Optimizing Mortar Mix Design for Concrete Roofing Tiles Using Machine Learning and Particle Packing Theory: A Case Study

Ceramic wastes are found to be suitable for usage as substitution for fine and coarse aggregates in concrete production. This study is an investigation into the utilization of waste tiles as partial replacement for fine and coarse aggregates in concrete. The control mix and other mixes containing cement, water, granite and partial replacement for sand with crushed tiles (in 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% proportions) were cast, cubed, cured and crushed. Also, another mix containing cement, water, sand and partial replacement of granite with crushed tiles (in 25%, 50% and 75% proportions) were cast, cubed, cured and crushed. The specimens were tested for their respective compressive strengths using the Universal Testing Machine (UTM) on the 7th, 14th, 21st and 28th days of curing. At 28 days, the compressive strength value of 5% of fine-waste tiles replacement was 20.12 N/mm2 while that of 10%, 15% and 20% were 14.24 N/mm2, 11.04 N/mm2 and 10.12 N/mm2 respectively. Moreover, at 28 days, the compressive strength of 25% of coarse-waste tiles replacement shows an increase to 22.45 N/mm2 while that of 50% and 75% were 18.4 N/mm2 and 12.2 N/mm2 respectively. Thus it can be concluded that fine aggregates can be substituted at 5% waste tiles while coarse aggregates can be substituted at 25% waste tiles.>/p>

At the East of Thailand, a shortage of river sand for producing concrete has frequently occurred while the large amounts of quarry dusts are being produced as by-products of stone crushers in many stone quarries. Then, the quarry waste from 12 stone quarries (in Rayong and Chonburi province) was taken to investigate the engineering properties as fine aggregate for concrete. The properties - namely type of parent rock, specific gravity, water absorption, gradation, fineness modulus (F.M.), organic impurities level, powder content, plastic index and sand equivalent value - were examined. The results show that the parent rocks of the samples are limestone, granite and rhyolite. The specific gravity of samples were in the range of 2.61 - 2.77. The gap gradations are found in all samples and the F.M. values slightly exceed the limit of ASTM standard. Absorption of quarry dust is high (around 2 %). Although the high powder contents are found in all samples, the powder in quarry waste is non-plastic and non-organic material. Therefore, gradation and absorption of quarry waste could be carefully considered or improved before using quarry waste as fine aggregate in concrete.

Common river sand is expensive due to excessive cost of transportation from natural resources. Also large scale depletion of these sources creates environmental problems. In such a situation the pond ash can be an economical alternative to the river sand. Pond ash can be defined as residue and by-product of thermal power plant stations to form fine particles less than 4.75 mm. Usually, Pond ash is used in a large scale for manufacturing of bricks. Use of pond ash as a fine aggregate in concrete mortar draws serious attention of researchers. This study reports the results of some experimental studies on the use of pond ash as Fine Aggregate (FA) in concrete. Super plasticiser is used to increase the workability of concrete with lower water cement ratio. The percentage of pond ash added by weight was 0, 20, 30, 40 and 50, respectively as replacement of FA used in concrete. Experiments were carried out to determine the compressive, splitting tensile and flexural strength with those of conventional concrete made with pond ash as fine aggregate. The various mechanical properties were studied and compared with natural fine aggregate. The test results obtained indicate that pond ash of marginal quantity as partial sand replacement has beneficial effect on the mechanical properties. The strength development for various percentages (0-50%) replacement of fine aggregate with pond ash can easily be equated to the strength development of normal concrete with various ages. The properties of aggregates were also compared. Test result indicates that the workability of pond ash concrete is good and the strength characteristics are comparable to those of conventional concrete.

Reusing of waste glass in concrete production is among the attractive option of achieving waste reduction and preserving the natural resources from further depletion thereby protecting the environment and achieving sustainability. This present study examines the possible reuse of waste glass crushed into fine and coarse aggregate sizes as partial substitute for natural fine and coarse aggregate in concrete. The variables in this study is both the fine and coarse aggregate while the cement and water-cement ratio were held constant. The crushed glass was varied from 0 – 100% in steps of 25% by weight to replace the both the natural fine and coarse aggregate in the same concrete mix. Concrete mixes were prepared using a mix proportion of 1:2:4 (cement: fine aggregate: coarse aggregate) at water-cement ratio of 0.5 targeting a design strength of 20 MPa. Tests were carried out on total number of 90 concrete cube specimens of size 150 x 150 x150 mm and 90concrete cylinder specimens of dimension 100 mm diameter by 200 mm height after 3, 7, 14, 28, 42 and 90 days of curing. Test results indicated that the compressive and split tensile strength of the hardened concrete decreases with increasing waste glass content compared with the control. However, concrete mix made with 25% waste glass content compared significantly well with the control and can be suitably adopted for production of light weight concrete.

: Fine aggregate and coarse aggregate are important components in making concrete for light and structure concrete. These mixture concretes are one of the elements as structural component in building construction. Generally, this aggregate is easy to find both coarse and fine aggregates beside the aggregate can be used as a component on concrete in the building which needs strong support. The objectives of this study are adding mixture aggregate with compared to designed result (theory) mixture concrete by using the method of fine modulus and linear regression. Those two methods will be found out theoretically in optimizing certain components (economic). In order to get the presentation of aggregate and meet the requirement of standard quality concrete, are used the comparison of fine and coarse aggregate at 60% - 40%. The method that is used to pass the screening is fine modulus and the counting of mixture aggregate used statistic formula calculation which is regression linear method to find the percentage comparison between coarse and fine aggregate in designing of a mix that can be used in making concrete. By knowing the maximum aggregate limit, it is expected to find out the limitation aggregate of fine and coarse accurately so that the result of concrete that is used is better because the raw material is correct for the construction composition. From the test results for fine aggregate R2= 0.9444 and coarse aggregates R2 =0.9581 with linear regression formulation is and compressive strength shows the value of R2 = 0.9627, then the strength of the relationship between variables can be expressed by the magnitude of the correlation coefficient value on the linear function.

Machine learning modeling integrating experimental analysis for predicting the properties of sugarcane bagasse ash concrete

Although it is well known that the packing density of the particles in a concrete mix has great influence on the performance of concrete, the packing density is seldom directly measured and all codified methods for measuring packing density are carried out under dry condition. These dry packing methods do not account for the effects of water and any chemical admixture present and are not really suitable for water-solid mixtures containing cementitious materials and fine aggregate, which tend to form agglomerates under dry condition. To solve these problems, a new method, called the wet packing method, for measuring the packing density of cementitious materials, fine aggregate and mortar under wet condition has been developed. In this study, the wet packing method was extended to measure the packing density of blended fine and coarse aggregate as well as concrete mix. The results revealed that the packing density of blended aggregate and concrete mix is highly dependent on whether the aggregate and concrete mix are dry or wet. Hence, when measuring the packing density of blended aggregate and concrete mix, the wet packing method should always be used.

The Turkish Music Emotion Dataset in the CL database is a dataset for music emotion classification, which contains many music samples and their corresponding emotion labels. This paper presents a comparative analysis of the performance of the traditional random forest machine learning model and the XGBoost model on the given dataset. The findings indicate that the traditional random forest machine learning model outperforms the XGBoost model in terms of accuracy, accuracy, and recall rate. The traditional random forest machine learning model achieves an accuracy of 80.8%, whereas the XGBoost model achieves an accuracy of 75%. The recall rate of the traditional random forest machine learning model is 80.8%, whereas the recall rate of the XGBoost model is 77.2%. The traditional random forest machine learning model achieved an F1 score of 80.5%, whereas the XGBoost model attained an F1 score of 75.3%. The comprehensive evaluation of the XGBoost model outperforms the traditional random forest machine learning model. Generally, the traditional random forest machine learning model demonstrates strong performance in the domain of music emotion classification. It exhibits favorable qualities such as robustness and interpretability, and possesses the ability to effectively handle noise and missing data. The XGBoost model, on the other hand, can be trained and predicted quickly, with high accuracy and generalization ability. Therefore, in practical application, it is necessary to select the appropriate model according to the specific situation, and optimize and adjust it to obtain the best classification effect.

This paper deals with the study and feasibility on utilization of dredged sea sand by conducting various experiments on physical properties like sieve analysis, gap grading. Chemical properties like percentage of organic content, chloride content, sulfur content, presence of deleterious material and volatile solids in dredged sea sand have been determined. The experiments like rapid chloride penetration test, water absorption test, alkalinity test, accelerated corrosion test, sulphur resistance test, acid resistance test, and sorptivity. Durability and strength of concrete have been studied by considering various properties of fine aggregate. The mix design have been done for M30 grade of concrete and the percentage of replacements 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% of M-Sand (Manufacture Sand) of concrete specimen for all the experiments is considered. As we all know our current scenario of increase in demand of fine aggregate leads to scarcity of river sand. This has increased in research on dredged sea sand as a fine aggregate in concrete to reduce the demand on fine aggregate in construction industries. Comparative study of M-sand, river sand and dredged sea sand has been done. The dredged sand which is used for the study and testing is dredged to increase the sea bed depth of Ennor port for the accessibility of mother ship, it was collected from the coastal areas of Ennore Port (Kamarajar Port) and subjected to rain, and atmospheric conditions for a year.

The possibility of using a carbonated ladle slag as a fine aggregate in concrete was investigated. The slag was treated with carbon dioxide to reduce the free lime content while binding gaseous CO2 into solid carbonates. The treatment took place with either a high concentration of CO2 at 500kPa for 2h or with a low concentration of CO2 at atmospheric pressure for 56days. It was found that CO2 uptake by the slag particles between 300 and 600μm and by the slag particles smaller than 75μm were about 4.2 and 15.6% of their mass, respectively. The extractable CaO contents were estimated by titration and were found to be significantly reduced by carbonation treatment. The carbonated ladle slag was used as a fine aggregate in zero-slump press-formed compact mortar samples and compared to similar samples containing a control river sand. The 28-day strengths of the mortars made with the carbonated slag sand were comparable to the strengths of the normal river sand mortars. The use of carbonated ladle slag as a fine aggregate in concrete is shown to be a novel way of sequestering CO2 in a beneficial manner.

This paper investigates the feasibility of using coal gangue as coarse and fine aggregates in concrete as well as how the coal gangue aggregate grading affects concrete properties. Nine mixed concrete samples were prepared with the value n in Fuller’s curve ranged from 0.44 to 0.68. The coal gangue aggregate with n = 0.62 shows the highest density, water absorption, cylinder strength and the lowest voids. The results indicate that using coal gangue as coarse and fine aggregate in concrete is technically feasible and useful. When n is 0.62, the values of the slump, 28-day compressive, splitting tensile strength, flexural strength and elasticity modulus of coal gangue concrete reach the highest. The highest 7-day and 28-day compressive strength were 24 MPa and 37 MPa in mix CG7, respectively. It is possible to produce grade 30 coal gangue concrete with coal gangue coarse and fine aggregate.

Palm kernel shell (PKS) is used as a partial replacement for fine and coarse aggregates in asphalt. Crushed palm kernel shell (CPKS) and PKS were added at 20, 40, 50, 60 and 80% by weight of total aggregates to partially replace the fine and coarse aggregates in asphaltic concrete. Properties such as aggregate impact value, aggregate crushing value, bitumen penetration test and Marshall Stability test were performed in accordance with ASTM D 6927 – 06. From the analysis, CPKS has a stability value of 1,033kg at 20% replacement, 660kg, 646kg, 566kg and 528kg at 40%, 50%, 60% and 80% replacements respectively; while, PKS has a stability value of 2,860kg at 20% replacement, 2,398kg, 2,343kg, 2,156kg and 2,123kg at 40%, 50%, 60% and 80% replacements respectively. Comparing with ASTM D448-12, PKS can be used as alternative material for coarse aggregate for light, medium and heavy traffic roads while, 20% of CPKS can be used as fine aggregates in heavy traffic road and 60% in medium traffic roads. It is therefore recommended that this agro-based product can be used as partial alternate material in asphaltic concrete to reduce the cost of construction.

Possibility of Concrete Prepared with Steel Slag as Fine and Coarse Aggregates: A Preliminary Study

Systematic comparison of different recycled fine aggregates from construction and demolition wastes in OPC concrete and PPC concrete

The fracture toughness of sand concrete is affected by aggregate characteristics. In order to study the possibility of exploiting tailings sand, available in large quantities in sand concrete, and find an approach to improve the toughness of sand concrete by selecting appropriate fine aggregate. Three distinct fine aggregates have been used. After characterizing the fine aggregate used, the mechanical properties were tested to characterize the toughness of sand concrete, the box-counting fractal dimensions were calculated to analyze the roughness of fracture surfaces, and the microstructure was tested to observe the path and width of microcracks and hydration products in sand concrete. The results show that the mineral composition of fine aggregates is close, but their fineness modulus, fine aggregate angularity (FAA) and gradation vary considerably; FAA has a significant impact on the fracture toughness of sand concrete. The higher the FAA value, the more resistant it is to crack expansion; with the FAA values of from 32 s to 44 s, the microcrack width in sand concrete was reduced from 0.25 um to 0.14 um; The fracture toughness and microstructure of sand concrete are also related to the gradation of fine aggregates, the better gradation can improve the performance of the interfacial transition zone (ITZ). The hydration products in the ITZ are also different because more reasonable gradation of aggregates reduces the voids between the fine aggregates and the cement paste and restrains the full growth of crystals. These results demonstrate that sand concrete has promising applications in the field of construction engineering.