Optimized CO2-expanded ethanol extraction for producing monoterpene-Rich extracts from lemon peel

The study was conducted on lemon and orange peels to study the chemical composition of these residues by determinism each of carbohydrate, protein, fat, ash, and fiber contents. The pectin was also separated and purified and studied using HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography) and IR (Infrared Radiation) techniques. Finally studied the activity of antioxidant activity of pectin and methanol, ethanol and acetone extracts; Lemon peel contents of crude protein, ash, fiber, fat and carbohydrate were (7.89%, 5.30%, 15.40%, 2.50% and 68.91%, respectively) monoclonal and bivalent sugars and their derivatives found in pectin were arabinose, galactose and glucose. Through HPLC analysis, and by IR analysis in the region from (1619: 2049) and from (3046: 3235), there were a groups of (COOH and CH3) and pectin sugar was presented in the hexagonal ring structure. The area (616) nm and the antioxidant activity showed that the extract of methanol for lemon peel was the highest antioxidant as well as pectin orange peel contents of crude protein, ash, fiber, fat and carbohydrate were (5.26%, 4.30%, 9.90%, 2.75%, and 77.79% respectively) monoclonal and bivalent sugars and their derivatives were found in pectin of orange were arabinose, galactose, glucose and mannose. Through HPLC analysis and by IR analysis in the regions (2050: 2359) and (3036: 3234) containing the presence of COOH and CH3 Pectin sugar is presented by investigation at (615nm) in the hexagonal ring structure.

Investigation of antioxidant and antibacterial effects of citrus fruits peels extracts using different extracting agents: Phytochemical analysis with in silico studies

The plants are rich of metabolites that can be enter many fields of life, called phytochemicals. The most important features of phytochemicals are shown in human health. The natural components of plants can exhibit anti-diabetic, anti-inflammation, anti-viral, antifungal, antibacterial, antioxidant, and other properties with benefits to the human health. The bacterial resistance to the traditional drugs has opened the area of research to overcome this serious problem. Another contributor to health problems is oxidative stress, which is caused by an inadequate supply of antioxidants to counteract the free radicals. Lemon (citrus limon) has shown to contain wide spectrum of phytochemicals with therapeutic behavior. Our study was designed to investigate two types of lemon peels extract on microbes growth and free radical scavenging, one as pure peel oil, and the other is an extract by methanol. Our findings demonstrate that an extract of Iraqi lemon peel is an effective microbicidal agent, with significant growth suppression against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella sp., Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, as well as Candida albicans. The ethanolic extract of the lemon peels has shown to be more effective against the growth of microbes. Furthermore, Iraqi lemon peel extract of both oil and ethanolic have exhibited an antioxidant activity comparable to the pure ascorbic acid. This features of lemon peels make it a very good candidate for natural therapeutic medicine.

The production of fruit waste from different food processing industries can cause adverse impact on environment. The efficient use of fruit waste to produce the valuable by-products can minimize carbon footprint and GHG emission.This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activities and phytochemical analysis of Banana, grapefruit, lemon, orange, papaya and watermelon peel extracts against spoilage causing bacterial isolate from chicken, fish and meat. The antibacterial activity of extracts were investigated by well diffusion method against ten bacterial isolates.The results showed that most of the ethanolic extracts have mild inhibitory activity at20mg/ml concentration while the maximum inhibitory effect was observed at 100mg/mL conc. with 1 to 9 mm zone formation. Hence the lemon, orange, and water melon peel extract showed the best antibacterial activity as compared to other fruits peel extracts. The results of the phytochemical analysis of extracts, showed the absence of resins and steroids and the presence of glycosides, saponins, flavonoids and tannins in all extracts, while steroids were present in banana extract only. This studywill beeco friendly and economical by using waste fruits peel for antibacterial purposes to protect the food from spoilage.

Objective: To prepare soap under laboratory condition using fruit peels of Citrullus lanatus, Citrus lemon, Citrus maxima, Carica papaya, Ananas comosus and Punica granatum., to view the antibacterial property and pH of the soap prepared and to study the phytochemical content of the fruit peels.
 Methods: The homemade soap is prepared in the laboratory using fruit peelings. Antibacterial properties of the prepared soap were then tested using disc paper inhibition method against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Staphylococcus epidermidis. The Extract was prepared using distilled water and ethanol. The pH of the fruit peels was tested and screened for phytochemical properties.
 Results: Overall best results for the antibacterial property was shown by Citrullus lanatus, Carica papaya followed by Citrus aurantifolia and Ananas comosus for water extract. Citrus maxima followed by and Ananas comosus and Citrus aurantifolia for ethanol extract. All six fruit peels showed the presence of Alkaloids, Terpenes, Saponins, Glycosides, Quinones, and Tannins. pH of the soap ranges from 7-10.
 Conclusion: The peels of the fruit shows good results against the anti-bacterial activity for skin bacteria studied. Also, the soaps are less prone to the addition of the harmful chemicals and their derivatives.

Background: Citrus is the name given to trees belonging to the family of Rutaceae including several species of plants that produce the edible fruits providing an appreciable content of several interesting bioactive constituents. In traditional medicine, they are often used as antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, sedative and antitoxic agents. Our primary aim is to assess antioxidant ability and anti-inflammatory activity of peel and peeled fruit from Citrus limon. Methods: Ethanolic extracts of peel and peeled fruit of Citrus limon (lemon) were used to investigate antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Total phenolic content was assessed using Folin-Ciocalteux method. The antioxidant potential was found by measuring the scavenging activity of DPPH and ABTS radical. Three methods have been adopted to evaluate in-vitro anti-inflammatory effect by bovine albumin denaturation, lipoxygenase inhibition and erythrocytes membrane stabilization. Diclofenac as a reference control drug has been used for the study of anti-inflammatory activity. Results: Peels of lemon revealed significantly highest total phenolic content than peeled fruit fraction. Two parts of lemon have shown potent scavenging activity in both DPPH and ABTS methods. Peels and peeled fruit exhibited a significant maximum inhibition of protein denaturation with concentration dependent inhibition manner. The hypotonicity induced haemolysis as well as the antilipoxygenase activities of two parts of lemon has proved significant inhibition at the concentration range of 100-500g/mL. Likewise, diclofenac showed the highest inhibition for all anti-inflammatory assays. Conclusion: Peel and peeled fruit of Citrus limon extracts can be an important source of anti-inflammatory agents. Keywords: Peel and peeled fruit of Citrus limon extracts can be an important source of anti-inflammatory agents.

Effect of flavanone rich lemon peel extract on feed intake and growth of Labeo rohita (Hamilton, 1822) fingerlings reared at low temperature recirculatory aquaculture system

Optimization of continuous lipid extraction from Chlorella vulgaris by CO2-expanded methanol for biodiesel production