Optirefine: densest subgraphs and maximum cuts with k refinements

Quantum combinatorial optimization algorithms typically face challenges owing to complex optimization landscapes featuring numerous local minima, exponentially scaling latent spaces, and susceptibility to quantum hardware noise. In this study, we introduce Direct Entanglement Ansatz Learning (DEAL), wherein we employ a direct mapping from quadratic unconstrained binary problem parameters to quantum ansatz for cost and mixer Hamiltonians, which improves the convergence rate towards the optimal solution. Our approach exploits a quantum entanglement-based ansatz to effectively explore intricate latent spaces and zero-noise extrapolation (ZNE) to mitigate the randomness caused by crosstalk and coherence errors. Our experimental evaluation demonstrates that DEAL increases the success rate compared to the classic quantum approximation optimization algorithm while controlling the error variance. In addition, we demonstrate the capability of DEAL to provide near-optimum ground energy solutions for traveling salesman, knapsack, and maxcut problems, which facilitates novel paradigms for solving relevant NPhard problems and extends the self-contained practical applicability of quantum optimization using noisy quantum hardware.

General Partitioning on Random Graphs

Dense subgraph mining with a mixed graph model

In distributed networks, some groups of nodes may have more inter-connections, perhaps due to their larger bandwidth availability or communication requirements. In many scenarios, it may be useful for the nodes to know if they form part of a dense subgraph, e.g., such a dense subgraph could form a high bandwidth backbone for the network. In this work, we address the problem of self-awareness of nodes in a dynamic network with regards to graph density, i.e., we give distributed algorithms for maintaining dense subgraphs (subgraphs that the member nodes are aware of). The only knowledge that the nodes need is that of the dynamic diameter D, i.e., the maximum number of rounds it takes for a message to traverse the dynamic network. For our work, we consider a model where the number of nodes are fixed, but a powerful adversary can add or remove a limited number of edges from the network at each time step. The communication is by broadcast only and follows the CONGEST model in the sense that only messages of O(log n) size are permitted, where n is the number of nodes in the network. Our algorithms are continuously executed on the network, and at any time (after some initialization) each node will be aware if it is part (or not) of a particular dense subgraph. We give algorithms that approximate both the densest subgraph, i.e., the subgraph of the highest density in the network, and the at-least-k-densest subgraph (for a given parameter k), i.e., the densest subgraph of size at least k. We give a (2 + e)-approximation algorithm for the densest subgraph problem. The at-least-k-densest subgraph is known to be NP-hard for the general case in the centralized setting and the best known algorithm gives a 2-approximation. We present an algorithm that maintains a (3+e)-approximation in our distributed, dynamic setting. Our algorithms run in O(Dlog1+e n) time.

Quantum approximate optimization algorithm (QAOA) is a quantum–classical hybrid algorithm proposed with the goal of approximately solving combinatorial optimization problems such as the MAX-CUT problem. It has been considered a potential candidate for achieving quantum advantage in the noisy intermediate-scale quantum era and has been extensively studied. However, the performance limitations of low-level QAOA have also been demonstrated across various instances. In this work, we first analytically prove the performance limitations of the standard level-1 QAOA in solving the MAX-CUT problem on bipartite graphs. To this end, we derive an upper bound for the approximation ratio based on the average degree of bipartite graphs. Second, we demonstrate that recursive QAOA (RQAOA), which recursively reduces graph size using QAOA as a subroutine, outperforms the standard level-1 QAOA. However, the performance of RQAOA exhibits limitations as the graph size increases. Finally, we show that RQAOA with a restricted parameter regime can fully address these limitations. Surprisingly, this modified RQAOA always finds the exact maximum cut for any bipartite graphs and even for a more general graph with parity-signed weights.

We present randomized approximation algorithms for the maximum cut (MAX CUT) and maximum 2-satisfiability (MAX 2SAT) problems that always deliver solutions of expected value at least .87856 times the optimal value. These algorithms use a simple and elegant technique that randomly rounds the solution to a nonlinear programming relaxation. This relaxation can be interpreted both as a semidefinite program and as an eigenvalue minimization problem. The best previously known approximation algorithms for these problems had perfc~rmance guarantees of ~for MAX CUT and ~for MAX 2SAT. Slight extensions of our analysis lead to a .79607-approximation algorithm for the maximum directed cut problem (MAX DICUT) and a .758-approximation algorithm for MAX SAT, where the best previously known approxim ation algorithms had performance guarantees of ~and ~, respectively. Our algorithm gives the first substantial progress in approximating MAX CUT in nearly twenty years, and represents the first use of :semidefinite programming in the design of approximation algorithms.

Solving combinatorial optimization problems on near-term quantum devices has gained a lot of attention in recent years. Currently, most studies have focused on single-objective problems, whereas many real-world applications need to consider multiple, mostly conflicting objectives, such as cost and quality. We present a variational quantum optimization algorithm to solve discrete multiobjective optimization problems on quantum computers. The proposed quantum multiobjective optimization (QMOO) algorithm incorporates all cost Hamiltonians representing the classical objective functions in the quantum circuit and produces a quantum state consisting of Pareto-optimal solutions in superposition. From this state, we retrieve a set of solutions and utilize the widely applied hypervolume indicator to determine its quality as an approximation to the Pareto front. The variational parameters of the QMOO circuit are tuned by maximizing the hypervolume indicator in a quantum-classical hybrid fashion. We show the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm on several benchmark problems with up to five objectives. We investigate the influence of the classical optimizer and the circuit depth, and compare them to results from classical optimization algorithms. We find that the algorithm is robust to shot noise and produces good results with as few as 128 measurement shots in each iteration. These promising results open the possibility to run the algorithm on near-term quantum hardware.

Goemans and Williamson obtained an approximation algorithm for the MAX CUT problem with a performance ratio of αGW≃ 0.87856. Their algorithm starts by solving a standard SDP relaxation of MAX CUT and then rounds the optimal solution obtained using a random hyperplane. In some cases, the optimal solution of the SDP relaxation happens to lie in a low dimensional space. Can an improved performance ratio be obtained for such instances? We show that the answer is yes in dimensions two and three and conjecture that this is also the case in any higher fixed dimension. In two dimensions an optimal $\frac{32}{25+5\sqrt{5}}$-approximation algorithm was already obtained by Goemans. (Note that $\frac{32}{25+5\sqrt{5}} \simeq 0.88456$.) We obtain an alternative derivation of this result using Gegenbauer polynomials. Our main result is an improved rounding procedure for SDP solutions that lie in ℝ3 with a performance ratio of about 0.8818 . The rounding procedure uses an interesting yin-yan coloring of the three dimensional sphere. The improved performance ratio obtained resolves, in the negative, an open problem posed by Feige and Schechtman [STOC'01]. They asked whether there are MAX CUT instances with integrality ratios arbitrarily close to αGW≃ 0.87856 that have optimal embedding, i.e., optimal solutions of their SDP relaxations, that lie in ℝ3.

Dense subgraph discovery is a key issue in graph mining, due to its importance in several applications, such as correlation analysis, community discovery in the Web, gene co-expression and protein-protein interactions in bioinformatics. In this work, we study the discovery of the top-k dense subgraphs in a set of graphs. After the investigation of the problem in its static case, we extend the methodology to work with dynamic graph collections, where the graph collection changes over time. Our methodology is based on lower and upper bounds of the density, resulting in a reduction of the number of exact density computations. Our algorithms do not rely on user-defined threshold values and the only input required is the number of dense subgraphs in the result (k). In addition to the exact algorithms, an approximation algorithm is provided for top-k dense subgraph discovery, which trades result accuracy for speed. We show that a significant number of exact density computations is avoided, resulting in efficient monitoring of the top-k dense subgraphs.KeywordsPriority QueueGraph ObjectExpiration TimeDense SubgraphActive GraphThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.

Fuzzy logic controller is the most common and versatile control algorithm in the structural motion control. In most cases, the formulation of the fuzzy controller is based on the human knowledge and expert so the membership functions and the rule base are formulated by trials and errors. In recent years, there is an increasing interest to optimize the fuzzy logic controller with different metaheuristics and nature inspired approaches. This paper focuses on the optimization of a fuzzy controller applied to the seismically excited nonlinear buildings. In the majority of cases, this problem is formulated based on the linear behavior of the structure, however in this paper, objective functions and the performance criteria are considered with respect to the nonlinear responses of the structures. The optimization algorithm is based on the implementation of ant lion optimizer and Jaya algorithm as a hybrid method. The new method is utilized to design a fuzzy controller for two benchmark buildings with nonlinear behavior. The performance of the hybrid method is compared with various classical and advanced optimization algorithms.

A new active control performance index for vibration control of three-dimensional structures

In this paper, we propose a population-based, four-step, real-parameter optimization algorithm-generator. The approach divides the task of reaching near the optimum solution into four independent plans of (i) selecting good solutions from a solution base, (ii) generating new solutions using the selected solutions, (iii) choosing inferior or spurious solutions for replacement, and (iv) updating the solution base with good new or old solutions. Interestingly, many classical and evolutionary optimization algorithms are found to be representable by this algorithm-generator. The paper also recommends an efficient optimization algorithm with the possibility of using a number of different recombination plans and parameter values. With a systematic parametric study, the paper finally recommends a real-parameter optimization algorithm which outperforms a number of existing classical and evolutionary algorithms. To extend this study, the proposed algorithm-generator can be utilized to develop new and more efficient population-based optimization algorithms. The treatment of population-based classical and evolutionary optimization algorithms identically through the proposed algorithm-generator is the main hall-mark of this paper and should enable researchers from both classical and evolutionary fields to understand each other’s methods better and interact in a more coherent manner.

In this study, a nonlinear Archimedes wave swing (AWS) energy conversion system was employed to enable the use of irregular sea waves to provide useful electricity. Instead of the conventional PI controllers used in prior research, this study employed fractional-order PID (FOPID) controllers to control the back-to-back configuration of AWS. The aim was to maximize the energy yield from waves and maintain the grid voltage and the capacitor DC link voltage at predetermined values. In this study, six FOPID controllers were used to accomplish the control goals, leading to an array of thirty parameters required to be fine-tuned. In this regard, a hybrid jellyfish search optimizer and particle swarm optimization (HJSPSO) algorithm was adopted to select the optimal control gains. Verification of the performance of the proposed FOPID control system was achieved by comparing the system results to two conventional PID controllers and one FOPID controller. The conventional PID controllers were tuned using a recently presented metaheuristic algorithm called the Coot optimization algorithm (COOT) and the classical particle swarm optimization algorithm (PSO). Moreover, the FOPID was also tuned using the well-known genetic algorithm (GA). The system investigated in this study was subjected to various unsymmetrical and symmetrical fault disturbances. When compared with the standard COOT-PID, PSO-PID, and GA-FOPID controllers, the HJSPSO-FOPID results show a significant improvement in terms of performance and preserving control goals during system instability

We consider the problem of maximizing monotone submodular function over the bounded integer lattice with a cardinality constraint. Function [Formula: see text] is submodular over integer lattice if [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], where ∨ and ∧ represent elementwise maximum and minimum, respectively. Let [Formula: see text], and [Formula: see text], we study the problem of maximizing submodular function [Formula: see text] with constraints [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]. A random greedy [Formula: see text]-approximation algorithm and a deterministic [Formula: see text]-approximation algorithm are proposed in this paper. Both algorithms work in value oracle model. In the random greedy algorithm, we assume the monotone submodular function satisfies diminishing return property, which is not an equivalent definition of submodularity on integer lattice. Additionally, our random greedy algorithm makes [Formula: see text] value oracle queries and deterministic algorithm makes [Formula: see text] value oracle queries.

Aiming at the problems of low solution accuracy of the grey wolf optimization algorithm and the tendency to fall into local optimality in the later stage, an improved swarm intelligence algorithm NSGWO based on a novel nonlinear multi-strategy optimization is proposed: firstly, Logistic mapping is utilized to make the initial particles as uniformly distributed as possible, so as to provide a balanced search space improved Gaussian distributions are used to adjust the convergence factor, and a position in the NSGWO The logarithmic function is introduced into the updating formula. Finally, an optimal position perturbation mechanism is introduced, which prompts the algorithm to jump out of the local optimal solution by perturbing the optimal position in a small range, thus further improving the optimisation performance of the algorithm. Several classical unimodal and multimodal test functions are used to verify the optimisation performance of NSGWO. The experimental results show that compared with other classical optimisation algorithms, NSGWO has a greater advantage in terms of convergence speed and solution accuracy.