Optimizing Cervical Cancer Diagnosis with Correlation-Based Feature Selection: A Comparative Study of Machine Learning Models

The present study was conducted to assess the awareness and practice regarding early detection and prevention of breast and cervical cancers among women of kudumbashree units. A quantitative approach and non experimental descriptive design was used for the study. The study was theoretically supported by Nola J Pender's revised health promotion model. A total of 504 women of kudumbashree units were selected using multistage sampling technique. The data was collected using socio personal data sheet, structured questionnaire to measure the awareness and a rating scale to rate the practice regarding early detection and prevention of breast and cervical cancers, all developed by the researcher. The data was analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The findings of the study revealed that 81.9% of women of kudumbashree units had average awareness and 59.5% of women of kudumbashree units had good practice. There was no significant correlation between awareness and practice among women of kudumbashree units regarding early detection and prevention of breast and cervical cancers. The selected variables namely education of women of kudumbashree units, occupation of women of kudumbashree units and previous exposure to information regarding breast or cervical cancers had association with awareness regarding early detection and prevention of breast and cervical cancers. Also, there is no association between practice regarding early detection and prevention of breast and cervical cancers and any of the selected variables. An information booklet was prepared on early detection and prevention of breast and cervical cancers and distributed to all study participants.

HIGHLIGHTS 1. Visual Inspection with Acetic Acid (VIA) method is used in midwifery for early detection of cervical cancer.2. Service period, knowledge, and attitudes are factors that affect a midwife's performance in using VIA method for cervical cancer detection. ABSTRACT Objective: This study examined the association between service period, knowledge, and attitudes toward the performance of midwives in the early detection of cervical cancer using the Visual Inspection with Acetic Acid (VIA) method in Banjarmasin, Indonesia. Materials and Methods: This is a cross-sectional study done in 26 Public Health Centers in Banjarmasin, Indonesia, from March to November 2020 involving 172 respondents. Samples were purposively selected using a non-probability sampling technique. Data collection instruments were questionnaire and Health Service reports. Data analysis was done computerized. Results: Out of 172 respondents, 67.4% of which had > 10 years of service period, 67.4% had inadequate knowledge and 86% showed a positive attitude about early detection of cervical cancer using the IVA method, and 79.9% had poor performance in conducting early detection of cervical cancer using the IVA method. Results of Chi-square test showed the associations between the service period (p = 0.005), knowledge (p = 0.0001), and attitude (p = 0.005) with the performance of midwives in early detection of cervical cancer using the VIA method. Conclusion: Service period, knowledge, and attitudes were associated with the performance of midwives in the early detection of cervical cancer using the VIA method in Banjarmasin, Indonesia. Professional training programs should be taken into consideration in improving the performance of midwives in cervical cancer detection.

Cervical cancer is a common and preventable disease that poses a significant threat to women’s health and well-being. It is the fourth most prevalent cancer among women worldwide, with approximately 604,000 new cases and 342,000 deaths in 2020, according to the World Health Organization. Early detection and diagnosis of cervical cancer are crucial for reducing mortality and morbidity rates. The Papanicolaou smear test is a widely used screening method that involves the examination of cervical cells under a microscope to identify any abnormalities. However, this method is time-consuming, labor-intensive, subjective, and prone to human errors. Artificial intelligence techniques have emerged as a promising alternative to improve the accuracy and efficiency of Papanicolaou smear diagnosis. Artificial intelligence techniques can automatically analyze Papanicolaou smear images and classify them into normal or abnormal categories, as well as detect the severity and type of lesions. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the recent advances in artificial intelligence diagnostics of the Papanicolaou smear, focusing on the methods, datasets, performance metrics, and challenges. The paper also discusses the potential applications and future directions of artificial intelligence diagnostics of the Papanicolaou smear.

Reproductive health for housewives in the work area of the Passo Health Center is carried out based on problems from the partner group, namely low knowledge and minimal information about women's reproductive health, especially cervical cancer and breast cancer as well as skills in practicing or performing the BSE method resulting in low awareness of the importance women's reproductive health, this is shown through the low behavior of early detection carried out by housewives both the IVA test for early detection of cervical cancer and the application of the BSE method for early detection of breast cancer. With the aim of increasing the knowledge, skills and health of housewives in the target group regarding reproductive health, especially cervical cancer and breast cancer as a prevention effort. As well as increasing the knowledge of mothers about basic clinical information on cervical cancer and breast cancer, methods of detection as prevention and treatment methods, the number of mothers who are detected and can be treated. The solutions applied to the above problems are (1). Counseling to increase the knowledge of housewives about women's reproductive health (cervical Ca and breast Ca); (2). perform early detection of cervical cancer and early detection (screening) of breast cancer. The method used for the implementation of the solution is (1). Lectures, questions and answers and discussions both audio (sound) and visual (pictures and video) to increase mothers' knowledge about women's reproductive health; (2). Visual inspection method with acetic acid, also known as visual inspection with acetic acid (IVA test) for early detection of cervical cancer in housewives of the target group; Evaluation is carried out for each implementation of activities to encourage understanding of housewives to behave healthily towards reproductive health.

Aberrant microRNA expression has been implicated in cervical carcinogenesis, making miRNAs promising biomarkers for early detection and risk stratification of cervical precancer and cancer. This study aimed to identify and validate miRNA expression profiles and signatures that distinguish benign, precancer, and cancer cervical tissues, providing insights into their potential utility in cervical cancer screening and diagnosis. We analyzed miRNA expression from archival FFPE cervical tissues of 272 women (100 benign, 89 precancer, 83 invasive cancer) using next-generation sequencing. Differential expression was assessed using DESeq2 with significant miRNAs defined by an absolute log2 fold change ≥ 1 and an adjusted p-value < 0.05. Functional enrichment of miRNA targets was performed using multiMiR and DAVID, and protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks were constructed using STRING and Cytoscape. Machine learning classifiers were developed with recursive feature elimination (RFE) and XGBoost and evaluated in internal and external cohorts. miRNA signatures were further assessed for association with overall survival in the TCGA cervical cancer cohort using multivariable Cox regression models. Notably, hsa-miR-1246 was the most significant miRNA in cancer vs. benign (log₂FC = 5.58, p = 3.20 × 10⁻41) and cancer vs. precancer (log₂FC = 4.89, p = 5.23 × 10⁻33). hsa-miR-149-5p was most significant in benign vs. precancer (log₂FC = −1.48, p = 1.53 × 10⁻¹⁴). Enrichment analyses highlighted cancer-related pathways with hub genes including TP53, BCL2, STAT3, ESR1, and MYC. RFE with XGBoost identified a 26-miRNA panel for multiclass classification and a 4-miRNA panel for binary cancer vs. benign classification. The binary model achieved strong performance with an AUC of 0.97 and 0.91 in internal and external validation sets respectively. Both the 26-miRNA (p < 0.001) and 4-miRNA (p = 0.01) signatures were associated with poorer overall survival. Our findings identify distinct miRNAs and miRNA-based signatures that differentiate benign, precancer, and cancer cervical tissues, highlighting their potential clinical utility as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. Furthermore, the development of compact, biologically interpretable miRNA signatures demonstrates strong promise as robust classifiers for early cancer detection and tissue characterization, with possible therapeutic relevance.

Cervical malignancy is known as one of the important cancers which is originated from cervix. This malignancy has been observed in women infected with papillomavirus who had regular oral contraceptives, multiple pregnancies, and sexual relations. Early and fast cervical cancer diagnosis is known as two important aspects of cervical cancer therapy. Several investigations indicated that early and fast detection of cervical cancer could be associated with better treatment process and increasing survival rate of patients with this malignancy. Imaging techniques are very important diagnosis tools that could be employed for diagnosis and following responses to therapy in various cervical cancer stages. Multiple lines of evidence indicated that utilization of imaging techniques is related to some limitations (i.e. high cost, and invasive effects). Hence, it seems that along with using imaging techniques, finding and developing new biomarkers could be useful in the diagnosis and treatment of subjects with cervical cancer. Taken together, many studies showed that a variety of biomarkers including, several proteins, mRNAs, microRNAs, exosomes and polymorphisms might be introduced as prognostic, diagnostic and therapeutic biomarkers in cervical cancer therapy. In this review article, we highlighted imaging techniques as well as novel biomarkers for the diagnosis of cervical cancer.

Cervical cancer remains one of the leading causes of cancer for women in medically underserved areas. This is in part due to a lack of trained clinicians to provide the necessary diagnosis and treatment of precancerous lesions to prevent cervical cancer. Increasing medical provider knowledge and skills is important for the early detection and prevention of cervical precancer and cancer in medically underserved areas of the United States and globally. LUCIA is a low-cost, universal cervical cancer instructional apparatus that can be used to teach and practice a variety of essential skills for cervical cancer screening, diagnosis, and treatment, including: visual inspection with acetic acid, Pap and human papillomavirus DNA specimen collection, colposcopy, endocervical curettage, cervical biopsy, cryotherapy, and loop electrosurgical excision procedure. LUCIA was used to provide hands-on training in six courses held in Texas (n=3), El Salvador (n=1), and Mozambique, Africa (n=2). Standardized provider evaluations were administered at three of these courses and resulted in mean scores of 4.12/5 for usefulness, 4.46/5 for skill improvement, and 4.43/5 for ease of skill evaluation. LUCIA provides dynamic, real-time feedback that allows trainees to learn and practice important skills related to cervical cancer prevention while simulating a patient exam.

One of the leading cause of death in the entire world is cancer. More than 10 millions of people die from cancer every year but with early identification and leading to prompt treatment could relieve people from suffering and death. There are several types of cancer among which 30% are preventable. Mostly women suffer from breast cancer and cervical cancer which are preventable with early diagnosis. This research was conducted to identify the opportunities and barriers in using current screening services for the early detection of cervical and breast cancer among rural women in tertiary care centre in Sitapur, U.P.: The systemic study was planned to perform at the Hind institute of medical sciences Sitapur. At the centre the research was performed through systemic sampling procedure and with the help of academic research and industry professionals. A statistical analysis was conducted to determine the comparison of factors associated with awareness of breast and cervical cancer among study population.: We observed and concluded that breast cancer is more common than cervical cancer in India. The knowledge about cervical cancer is relatively low among women which is revealed in this research.: This study is concluded by stating that the women in this study population have less knowledge about cervical cancer than breast cancer due to lack of education.Therefore, promoting awareness among people about cervical and breast cancer would lead to early identification and diagnosis which would help women with less suffering and cost effective treatment.

Cervical cancer is the second largest cancer in women with an estimated 445,000 new cases (84% of new cases in the world) and causes 87% of deaths in women in developing countries. This is due to the behavior of women who do not routinely detect cervical cancer, one of which is the IVA method. The coverage of IVA examinations in West Java province until 2016 was 205,421 people (3%). In Cirebon Regency from 2015-2016, 289 people were recorded who had been examined for early detection of cervical cancer, which means that the coverage of early detection examinations in Cirebon district was still below 1%. This research is a type of analytic observational research. The design used is cross sectional. The sample of this research is 40 respondents. The research instrument used was a questionnaire. The results showed that there was a significant relationship between the level of knowledge, attitudes, age characteristics and employment status with early detection of cervical cancer. There is no significant relationship between education and parity with early detection of cervical cancer. The conclusion from this study is that there is a significant relationship between the level of knowledge and characteristics of WUS with early detection behavior. It is hoped that midwives can carry out health promotion efforts to increase knowledge so that women of childbearing age carry out early detection of cervical cancer to prevent cervical cancer.

One effort to prevent cervical cancer is to do early detection of cervical cancer, but often this is ignored because of lack of knowledge, interest and information on early detection of cervical cancer. This study aimed to analyze the influence of the characteristics of FAW, attitudes and subjective norms of FAW on the interest of early detection of cervical cancer at Community Health Center Kubutambahan I. This type of research was an observational analytic cross-sectional design study. The population in this study FAW who visited at Community Health Center Kubutambahan I with a sample of 104 FAW sampling technique that was simple random sampling. Bivariate data analysis used chi square statistical tests and multivariate analysis used logistic regression. The results of this study that there is a knowledge factor influencing interest with a p-value of 0.023 &lt;0.05, attitude factor influencing interest with a p-value of 0.023 &lt;0.05, there are subjective norm factors influencing FAW interest in detecting cervical cancer with p -value 0.016 &lt;0.05 and educational and occupational factors do not affect FAW interest in detecting cervical cancer with p-value&gt; 0.05. The conclusion of this study did not significantly influence education and employment factors with a p value&gt; 0.05. While knowledge, attitudes and subjective norms are factors that influence significantly with a p value &lt;0.05. The dominant factor influencing FAW's interest in early detection of cervical cancer is subjective norm

Although aided by high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA test, early detection of cervical cancer is still a challenge. Hypermethylation of the paired boxed gene 1 (PAX1) was recently reported as a characteristic of cervical cancer. This study designed a quantitative measure of PAX1 methylation and compared its efficacy to the currently available Hybrid Capture 2 (HC2) HPV test in detection of cervical cancer. Using real-time quantitative methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction, we measured the percentage of PAX1 methylation in cervical scrapings obtained from a hospital-based cohort of women with cervical neoplasia of different severities and compared the efficacy of diagnosis of cervical cancer to that of the HC2 HPV test. From 73 cervical scrapings, with diagnoses of normal (n = 17), cervical intraepithelial neoplasm 1 (CIN1; n = 10), CIN2 (n = 18), CIN3 (n = 14), and invasive cancer (n = 14), the percentage of PAX1 methylation was determined. The percent of methylated reference of invasive cancer (mean [SE], 56.7 [7.1]) was significantly higher than CIN3 (6.5 [2.3]) and the other milder lesions (1.0 [0.3]; P < 0.0001). At a cutoff percent of methylated reference value of 4.5, PAX1 methylation was found in 100% of invasive cancer tissue as compared with 0% of normal tissue, 10% of CIN1, 11% of CIN2, and 43% of CIN3 (P < 0.0001). As a comparison, the HC2 HPV test result was positive in 5.9% of normal tissue, 70% of CIN1, 55.6% of CIN2, 71.4% of CIN3, and 100% of invasive cancer. In addition to cancer tissue, methylation of PAX1 was also found in normal tissue adjacent to the cancer lesion (9/11, 82%) but much less in the remote normal tissues (2/5, 40%), indicating a field methylation. In this hospital-based study, quantitative measurement of PAX1 hypermethylation in cervical scrapings is highly sensitive and is more specific than HC2 in detection of cervical cancer.

BACKGROUND: Cervical cancer is one of the main reproductive health problems, and it is a cause of death to women in the world, especially in developing countries like Indonesia. Inspection visual of acetic acid (IVA) is an inexpensive and effective initial examination to detect cervical cancer. AIM: The aim of the study was to find out the correlation of the locus of control and the behavior of early detection of cervical cancer by the IVA method. METHODS: The research design was a cross-sectional study. The sample of the study was 393 respondents. The sampling technique was multi-stage random sampling, conducted at nine community health centers (Puskesmas) in Kediri City. The instruments used in the study were a questionnaire that had been tested for its validity and reliability for locus of control, and observation sheets for the early detection of cervical cancer by the IVA method. The data analysis technique used is the Spearman rho test with a value of α = 0.05. RESULTS: Spearman rho test results obtained a significance value of 0.000 lower than that of α = 0.05, meaning there was a significant correlation between the locus of control variable and behavior of early detection of cervical cancer by IVA method. CONCLUSION: The conclusion was that there was a significant correlation between the locus of control variable and the early detection behavior of cervical cancer by the IVA method. The higher the internal locus of control in a woman, the better the behavior of early detection of cervical cancer by the IVA method.

Cervical cancer remains a major global health concern, particularly in Indonesia, where it accounts for a significant proportion of cancer cases among women. This study aimed to determine the effect of audiovisual-based health education on knowledge regarding early detection and prevention of cervical cancer among female students at Sint Carolus Kupang Catholic High School. A quantitative pre-experimental design with a one-group pretest-posttest approach was employed. The research was conducted at the school in 2023, involving all 35 Grade XI female students as the sample, divided into three study groups. The independent variable was health education using audiovisual media, and the dependent variable was students’ knowledge level. Data were collected through structured questionnaires administered before and after the intervention and analyzed using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Results showed a statistically significant increase in knowledge scores after the intervention (p = 0.000 &lt; 0.05). The findings indicate that audiovisual health education effectively improves students’ understanding of cervical cancer prevention and early detection. It is recommended that the school integrate such educational strategies into its health curriculum to promote long-term awareness and preventive behavior among adolescents.

Cervical cancer is women's number one killer disease of cancer overall. Awareness of women for early detection of cervical cancer prevention efforts are still low, whereas, with the discovery of cancer at an early stage, cancer can be cured completely. This study aims to find the correlations between education and parity of the interests of women for early detection of cervical cancer. The study design used is the analytic correlation with crossectional approachment. The subjects of this study were 60 mothers with married criteria selected by accidental sampling technique. The study was conducted in February-March 2018. The instrument used to measure education, parity and the interest of mothers to perform early detection of cervical cancer was a questionnaire. The results of bivariate analysis using the Spearman test showed that there was a significant relationship between education and parity of mothers with an interest in early detection of cervical cancer. Increased coverage and efforts to find cervical cancer cases in at-risk community groups need to be improved by integrating aspects of promotive, preventive, and supported by regulations and policies. Key word: education, parity, early detection, cervical cancer.

Introduction: Cervical cancer is the second most common malignancy among various cancers in the genetalia of women, and often occurs at reproductive age. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to create a cervical cancer risk factor score card in order to know the risk score for cervical cancer in women of reproductive age by conducting self-assessment. Methods: The design of this research was cross-sectional, with 81 patients as respondents. Data were collected through filling out a questionnaire, then analyzed using Mc Nemar Test and ROC curve. Findings: Obtained a cut-off point 11 with a sensitivity value of 93.8%, a specificity of 90.9%. The results of testing the validity of the score card obtained results with an accuracy value of 92.6%, with a significant value of 0.000, which means there was a relationship between the scorecard and the diagnosis of cervical cancer. Conclusion: The score card can be used as a self-assessment in the hope that it can increase women to perform early detection of cervical cancer.