ἀpὸ καταβολῆς κόσμου

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The phrase ἀπὸ καταβολῆς κόσμου (apo katabolēs kosmou, “from the foundation of the world”) in Revelation 13:8 has sparked considerabledebate among scholars due to its grammatical flexibility and theological depth. This article is an attemptto determine whether it modifies “the book of life”(implying the names were written from the foundation of the world) or “the Lamb who was slain”(implying the Lamb was foreordained to be slain from the foundation of the world