Osmotic Pumps in Drug Delivery

"Novel Drug Delivery System (NDDS)" is an indispensable guide meticulously crafted by a team of dedicated authors—Mr. Prashant Kumar Singh, Mr. Rohit Bhasin, Mr. Aditya Kumar, and Mr. Nitin Rajan. Rooted in the latest PCI regulations for Bachelor of Pharmacy students, this comprehensive work is designed to navigate readers through the dynamic landscape of pharmaceutical sciences, with a particular focus on advancements in drug delivery systems. Key Features: Compliance with Latest PCI Regulations: Aligned with the most recent PCI guidelines, this book ensures that it meets the academic requirements for Bachelor of Pharmacy programs. Students and educators can trust its accuracy and relevance in the context of contemporary pharmaceutical education. Holistic Coverage: "NDDS" provides a holistic exploration of novel drug delivery systems, covering a broad spectrum of topics, from fundamental principles to cutting-edge advancements. The content seamlessly integrates theoretical concepts with practical applications, offering a well-rounded understanding of the subject. Collaborative Expertise: With each author contributing a unique perspective and specialized knowledge, the book benefits from a rich tapestry of insights. The collaboration reflects a shared commitment to enhancing the educational experience for students and preparing them for the challenges of the pharmaceutical industry. Bridge Between Theory and Practice: Recognizing the importance of translating theoretical knowledge into practical skills, the book serves as a bridge between academia and real-world applications. It encourages critical thinking and fosters a mindset of innovation among aspiring pharmacists. Inspiration for Future Innovators: Beyond meeting academic requirements, "NDDS" aims to inspire a new generation of pharmacists to actively engage with the evolving field of drug delivery systems. The authors hope to cultivate a spirit of curiosity and innovation that will contribute to the ongoing progress of pharmaceutical sciences. Conclusion: "Novel Drug Delivery System (NDDS)" is more than just a textbook; it is a collaborative effort by passionate authors who seek to elevate the standard of pharmaceutical education. By offering a comprehensive and PCI-compliant resource, the book is poised to become an essential companion for Bachelor of Pharmacy students, educators, and professionals alike. As the pharmaceutical landscape continues to evolve, this guide provides a solid foundation for understanding and navigating the intricacies of novel drug delivery systems.

The conventional routes of drug administration has limited control over drug release and maintaining constant plasma therapeutic drug concentrations for longer periods of time. To avoid these problems associated with utilization of traditional dosage forms, there was essential need for development of new dosage forms which would discharge drugs at controlled rate for local activity. This led to improvement of Novel Drug Delivery Systems (NDDS) that offers optimisation of therapeutic properties of drugs and makes them safer, productive and dependable over traditional ways of administration. Implantable drug delivery system (IDDS) forms a part of novel drug delivery system. This route of administering medications allows targeted distribution, location specificity, constant release rate, low amount of drug requirements, and minimisation of adverse effects with improved efficacy. It provides possibility of administering drugs once weekly to yearly which otherwise previously require frequent daily dosing. Different implantable technologies are currently in use for many therapeutic applications such as in dentistry, ophthalmology, contraception and oncology. However, the expensiveness of this newly improved drug delivery system is quite high which hinders its large scale use. Moreover, the recently developed devices require further enhancement and hence thorough scientific trials are needed before wide implementation in populations.
 Keywords: Implantable drug delivery, implants, drug delivery system, implantable pump, modulated drug delivery, novel drug delivery system

It is possible to greatly improve the performance of an existing therapeutic molecule by transforming it from its traditional form into a unique delivery method. This can lead to considerable gains in patient compliance, safety, and efficacy. It is possible for an existing drug molecule to be given a new lease on life in the shape of a Novel Drug Delivery System. An correctly designed Novel Drug Delivery System can be a significant step forward in the process of problem-solving when it comes to issues with the release of the drug at a particular site and at a certain pace. Pharmaceutical companies are working on the creation of innovative drug delivery systems because there is a growing demand for medications to be administered to patients in a manner that is both effective and causes fewer adverse effects. This page covers the fundamentals of novel drug delivery systems as well as the various subcategories of such systems.

Current developments in our knowledge of the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics behaviour of drugs provide a more logical framework for designing the best possible drug delivery system. It is understandable that multidisciplinary efforts will play a major role in the success of drug delivery research in the future. Any therapeutic agent that has the potential to be safer, more effective, and use an enhanced drug delivery mechanism offers pharmaceutical companies significant marketing prospects as well as advancements in the treatment of illnesses. Since ancient times, humans have utilized plants as food and medicine, viewing them as nature's solutions. The underlying idea is that every sickness has a remedy that is concealed in better ways using ayurvedic, homeopathic and allopathic. However, in order to promote sustained release, improve patient compliance, etc., the way herbal medications are delivered must also be modified. Because of challenges with processing, standardizing, extracting, and identifying them, herbal medications had historically been unable to draw scientists' attention to the development of novel drug delivery methods. However, with today's technological advancements, the development of herbal revolutionary drug delivery systems is made possible by novel drug delivery systems (NDDS). It is possible to achieve protection against toxicity, stability enhancement, enhanced bioavailability, and protection against chemical and physical degradation of herbal formulations through the application of advanced procedures which must give the result in better or faster way. In this review we will get the method of preparations of NDDS and the Application of NDDS.
 Keywords: Herbal Drugs, Enhanced drug delivery, Phytosomes, Nanoparticles, liposomes.

During the past decade formulation of vesicles as a tool to improve drug delivery, has created a lot of interest amongst the scientist working in the area of drug delivery systems. Vesicular system such as liposomes, niosomes, transferosomes, pharmacosomes and ethosomes provide an alternative to improve the drug delivery. Niosomes play an important role owing to their nonionic properties, in such drug delivery system. Design and development of novel drug delivery system (NDDS) has two prerequisites. First, it should deliver the drug in accordance with a predetermined rate and second it should release therapeutically effective amount of drug at the site of action. Conventional dosage forms are unable to meet these requisites. Niosomes are essentially non-ionic surfactant based multilamellar or unilamellar vesicles in which an aqueous solution of solute is entirely enclosed by a membrane resulting from the organization of surfactant macromolecules as bilayer. Niosomes are formed on hydration of non-ionic surfactant film which eventually hydrates imbibing or encapsulating the hydrating aqueous solution. The main aim of development of niosomes is to control the release of drug in a sustained way, modification of distribution profile of drug and for targeting the drug to the specific body site. This paper deals with composition, characterization/evaluation, merits, demerits and applications of niosomes.

Cancer cell uptake and distribution of oxanorbornane-based synthetic lipids and their prospects as novel drug delivery systems

Novel Drug Delivery Systems (NDDS) have emerged as pivotal technologies in modern therapeutics, addressing limitations of conventional drug administration such as poor bioavailability, non-specific targeting, and adverse side effects. The growing global market and rapid technological advancements underscore the need for a comprehensive understanding of NDDS development, market dynamics, and translational challenges. This review systematically analyses recent progress in NDDS, focusing on key nanocarriers including liposomes, cubosomes, and solid lipid nanoparticles, alongside emerging multifunctional and stimuli-responsive systems. A thorough literature survey was conducted using databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, complemented by market reports and regulatory guidelines. Emphasis was placed on formulation techniques, material innovations, integration with personalised medicine, and the role of artificial intelligence in optimising design and clinical translation. Results highlight significant advances in scalable manufacturing, green synthesis, and multifunctional hybrid platforms that enhance targeting and controlled release. However, challenges persist in regulatory approval, long-term safety evaluation, and market adoption, particularly due to complex manufacturing and intellectual property landscapes. The integration of digital health tools and real-time monitoring presents promising avenues to improve patient compliance and therapeutic outcomes. In conclusion, NDDS represent a transformative shift toward precision medicine, but their successful clinical translation requires multidisciplinary collaboration, regulatory alignment, and sustainable manufacturing practices. Addressing current research gaps and leveraging emerging technologies will be critical to fully realise the therapeutic and commercial potential of NDDS, ultimately improving patient care worldwide.

Modern drug formulations have integrated excipients to serve a more active role unlike in the past when they were merely passive ingredients. A shift towards more herbal and natural alternatives has made the use of herbal excipients in novel drug delivery systems (NDDS) more feasible. These plant based materials, which include gums, mucilages, and resins, have biocompatibility and biodegradability properties, rendering them much safer than conventional drugs. Thus, they are ideal for advanced drug delivery systems which require more sophisticated approaches such as controlled release, targeted delivery, and even nanoparticles. This article describes the different kinds of NDDS herbs used as excipients and their benefits over man made ones. Moreover, this article highlights the effect of consistency, standardization, and regulations posed on herbal materials. Lastly, this review stresses the future importance of herbal excipients in drug delivery systems as it is beneficial for both the patient and the pharmaceutical companies. KEYWORDS: Herbal excipients , NDDS

The formulation system employed to convey pharmaceutical drugs compound in the body to attain the desired therapeutic effect at a predetermined rate depending on pharmacological aspects, drug profile, and physiological conditions can be referred to as a novel drug delivery system (NDDS). Due to the intricately sensitive anatomy and physiology of the eye pharmacologist find the ocular delivery system to be more involuted than other routes. Pre-corneal, static and dynamic is the 3 types of ophthalmic barriers, which along with the inflow and outflow of lacrimal fluids, nasolacrimal drainage, are some of the germane factors that affect bioavailability. Unlike conventional dosage forms, where the distribution of drugs in non-targeted body fluids and tissues transcends the quantity of required drug in targeted tissues and causes repercussions, these modified drug delivery systems surpass the ocular barriers and adverse reactions, emphasizing on less invasive, prolonged action. It also promotes sustained release formulation that subjugates the drug loss or degradation to treat many ocular diseases effectively. The current review recapitulates the fundamentals of discosomes, a type of vesicular drug delivery system that acts as a vehicle for the drug delivery of both hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs. Discosomes are giant, disc-shaped structures modified from niosomes by arresting the vesicles at the discosome phase. Due to their idiosyncratic size, it provides all due benefits compared to other ocular drug delivery systems. From the review, it can be culminated that discosomes are a potential subject of opposition and opportunities in the arena of safe and effective ocular drug delivery.

Novel drug delivery system (NDDS) is an expression mainly associated with the formulation of new pharmaceutical forms which have optimized characteristics such as smaller particle size, higher permeability parameters, and selective site targeting. NDDS have played a crucial role in establishing nanomedicine over the conventional dosage forms. Therapies of several terminal diseases like cancer and immunodeficiency diseases where controlled and targeted therapy is required with minimum side effects. Novel substances are novel, or new, substances not previously identified by drug experts and include illicit drugs and counterfeit prescription medications. NDDSs are adopted to increase the bioavailability of the drug, reduce adverse effects and side effects, and increase drug stability. This book has been structured, written and arranged in such a way to provide very clear understanding of all the topics related to NDDS. This book is specially designed for B. Pharm 7th Semester, 4th year students and covers many aspects of NDDS for industrial and research development. In this text book we tried to arrange basics in concise and accurate form. Honestly, we believe that students should gain balanced knowledge of theory and practical of NDDS.

Abstract: Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disorder characterized by inflammation in the joints, leading to pain, swelling, stiffness, and eventual joint damage. This condition occurs when the body's immune system mistakenly attacks the synovium, the lining of the membranes surrounding the joints. Treatment focuses on reducing inflammation, alleviating pain, and preventing joint damage through a combination of medications, physical therapy, and lifestyle modifications. Recently, biological therapies have been introduced, including Tumour Necrosis Factor (TNF) blockers (such as etanercept, infliximab, and adalimumab), IL-6 inhibitors (tocilizumab), and interleukin- 1 inhibitors (anakinra). These treatments can lead to various side effects. The use of herbalbased treatments, such as secondary metabolites, has gained popularity due to their better tolerability, safety, and effectiveness compared to conventional therapies. However, there are also some limitations, like poor bioavailability and permeability and lower stability; to overcome these issues, Novel Drug Delivery Systems (NDDS) have been introduced as better treatment options in recent years. Polymer science advancements and nanotechnology applications have opened new avenues for RA treatment, emphasizing the development of smart drug delivery systems. These systems aim to improve therapeutic outcomes while minimizing adverse effects. Additionally, newly synthesized biocompatible drug delivery systems, combined with anti-inflammatory drugs composed of secondary metabolites, offer potential solutions for RA.

For some time now modified drug release has been studied and used extensively during the development of pharmaceutical drug products because of its advantages over immediate release formulations. As per the forecasting by Global Business Intelligence (GBI) research, the growth in oral drug delivery market will uplift in the coming years. Modified release drug products allow at least a two-fold reduction in dosing when compared to a drug that is presented in a conventional immediate release form. Modified release drug products are designed to release active pharmaceutical ingredient over a longer duration of time; At least, longer than an immediate release (I.R) formulation. Many Pharmaceutical companies also utilize the proprietary advantages of Modified release formulations to extend the patent life cycle of commercial products thereby bringing in new business. Keywords: Immediate release (I.R), Modified release (M.R), Novel drug delivery systems (NDDS), Loading doze (LD), Maintenance doze (MD), New Drug Application (NDA)

Fernandoa adenophylla (FA, Heterophragma adenophyllum) is a plant, cultivated throughout Africa and Southeast Asia. It contains potent phytochemicals such as novel naphthoquinones, their derivatives (peshwaraquinone, dilapachone, adenophyllone, indadone, and lapachol), and triterpenoids [ursolic acid (UA), β-sitosterol (BS), α-amyrin, and oleanolic acid (OA)] that have been assessed and reported to show potential pharmacological activities. The crude extract obtained from the plant has been investigated for certain pharmacological activities such as antibacterial, antifungal, anti-tubercular (TB), antihypertensive, and leishmanicidal activity. A novel drug delivery systems (NDDS) is the latest technique that combines innovative development, formulations, new technology, and methodologies for the safe delivery of pharmaceutical substances in the body. The present study reports the possible treatment opportunities of FA and recent possible novel drug delivery approaches for the natural medicinal phytochemicals.

Oral mucosal lesions, encompassing a diverse group of pathological conditions such as infections, Ulcers, inflammation, and neoplasia, present significant challenges in clinical management [1]. Traditional treatment approaches often involve systemic drug administration, which can lead to suboptimal drug concentrations at the target site and increase the risk of systemic side effects [2]. Consequently, there is a growing need for effective, localized drug delivery systems that can enhance therapeutic outcomes and minimize adverse effects [3]. Novel drug delivery systems (NDDS) offer promising avenues for the targeted treatment of oral mucosal lesions [4]. By utilizing innovative technologies and materials, these systems aim to improve drug bioavailability, prolong drug residence time at the lesion site, and enhance patient compliance [5]. This review explores the recent advancements in NDDS for oral mucosal lesions, highlighting their potential to revolutionize the management of these challenging conditions.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the severe neurodegenerative disorders characterized by a deficiency of dopamine in the substantia nigra. The implicated factors for this include mitochondrial dysfunction, gut dysbiosis, and alteration in the signaling pathways. Overall, these events lead to the generation and aggregation of misfolding proteins, i.e., Lewy bodies. These aggregates contribute to the production of oxidative stress, inflammation, and neurotransmission imbalance. Hence, impaired cognition and body movements in the PD patients. There are several conventional treatments, such as synthetic drugs and herbal drugs, used to mitigate PD. Despite having enormous potential, their use is limited due to their low permeability, low solubility, and complexation in standardization. However, with the advancement in technology, different NDDS (Novel drug delivery systems) such as vesicular drug delivery systems, SNEDDS (Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System), NPs (Nanoparticles), NLCs (Nano-structure lipid carrier), SLN (Solid lipid nanoparticles), quantum dots, and dendrimers have been explored to overcome the limitations of conventional treatments. Hence, the present review emphasizes a brief introduction to PD, pathogenesis of PD, signaling pathways, biomarkers, conventional treatments, need for NDDS, and Applications of NDDS in PD. Additionally, patents, clinical trials, and ongoing clinical trials are also covered in the present manuscript.