical Fiber Communication Technology: Present Status and Prospect

Abstract: Fiber Optic Communication system is a key element in modern day telecommunication network used all around the globe. Larger bandwidth signal transmission where data received with lowest possible delay serves as a big edge to both, the telecommunication industry and consumer. Recently, optical fiber communication technology has made great progress, where constantly exploring new technologies has greatly enhanced communications capabilities in the traditional sense. This paper gives an overview of fiber optic communication systems including their key technologies, and also discusses their technological trend towards the next generation. The recent developments in the area of fiber optic communication as well as the advances in different Fiber types, their properties, optical sources, detectors, system limitations and applications are also discussed in the paper.

光纤通信已经成为目前通信网络发展的主流方向。但是随着光纤通信系统向着超远距离、超大容量、超高速率的方向发展，光纤色散已经成为其巨大的阻碍。如何有效地控制光通信系统中产生的色散，使光信号在大容量、高速率、长距离传输中无误码地到达接收端，已经成为人们迫切需要解决的问题。对光通信系统中的色散进行监测并进行动态补偿的研究，使得超大容量、超长距离、超高速率的光纤通信系统成为可能，有助于最终实现全光智能自动交换网络。在众多测量光纤色散的方法中，调制相移法具有结构简单，可靠性强等优点。本文中，我们对使用调制相移法测量光纤色散进行了研究和仿真，讨论了在不同光纤长度和不同调制频率下，影响调制相移法测量结果精度的因素。通过适当地选取调制频率，我们可以使用调制相移法测得不同光纤长度下色散的精确值。另外在本文中，我们通过仿真验证了调制相移法可以测量具有任意色散–波长曲线的光纤。因此在实际应用中，调制相移法是可以应用于高精度光纤色散的测量。 Optical fiber communication is the mainstream of communication development at present. However, with the development of optical fiber communication system which trending towards ultra-long length, ultra-large capacity and ultra-high speed, fiber dispersion turned to be a great obstacle. How to control the dispersion created in the optical communication system effectively while force optical signal to reach the receiving end in high-capacity, high-rate and error-free long-distance transmission has increasingly become a research focus of optical fiber communication systems. It is a great significance to research about monitor and dynamic compensate dispersion in the optical communication systems, so that the ultra-large capacity, ultra-long length and ultra-high speed optical fiber communication systems would not be impossible, all-optical intelligent network with automatic switching functions would come true. Among the varieties of methods to measure fiber dispersion, the phase-modulation shift method is the unique one, which has the advantages of simple structure, high reliability. In this paper, we make a research and simulate to use the phase-modulation shift method, meanwhile we also discuss about the factors which affect the accuracy of the results in the different fiber lengths and modulation frequencies. By the means that selecting appropriate modulation frequency, we can use modulation phase shift method to measure the exact value of dispersion comes out from different lengths of fiber. Moreover, this paper also proves that the phase-modulation shift method is able to measure the optical fiber with arbitrary dispersion-wavelength curve, which is already verified by our simulation. Therefore, the phase-modulation shift method is well to be applied to take practice in the high-precision fiber dispersion measurement.

Characterization and Modeling of SAGCM InP/InGaAs Avalanche Photodiodes for Multigigabit Optical Fiber Communications

The technology uses light wave as carrier and optical fiber as transmission medium to realize the function of transmitting information from one end to the other. Optical fiber communication technology has become one of the important means of information transmission in today’s era. It can be imagined that in the near future, optical fiber technology will have more rapid development and application. This paper briefly introduces the principle and characteristics of optical fiber communication technology, analyzes its current application fields, and discusses the future development trend of this technology, so as to let more people understand this technology.

We propose a method of modulation format identification based on compressed sensing using a high-order cyclic cumulant combined with a binary tree classifier. Through computing the fourth-order cyclic cumulant of the pretreated band signal, which is obtained by compressed sensing with the sampling rate much less than the Nyquist sampling value, the feature vector for classification is extracted. Simulations are carried out in the optical coherent fiber communication system with different modulation formats of multiple phase-shift keying and multiple quadrature amplitude modulation. The results indicate that this method can identify these modulation formats correctly and efficiently. Meanwhile, the proposed method is insensitive to laser phase noise and signal noise.

Optical fiber communication technology is beneficial to satisfy today's increasing demands for high data rates. This need for higher data rates and bandwidth has driven the fast development of fiber optic communication technologies. But at the same time, some undesirable nonlinear effects in the optical fiber medium become noticeable at high power levels. These fiber nonlinearities affect the optical fiber communication systems. The light signal in Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) system can be degraded due to nonlinear impairments in the fiber. So it has become necessary to study the nonlinear effects. In this paper, nonlinear effects called Self-Phase Modulation (SPM) and Four-Wave Mixing (FWM) are observed. Factors responsible for variations in SPM and FWM effects are analyzed using OptiSystem simulation tool.

As human society to the information in the process of moving and growing demand for bandwidth communications capacity, the optical of new modulation formats increasingly attention and quickly play an important role in optical communications. How can the system bit error rate within a certain degree of stability while still maintaining high-speed long-distance dispersal system, has been a popular issue is the optical communications industry. Starting from the optical modulation format herein, the generation process of the system introduced various optical signal modulation format, the optical signal through the optical fiber was studied and the performance of the simulation, on the basis of the design of advanced optical modulation formats in an optical fiber communication system .

Stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) is one of important nonlinear effects in optical fiber communication systems. Due to its low threshold, it limits the optical power that couples into the fiber. In this paper, Stimulated Brillouin scattering and the effect of phonon loss to SBS in optical fiber communication systems are investigated. In experiments we measure first the power of backward Stokes wave and output light under various input powers of the systems with different lengths of fibers. Then for observing the effect of the phonon blocker to the SBS threshold, we repeat the same experiments but with a phonon blocker inserted at different locations of the fiber link. The experiments indicate that adding phonon blocker to the fiber is able to increase the SBS threshold, and the blocker at different locations makes different effects.

Communication technologies such as wireless and optical fiber are vital components of today's environment. As demand for increased data transfer and new technologies increases, novel research must be performed to combine the benefits of both technologies. In this case, optical communication technologies serve as the backbone of wireless technology. Currently, only a few studies have been conducted on Free Space Optical (FSO) communication employing Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) and VerticalCavity SurfaceEmitting Lasers (VCSELs). When VCSEL is paired in conjunction with FPGA, there are only very few existing designs. These published researches cover many subjects yet are exceedingly complex and fragmented. The principal purpose of this Systematic Literature Review (SLR) is to identify the research trends and emerging themes in the development of FPGA-based Optical Hybrid Fiber - FSO Communication Systems. This review incorporates articles from prestigious journals that were indexed in scientific databases such as Science Direct, Shodh Ganga, IEEE Xplore, Google Scholar, and Scopus. This SLR exhibits the reliability and compatibility of FPGA-based FSOs when used with a lowcost optical source VerticalCavity SurfaceEmitting Laser Diode VCSEL), a range of technologies, communication methods, and approaches. This FPGA-based FSO is designed for optical communication applications that require highly secure transmission schemes, low radiation noise, a low bit error rate (BER), and increased data transfer rates. Additionally, VCSEL has a current threshold that is low, maximum conversion efficiency of power, and least consumption of power. Findings of this study can be used to direct future research in the area of hybrid Fiber-FSO optical communication systems development utilizing VCSEL and FPGA.

The dramatic reduction of transmission loss in optical fibers coupled with equally important developments in the area of light sources and detectors has brought about a phenomenal growth of the fiber optic industry during the past two decades. The birth of optical fiber communication coincided with the fabrication of low-loss optical fibers and room-temperature operation of semiconductor lasers in 1970. Ever since, the scientific and technological progress in this field has been so phenomenal that we are already in the fifth generation of optical fiber communication systems within a brief span of 30 years. Recent developments in optical amplifiers and wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) are taking us to a communication system with almost "zero" loss and "infinite" bandwidth. Indeed, optical fiber communication systems are fulfilling the increased demand on communication links, especially with the proliferation of the Internet. This module, Optical Waveguides and Fibers, is an introduction to the basics of fiber optics, discussing especially the characteristics of optical fibers as regards their application to telecommunication (to be covered in Module 1.8, Fiber Optic Telecommunication) and fiber optic sensors.

Optical fiber communication is favored by many communication manufacturers because of its low interference, large capacity, long distance and low consumption. Extending the transmission distance of optical fiber communication system will result in attenuation loss. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the incident power of the initial optical fiber, but it will be affected by Raman scattering effect, thus reducing the performance of the overall optical fiber communication system. In order to overcome the above problems, Raman amplifier is used to pump high-power short-wavelength light wave and amplify long-wavelength and low-power signals, but the flattening of signal gain needs to be considered. In this study, the working principle of Raman amplifier is introduced, the Raman pump module is optimized, the system architecture of the module is studied, and the module circuit is designed. It mainly covers the structure design, driving circuit design and auxiliary circuit design of the module. In the experimental process, based on the transmission coupling equation of the fiber Raman amplifier, the distribution of pump and signal power on the fiber is calculated by numerical analysis. By optimizing the pump module, the gain flatness of the amplification system is optimized, and the signal gain of the whole fiber communication system is reduced by more than 80%. It proves that the optimal design of fiber Raman amplifier proposed in this study is effective and can achieve the overall stability of signal reception in the application of optical fiber communication system.

The wireless optical communication is a kind of broadband access technology, it can be said that it properly combined with the optical fiber and wireless communication technology. More to say, it is a powerful supplement of modern optical fiber communication. In this paper, based on the advantages of wireless optical communication technology, this paper introduces the wireless optical communication technology in the application of 2G network, 3G network and extends the application in backbone network, and analyzes the common problems and solutions in the wireless optical communication. With the advance of technology, the wireless optical communications technology development prospects will be more and more broad, is worthy of popularization and application.

Nonlinear effects have been considered as the major limitations in coherent optical (CO) fiber transmission system. Digital signal processing (DSP)-based CO receiver with digital backpropagation (DBP) method has recently facilitated the compensation of fiber nonlinear impairments as well as compensating dispersion of optical fiber. In this paper, for the first time, a comprehensive design is presented for a newly introduced DSP-based CO receiver with the 8-quadrature amplitude modulation (8-QAM) circular-polarization division multiplexed (CPDM) fiber optic communication (FOC) system to investigate the impact of nonlinearities. We have examined the performance of nonlinearity compensating DSP-based CO receiver with DBP method and demonstrated that it can be effectively employed to mitigate the intrachannel nonlinearities in CPDM 8-QAM FOC system over 800-km SSMF link. Accordingly, by effectively compensating the fiber nonlinearities, we have analyzed the performance of bit error rate, optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR), optimum launch power, and investigate the link margin by evaluating OSNR margin for a specific launch power. Moreover, a CPDM technique helps as a very suitable means of maximizing the link capacity as well as enhancing the spectral efficiency of the FOC system.

Introduction In the preceding chapters we discussed the characteristics of optical fibers, optical sources, and optical detectors. These form the three basic units of any optical fiber communication system. In this chapter we discuss how these basic elements can be put together to build a simple point-to-point optical fiber communication link. Let us assume that we need to transmit information between two points (see Figure 13.1). The separation between these points could range anywhere from less than a kilometer in the case of computer data links to several thousands of kilometers, for instance, in transoceanic links. In all such links, there would be a transmitter that could be either an LED or a laser diode, the transmission path consisting of optical fibers that could be either multimode or singlemode fibers, and the optical receiver that could be a PIN or APD followed by the detection electronics. The choice of the components would depend on the distance as well as on the bit rate. When the separation between the points is greater than about 50–100 km, then because of attenuation in the link or pulse dispersion, it becomes necessary to use regenerators that consist of a receiver–transmitter combination. These regenerators detect the pulse stream before the power becomes too low or the pulses become unresolvable and retime, reshape, and regenerate (and, hence, the name 3R repeater) a new set of optical pulses to be transmitted over the next part of the link. For links that are limited by loss rather than by dispersion, one can use optical amplifiers in place of regenerators.

Nowadays, the coherent optical communication system plays an important role in communication field because of large capability and bandwidth. A coherent optical communication, based on high-order modulation and digital signal processing technologies, consists of optical transmitters, optical fiber lines, optical amplifiers and optical receivers. In the high-speed coherent optical communication system, the phase noise from the transmitter laser and the local oscillator laser can significantly degrade the performance of the signal transmission and detection, especially for the systems using high-order modulation format, such as m-ary phase shift keying (mPSK) and m-ary quadrature amplitude modulation (m-QAM). Therefore, investigations on laser phase noise compensation algorithm based on digital signal processing technologies has become more and more significant. In this work, a multi-ring carrier phase recovery algorithm is developed for compensating the laser phase noise in optical fiber communication systems using high-order modulation formats. Degradations on the performance of communication systems due to the laser phase noise have been investigated. The system performance using the proposed algorithm and the conventional Viterbi-Viterbi algorithm were also evaluated in 9-channel and 15- channel, 32-Gbaud, Nyquist-spaced QPSK, 16-QAM, 64-QAM and 256-QAM coherent transmission systems with considering the impact of the laser phase noise. It is found that the phase noise leads to stricter constraints on the linewidths of transmitter-side and receiver-side lasers, and it can greatly degrade the achievable information rates in communication systems. Besides, compared to the conventional Viterbi-Viterbi algorithm, which is usually applied in the QPSK system, our proposed algorithm can also well mitigate the laser phase noise in 16-QAM, 64-QAM and 256-QAM optical communication systems.
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