Outsourced data integrity verification based on blockchain in untrusted environment

Internet of Things (IoT) is extensively adopted to manage everyday life. Data is gathered from IoT devices cloud computing is inevitable to store and analyze the data. The storage over the cloud is also not owned by the end-user. Thus, it is not so feasible. Therefore, two diverse issues are directly connected with the verification of data integrity, i.e. the incoming data should be verified and the verification process is performed. Various prevailing approaches are used for performing data integrity verification over the trusted party and nodes with proper resources. Moreover, it is highly complex to apply different prevalent research methods to IoT devices with constrained resources. This work concentrates on performing secure cloud-based storage over an IoT environment using authentic provable data possession (APDP) using the Legacy filtering model (APDP-LFM). The major contribution is the data possession and filter process to reduce the computational complexity. The experimentation is performed using a MATLAB environment, and the outcomes demonstrate that the proposed model preserves computational time and no complexity over the verification process. This model helps avoid False Positives and efficiently works for the enormous amount of incoming data over the IoT environment.

The remote data integrity auditing technology can guarantee the integrity of outsourced data in clouds. Users can periodically run an integrity auditing protocol by interacting with cloud server, to verify the latest status of outsourced data. Integrity auditing requires user to take massive time-consuming computations, which would not be affordable by weak devices. In this paper, we propose a privacy-preserving TPA-aided remote data integrity auditing scheme based on Li et al.’s data integrity auditing scheme without bilinear pairings, where a third party auditor (TPA) is employed to perform integrity auditing on outsourced data for users. The privacy of outsourced data can be guaranteed against TPA in the sense that TPA could not infer its contents from the returned proofs in the integrity auditing phase. Our construction is as efficient as Li et al.’s scheme, that is, each procedure takes the same time-consuming operations in both schemes, and our solution does not increase the sizes of processed data, challenge and proof.

<p>The development of cloud storage is indispensable for today’s Internet information technology. The superiority of cloud storage is that the ownership of the storage medium and the ownership of the stored data are divided and held by two parties with respective interests - cloud server providers and data users. However, the transmission, storage and utilization of data constantly caused the violation of users’ rights and interests. Data integrity as a countermeasure has been paid growing attention to by researchers. Traditional data integrity protection schemes are based on the cloud server-client architecture, which requires high computational overhead and communication. To address this scenario, this paper proposes an improved data integrity verification scheme that enables local users to perform rapid and efficient data integrity verification of data stored on cloud servers, reduces the volume of communication data during the verification process, and effectively prevents the loss or tampering of data stored in the cloud server.</p> <p> </p>

Providing security to the stored data on the cloud is one of the important challenges in cloud computing. Encrypted data which is stored on the cloud may be viewed or modified by the cloud service provider. To overcome this problem many techniques have been developed but, those cannot guarantee accurately about the security of the stored data. These modifications of the data by the service provider or by others should also be known to the data owner. For such purpose, data tagging technique can be used to audit the data. Auditing is done by using Third Party Auditor (TPA). TPA stores data information of the data owner and challenges to the cloud server, depending upon the data owner request. With the help of such mechanism, TPA can convince both, data owner and cloud server.

Data storage is an important application of cloud computing, where clients can remotely store their data into the cloud. By uploading their data into the cloud, clients can be relieved from the burden of local data storage and maintenance. This new paradigm of data storage service also introduces new security challenges. One of these risks that can attack the cloud computing is the integrity of the data stored in the cloud. In order to overcome the threat of integrity of data, the client must be able to use the assistance of a Third Party Auditor (TPA), in such a way that the TPA verifies the integrity of data stored in cloud with the client's public key on the behalf of the client. The existing schemes with single verifier (TPA) may not scale well for this purpose. In this paper, we propose An Efficient Distributed Verification Protocol (EDVP) to verify the integrity of data in a distributed manner with support of multiple verifiers (Multiple TPAs) instead of single Verifier (TPA). Through the extensive security, performance and experimental results, we show that our scheme is more efficient than single verifier based scheme.

Cloud data storage outsourcing has emerged as a service that can facilitate data owners (DOs) to store their data remotely. Outsourcing health, educational, financial, multimedia data to cloud storage server is beneficial as it eliminate the burden of initial infrastructure setup and maintenance costs. However data storage security and integrity remains challenging due to lack of control and physical possession over the data by the DOs. In this paper we present a lightweight auditing method for integrity verification and deduplication of outsourced data. The proposed scheme combines hashing and symmetric encryption with improved distributed hash table data structure which reduces the communication and computation overhead for integrity verification and also enables efficient dynamic operations of the data. The storage cost is drastically decreased by deduplication using the combined techniques of convergent encryption and filters. The outcome of the proposed methodology demonstrates that this light weight data audit protocol outperforms the other state of art schemes in computation, communication and storage costs.

Cloud computing is a promising technology that provides several advantages to services provider, developers and customers with respect to litheness, scalability at a lower cost. With these technical and cost cutting advantages, several data owners outsourced their data to cloud storage where the data is not only stored but also distribute amongst several users. The promising Cloud computing technology provides convenient access to their data, computing resources on pay-as-you-use basis. This paradigm gives an option of remotely storing their data so as to enjoy powerful application, on-demand network access to computing resources. With these benefits user can decrease the load on local data storage space and reduce the maintenance cost. The main challenging task for the user is to protect the data from unauthorized access, data privacy preservation, modification and deletion of original data. Several methods were used to verify the integrity of outsourced data in cloud storage. This paper presents the Data Privacy preservation model using Third Party Auditing (TPA) which helps to audits the integrity of the data without demanding the local copy of data, and any additional burden. Our system model also uses bilinear aggregate signatures so that TPA can handle multiple client auditing requests concurrently. We conduct the Experiment with diverse methods and the compare the performance of the each method. The results show that the proposed method is secure and more efficient as compare to the existing methods in terms of performances.

Cloud storage has become a trend and more practical in recent years. This unique feature of the cloud poses many security challenging design issues. One of the most important security aspects that need to be addressed is that to assure the integrity of clients data stored in the cloud. In this paper, we propose a RSA-based dynamic public audit service for the integrity verification of data using Sobol sequence. Our scheme allows a third party auditor (TPA) on behalf of the clients to verify the integrity of data stored in the cloud and also supports data dynamics at block level while maintaining the same integrity assurance. Our model allows probabilistic proofs of integrity by challenging random blocks from the server which drastically reduces the computation and communication overhead. The security, performance analysis and experimental results show that our scheme is more secure and efficient than existed probability verification schemes.

Provable data deletion from efficient data integrity auditing and insertion in cloud storage

Data outsourcing through cloud storage enables the users to share on-demand resources with cost effective IT services but several security issues arise like confidentiality, integrity and authentication. Each of them plays an important role in the successful achievement of the other. In cloud computing data integrity assurance is one of the major challenges because the user has no control over the security mechanism to protect the data. Data integrity insures that data received are the same as data stored. It is a result of data security but data integrity refers to validity and accuracy of data rather than protect the data. Data security refers to protection of data against unauthorized access, modification or corruption and it is necessary to ensure data integrity. This paper proposed a new approach using Matrix Dialing Method in block level to enhance the performance of both data integrity and data security without using Third Party Auditor (TPA). In this approach, the data are partitioned into number of blocks and each block converted into a square matrix. Determinant factor of each matrix is generated dynamically to ensure data integrity. This model also implements a combination of AES algorithm and SHA-1 algorithm for digital signature generation. Data coloring on digital signature is applied to ensure data security with better performance. The performance analysis using cloud simulator shows that the proposed scheme is highly efficient and secure as it overcomes the limitations of previous approaches of data security using encryption and decryption algorithms and data integrity assurance using TPA due to server computation time and accuracy.

Nowadays, Cloud storage helps the users to remotely store and access the data. Any modification or corruption in data by unauthorized users will lead to insecure cloud framework. Protecting the users data from unauthorized access or malicious attacks in cloud is one of the major research direction to address the issues of data privacy and integrity in cloud. Ensuring cloud data integrity and privacy seems to be the major issue. Inorder to overcome unauthorized access of users data even by Cloud Service Provider (CSP), Data integrity verification is performed through Trusted Third Party Auditor (TTPA). By TTPA, the cloud data auditing need to be performed and data security need to be ensured, without the knowledge of the actual data stored in cloud. Many researchers had keen interest to provide a cloud framework, which preserves the privacy and ensures the integrity of cloud data. In this paper, various researcher ideas based on privacy preservation public auditing schemes has been analyzed as an literature review.

Cloud storage is a mode of online storage in which data are stored on multiple virtual servers usually hosted by third parties. Cloud service providers manage and operate data storage as services. The major concern in cloud storage is the integrity of outsourced data. Many public auditing schemes which authorize the third party auditor (TPA) to check the integrity of outsourced data have been proposed. However, most of them are based on traditional public key cryptosystems. This paper proposes an efficient certificateless public auditing Scheme (CL‐PAS) in cloud storage. In the process of challenge and auditing, CL‐PAS ensures that malicious cloud servers cannot forge auditing evidences to deceive TPA to pass the verification, and prevents curious TPA from recovering original data from auditing evidences. So it strengthens privacy preserving. Security analysis shows that CL‐PAS scheme meets the predetermined security requirements. The simulation and performance analysis results show that, compared with similar schemes, CL‐PAS scheme has the higher efficiency.

The popularity of cloud computing is increasing day by day. Everyone, knowingly or unknowingly, is using the services of cloud computing. Users are having very limited capability devices in terms of storage or processing, etc. To solve the storage issues, they use remote cloud storage for outsourcing their data that results in various benefits to users or reduces the burden of users. However, with these benefits, some security concerns need to be addressed that are confidentiality, integrity, and availability. Cloud data integrity means whether the user’s outsourced data is intact or not. Many researchers have proposed various schemes to verify cloud data integrity. Starting with some initial work in this area, this paper reviews the most recent existing data integrity schemes based on some identified characteristics. It also provides the future research directions that can be used as a guidemap for various researchers in cloud data integrity verification area.KeywordsData integrity verificationCloud computingCloud security issuesCloud data auditingOutsourcing dataCloud storageProvable data possessionProof of retrievability

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