Optimizing road side units connectivity in intelligent transportation systems with optical network solutions

Aim. Threats of a non-physical nature have a significant effect on the security of intelligent transportation systems (ITS). They may have the form of unlawful interference in the development and implementation of ITS. The creation of a trusted framework for the development and implementation of ITS is examined as in the case of intelligent water transportation systems (IWTS). Problems. By decree of the President of the Russian Federation, ITS, telecommunications and security of information processing are among the priority areas of scientific and technological development. ITS technologies, as well as those involved in the creation of trusted, secure system and application software are among the most important critical high technologies. The operation of ITS involves wide use of computerised systems that implement the latest information and telecommunication technologies, automated and automatic control technologies, artificial intelligence that can pose security threats. ITS are to be developed and operated in a trusted environment. Methods. The paper used the methodology for ensuring the security of IWTS, development of secure hardware and software platforms for secure automated systems, methods of system analysis, dependability theory, information protection, and law. Results. The paper defines the problem of creating a trusted framework for the development and implementation of IWTS, the applicable terminology is developed. The author examined the effect of IWTS on the security of critical information infrastructure (CII) and national security, developed a model of relationships between the IWTS security domains taking into account threats of physical and non-physical origin. Examples of computer incidents within IWTS that caused consequences at the national and international levels are given. The composition of the IWTS facilities attributed to CII is defined, critical processes implemented by standard CII facilities as part of the IWTS are set forth. The author lists conceptual problems of IWTS security, defines the principles of creating a trusted framework for the development and implementation of IWTS. Conclusion. Ensuring the security of IWTS against modern threats requires solving a number of problems associated with the creation of a trusted framework for the development and implementation of IWTS. For the purpose of improving the timeliness and quality of their solution, the paper proposes an intuitive terminology that reflects the subject area and helps finding a common understanding of the security domain by experts from various industries. IWTS facilities have an effect on CII security and national security in general. That is taken into account in the model of relationships between IWTS security domains, demonstrated using cases of computer incidents within IWTS that caused consequences at the national and international level. Given the above, the paper lists IWTS facilities attributed to CII and sets forth examples of critical processes implemented by standard CII facilities as part of the IWTS. The defined list of conceptual IWTS security problems take into account the growing landscape of IWTS security threats that includes insecure software, hardware and software platforms, software and hardware systems and emerging technologies. When developing the principles for the creation of a trusted IWTS development and implementation framework, the author took into account the best practice of implementing the methodology for creating national secure hardware and software platforms of CII facilities that enables the creation of secure automated systems for various applications that are based on domestically-developed solutions. The examined matters are of a systemic nature, which allows using the findings in the development and implementation of ITS in other modes of transportation.

In transportation environment, Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) is being used in various stages of every transport mode (road, rail, air & sea). The aim of intelligent transportation system is to provide the On-Road Vehicles (ORVs) with reliable Internet access connectivity, emergency notification and other safety information via infrastructure-based Road Side Units (RSUs). In the past decade, intelligent transportation system has been started in many countries where RSUs are provided with all type of communication services to connect, compute, communicate and share the information between its neighboring RSUs and on-road vehicles. However, there are certain diffcuilties in which the information cannot be delivered reliably such as Line Of Sight (LOS) communication with on-road vehicles, packet loss, latency, retransmission overhead and multiple target tracking of objects over time-to-time etc. Thus, the intelligent transportation system becomes a complex network of entities. Modern intelligent transportation systems use relay-RSU nodes (i.e., small sized Unmanned Aerial Vehicles) also referred as RRSU node network deployed between satellites and on-road vehicles as they provide many advanages like coverage, reliability and information sharing without depending more on knowledge provided by satellites. In this paper, a novel Aerial Intelligent Relay-Road Side Unit (AIR-RSU) framework has been proposed to determine the network connectivity status level and analyze the communication link stability among RRSUs, and between RRSUs and on-road vehicles for every time instants Ti based on certain performance metrics discussed in this paper. The proposed AIR-RSU framework holds the precise status/information about the network connectivity needed in the transportation environment carefully and effectively accounting the frequent changes in positions. The performance of the proposed AIR-RSU framework is evaluated using rectangle waypoint mobility model for on-road vehicles and steady state random waypoint mobility model for RRSU nodes, which measures the network connectivity status and the performance metrics periodically. Furthermore, a comparative analysis is done to both individual nodes and entire network in terms of network load.

Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) are increasingly shifting toward data-driven and artificial intelligence-based frameworks that integrate sensing, prediction, and control to enhance mobility efficiency, safety, and adaptability. This dissertation contributes to the development of next-generation ITS through three complementary studies focusing on flexible traffic monitoring, real-time traffic forecasting, and stability-aware vehicle control. The first study develops a multi-drone framework for wide-view corridor traffic analysis and origin-destination (OD) estimation. By coordinating multiple unmanned aerial vehicles, as demonstrated with two drones in this study, the framework enables continuous vehicle tracking across extended corridors. A deep learning-based pipeline combining vehicle detection and tracking automatically reconstructs vehicle trajectories and matches them across drone views. Field experiments conducted at a freeway weaving section achieved over 91% accuracy in OD flow estimation compared with ground-truth data, demonstrating the framework’s effectiveness for scalable and high-resolution traffic monitoring. The second study proposes a day-specific spatial-temporal graph convolutional network (Day-STGCN) for real-time traffic forecasting. Building upon the classical STGCN architecture, the model integrates rolling historical time-dependent features with day-type categorization to capture both short-term variations and long-term recurring patterns. Using real-world sensor data, the model significantly improves prediction accuracy over baseline graph neural networks, providing robust day-aware forecasting that reflects realistic daily traffic dynamics. The third study investigates cooperative adaptive cruise control (CACC) and its effects on traffic string stability under varying market penetration rates of connected and automated vehicles (CAVs). Analytical derivations establish explicit stability conditions linking controller parameters, time headway, and control intervals in both homogeneous and heterogeneous traffic flows. The results reveal that appropriately designed CACC controllers enhance string stability even in mixed environments with different types of vehicles. Collectively, these studies present an integrated framework that advances ITS through data-driven sensing, learning, and control, offering theoretical and practical foundations for more intelligent, responsive, and stable transportation systems.

An intelligent transportation System (ITS) is an unconventional application that aims to provide traffic congestion information and emergency information to other vehicles. In ITS, the compilation and distribution of traffic event information by vehicles are of the most extreme significance. To establish an effective data-sharing network in ITS, the vehicles need to share the data in a protected form in real-time. Conventional ITS system includes data streaming from On-Board Unit (OBU) sensors through Road Side Units (RSU) to centralized cloud servers. Nevertheless, it is still a challenge to distribute essential event information in a selected area under the dynamic ITS environment and in the existence of a malicious vehicle. The current fundamental issues which emerge include privacy concerns due to third party management of cloud servers, single point of failure which are a bottleneck in data flow among the vehicles.

Half of the world’s population resides in cities and this percentage is going to rise in the coming years. This rapid transformation of the economy and society is making traditional city management redundant. Intensive urbanization has brought with it some challenges. Scanty resources, population growth, increased carbon footprint, reduced air quality, congestion on roads, depriving health status, and falling food quality, all are prominent parts of cities. Does this bring a question in mind is accelerated growth sustainable? The answer and solution to this is an adaption of the Smart City Concept. A smart city integrates all the available technology with the requirements of city development and builds infrastructure which can improve the quality of life of citizens. Smart cities are designed in a manner to use minimum resources with maximum efficiency in all areas of urban life. It provides smart solutions using smart technologies. Urban needs and technological advancements meet in smart cities. It manages cities more quickly and effectively by using AI, IT technologies, and robotic process automation. Intelligent transportation, intelligent energy, intelligent governance, intelligent security, intelligent healthcare are all central to the idea of smart cities. The emphasis of this essay is on smart transit as a component of smart cities. The movement of people and goods across several geographical boundaries has been significantly aided by the transportation sector. Globally, the majority of smart cities face logistical and transportation issues. Both the fast growing human population and the increase in the number of cars on the road are to blame for this. In order to design and run a sustainable transportation system, technology may be of great assistance. Robotic systems for real-time vehicle data collection, traffic management, and using mobility on demand in trip planning through a single user interface have emerged as cities struggle with traffic congestion. The transportation industry, which faces difficulties including traffic congestion, unanticipated delays, and routing issues that cause businesses to lose money, has successfully used robotic process automation. Robotic process automation provides reliable results and affordable solutions while reducing uncertainty in the decision-making process. It is very helpful in designing and running a successful transit system. Robotic Process Automation (RPA) systems for obtaining real-time data from vehicles, buses, and trucks for traffic management and using mobility on demand in trip planning through a single user interface have emerged as cities struggle with poor management and congestion. By examining different uses of robotic process automation, it is possible to evaluate precise prediction and detection models that are intended to forecast traffic volume, an appropriate route, traffic conditions, accurate information about timing, incidents, and which time and roadway for transport are suitable for running and mobility. The application of RPA in smart cities could be seen in Intelligent Transportation Systems’ Traffic Management, Public Transportation, Safety Management, Manufacturing, and Logistics. The research focuses on areas of concern for smart cities in the sphere of the transportation sector and related difficulties that may be solved via robotic process automation. The article emphasizes the challenges and solutions for making smart transportation more effective by using Intelligent Robotic Transportation Systems.

The introduction to autonomous vehicles and intelligent transportation systems, as well as related work on autonomous vehicles and intelligent transportation systems, are described in this chapter. Aside from that, it has a chapter on autonomous intelligent vehicles and autonomous vehicles. Issues and challenges in autonomous intelligent vehicles, as well as the framework of an intelligent transportation system. In addition, the chapter discusses research opportunities in autonomous intelligent vehicles, IPv4 and IPv6 issues, and the future of IPv9 for vehicles, as well as a survey on autonomous vehicles in highway scenarios. During the last century, the automobile industry has excelled at producing cars that are both safe and affordable. Because of significant advancements in the Internet of things (IoT), the programmable logic controller (PLC), and other aspects of computing, autonomous vehicles (AVs) are becoming a reality. Cars, trucks, and other vehicles that don’t need to be plugged in to get power are referred to as self-sufficient vehicles. The multi-agent-based transportation system, which demonstrates how vehicles, drivers, roads, infrastructure, and vehicles all work together, is one of the most important intelligent transportation systems because it demonstrates how all of these things work together. To solve and manage traffic problems, an intelligent transportation systems (ITS) system employs a variety of technologies. Communication and control, vehicle sensing, and electronics are among these technologies. ITS has been used in the developed world for the past two decades. It is still a novel concept in the developing world. Sensors and computers work together in the Internet of things to store and process data, and data analytics is used to make the traffic system run more smoothly.KeywordsAutonomous vehicle (AV)Intelligent transportation system (ITS)Autonomous intelligent vehicle (AIV)Advanced driver assistance system (ADAS)Advanced driving system (ADS)

Over the past few decades, intelligent transportation systems (ITS) have emerged as an effective way to improve the performance of transportation systems. ITS provide innovative services, enhance travel safety, provide travellers with more choices, and make transportation systems more efficient. Multi-agent systems (MAS), which define autonomous interacting entities, are suitable for modelling distributed and intelligent systems in general and ITS in particular. This paper provides an in-depth review of multi-agent systems applied to Advanced Public Transportation Systems (APTS), a subclass of ITS dedicated to managing public transportation networks. We carefully analysed 38 papers in this study, published in 19 journals during 31 years (1990–2020). We perform a synthetic analysis of the trends in this domain and a qualitative analysis focused on multi-agent systems’ dimensions and properties. We show that the MAS approach is well suited to the real-time management of disturbances thanks to their delegation process, and their pro-activeness and autonomy properties.

Emerging intelligent transportation systems (ITS) are based on several technologies. A new concept of integrating visible light communications (VLC) in ITS is introduced in this paper. VLC in ITS is a cost effective method of implementation. This paper presents a VLC broadcast system considering LED-based traffic lights. It discusses the integration of traffic light road side unit (RSUs) within the existing ITS architecture. A prototype demonstrator of the designed VLC systems is also presented. A robust modulation technique based on direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) sequence inverse keying (SIK) has been implemented to minimize the effect of noise sources. Experimental results show data communication range of over 40m with 200mm custom designed traffic light, even during bright sun light.

A new method of vehicle identification in intelligent traffic command system is proposed, which is directed to some problems in the vehicle detection method of complex traffic conditions in intelligent traffic systems. The method extracts the vehicle structure sub-features according to the structural characteristics of the vehicle itself, and then combines the sub¬features. The identification of the vehicle is achieved by the identification of the combined features. Through experimental analysis, the method not only has a fast processing speed, but also has a high vehicle recognition accuracy. Therefore, this method has broad application prospects and value in intelligent traffic command system.

Since last decades world, predominantly urban areas, is experiencing huge voluminous road traffic growth, resulting in heavy congestion, air pollution, accidents, and poor efficiency. Many people every day are the victims of this poor management of tremendous traffic. Since many years, there had been some automation in managing the traffic namely Electronic Toll Collection (ETC), Electronic parking payment, normal traffic information etc. However, there are little efforts for making the system more advanced. Recently, several kinds of research are being launched by many countries to develop Intelligent Transport System (ITS), with the objectives to minimize congestion, ensure better safety, reduce air pollution etc. ITS are planned to establish robust communication between vehicle to vehicle (V2V), vehicle to pedestrian (V2P), vehicle to infrastructure (V2I), and vehicle to network (V2N). Initially, for communication links ITS, deploys Wi-Fi network, but because of limited capacity and huge requirement, some links use 5.8 GHz radio frequency for such purposes. IEEE, International Telecommunications Union (ITU) and other advanced research organisations are studying 700 MHz band and mm frequency bands for advanced ITS. ITS is poised to use Information & Communication Technology (ICT) networks for such purposes. ITU has established Study Groups/study questions for addressing ITS issues. The World Radio Conference (WRC-2019) has made a Recommendation 208 regarding harmonization of frequency bands for ITS applications. This paper presents a comprehensive overview of ITS, its applications and analysis etc. The radio frequency spectrum aspects and role of 5 G in ITS are also described in detail.

Blockchain, widely known as one of the disruptive technologies emerged in recent years, is experiencing rapid development and has the full potential of revolutionizing the increasingly centralized intelligent transportation systems (ITS) in applications. Blockchain can be utilized to establish a secured, trusted and decentralized autonomous ITS ecosystem, creating better usage of the legacy ITS infrastructure and resources, especially effective for crowdsourcing technology. This paper conducts a preliminary study of Blockchain-based ITS (B <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> ITS). We outline an ITS-oriented, seven-layer conceptual model for blockchain, and on this basis address the key research issues in B <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> ITS. We consider that blockchain is one of the secured and trusted architectures for building the newly developed parallel transportation management systems (PtMS) , and thereby discuss the relationship between B <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> ITS and PtMS. Finally, we present a case study for blockchain-based realtime ride-sharing services. In our viewpoint, B <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> ITS represents the future trend of ITS research and practice, and this paper is aimed at stimulating further effort and providing helpful guidance and reference for future research works.

Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) is the emerging transportation which comprises of the advanced technologies such as wireless communications, video vehicle detection, distributed system architectures, human machine interface, sensing and actuating, to improve safety of the passengers, traffic congestion, fuel consumption and optimize other services of the transportation system such as real time traffic situation, electronic toll collection, automatic road enforcement and hot lanes. The current ITS systems lacks self-adaptive capability to take spontaneous decisions. The environment of the ITS system is very complex so optimal decisions cannot be taken but a good enough decision can be taken which fulfills the requirement of the system. To build an ITS system having the capability to adapt itself, this paper presents the self-adaptive requirements for the ITS. To elicit the requirements for ITS, we use scenarios based model and goal based model using the requirements Engineering processes (Elicitation, Elaboration, Specification, Validation) with MAPE-K. We use Knowledge Acquisition on Automated Specification (KAOS) approach to build goal model using Objectiver tool, and use RELAX syntax to elicit adaptive requirements for ITS.

Recently, electric vehicles (EV) have gained much attention as a potential enabling technology to support CO2 emissions reduction targets. Relative to their internal combustion vehicle counterparts, EVs consume less energy per unit distance, and add the benefit of not emitting any carbon dioxide in operation and instead shift their emissions to the existing local fleet of power generation. However, the true success of EVs depends on their successful integration with the supporting infrastructure systems. Building upon the recently published methodology for the same purpose, this paper presents a “systems-of-systems” case study assessing the impacts of EVs on these three systems in the context of Abu Dhabi. For the physical transportation system, a microscopic discrete-time traffic operations simulator is used to predict the kinematic state of the EV fleet over the duration of one day. For the impact on the intelligent transportation system (ITS), the integration of EVs into Abu Dhabi is studied using a multi-domain matrix (MDM) of the Abu Dhabi Department of Transportation ITS. Finally, for the impact on the electric power system, the EV traffic flow patterns from the CMS are used to calculate the timing and magnitude of charging loads. The paper concludes with the need for an intelligent transportation-energy system (ITES) which would coordinate traffic and energy management functionality.

This paper examines the relationship between public and private investments in intelligent transportation system (ITS) technology and the effects on transportation performance through the highway system. ITS technology is an infrastructure that promotes integrated information sharing that can be used to improve system performance. ITS combines better infrastructure with information and control technologies to ( a) reduce traffic congestion by maintaining traffic flow, ( b) reduce transportation-generated pollution, ( c) improve transport efficiency, and ( d) produce economic benefits. A statistical analysis of partial least squares structural equation modeling was used to test three hypothesized relationships. Primary data were collected from U.S.-based commercial vehicle transportation service providers. Respondents were parceled with a geographic information system analysis of secondary data from the U.S. Department of Transportation National ITS Deployment Tracking Survey. On the basis of their level of regional ITS experience, primary data respondents were matched to regions and split between regions with low ITS experience and high ITS experience as a proxy for regional public investments in ITS. Performance measures were based on efficiency, reliability, responsiveness, quality, carbon emissions reduction, and equipment utilization for commercial vehicle operators. Results indicate that private investments in ITS significantly positively affect the responsiveness performance measure for commercial vehicle operators in regions with high public ITS investments. The same relationship is not significant in regions with low public ITS investments, which indicates at least some transportation performance improvements for regions with higher investments in ITS. Implications for research and practice are discussed.

Providing convenient and comfortable transportation services for residents is an important part of urban construction, in which the intelligent transportation system (ITS) plays an important role. This study used the big data of urban public transportation in China and the evaluation of ITS in tourism e-commerce website to compare travelers’ perception of urban intelligent transportation with the objective effects of ITS and analyzed the factors that affect the perception bias of urban residents about ITS. The conclusions are as follows: (1) there are regional differences in travelers’ perception of ITS. The traveler’s evaluation of ITS in the cities of East China is best in China, followed by cities in the central and southwestern regions. (2) The perception bias of urban residents from ITS is generally affected by the density of road network and travel radius. The influencing factors of perception bias are obviously different between provincial capital cities and non-provincial capital cities. (3) The use of digital maps, navigation, and intelligent road conditions in the travel process can improve travelers’ evaluation of ITS.