P‐9.12: High‐resolution Autostereoscopic Three‐dimensional Display

We developed an electroholography unit, which consists of a special-purpose computational chip for holography and a reflective liquid-crystal display (LCD) panel, for a three-dimensional (3D) display. The special-purpose chip can compute a computer-generated hologram of 800x600 grids in size from a 3D object consisting of approximately 400 points in approximately 0.15 seconds. The pixel pitch and resolution of the LCD panel are 12 mum and 800x600 grids, respectively. We implemented the special purpose chip and LCD panel on a printed circuit board of approximately 28cmx13cm in size. After the calculation, the computer-generated hologram produced by the special-purpose chip is displayed on the LCD panel. When we illuminate a reference light to the LCD panel, we can observe a 3D animation of approximately 3cmx3cmx3cm in size. In the present paper, we report the electroholographic display unit together with a simple 3D display system.

We present a method to display an integral three-dimensional (3D) image without gaps between multiple display active areas by using multiple liquid crystal display (LCD) panels and multi-image combining optical systems (MICOS). We designed a MICOS to improve the resolution characteristics and decrease the luminance unevenness corresponding to the viewpoint. Furthermore, we developed a method for correcting the distortion of the integral 3D image by using image processing. We prototyped an integral 3D display using four 8K dual-green (8KDG) LCD panels and the improved MICOSs. The prototype display achieved to magnify the display area about 5.66 times more than when a single LCD panel was used.

Photopolymers have been applied in many Additive Manufacturing (AM) systems and mostly are cured by UV light. Biodegradable photo-curable polymers are very limited and are not commercially available. DLP-projected maskless AM systems become more and more popular nowadays, but its working area is limited if the part resolution is required. For larger working envelope purpose, liquid crystal display (LCD) panel has great potentials, and LCD’s resolution has been improved significantly in the past few years due to the smart phone application. Therefore, in this research, LCD panel is used to replace DLP for a maskless AM system to cure biodegradable materials, Polycarprolactone (PCL) and Poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEG-DA). Due to the characteristics of LCD panel, the material systems should be sensitive and photo-polymerized in visible-light range, particularly in RGB. In this study, various percentages of visiblelight photoinitiator, Irgacure 784, in the material systems were investigated. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were utilized to characterize cured biomaterials. Because of the use of photoinitiator, the biocompatibility of the cured materials was also concerned, and hence, MTT assay tests were performed. The preliminary tests of fabrication, using the LCD-projected maskless AM system, cured grid patterns to illustrate the feasibility. The visible-light-curable PCL and PEG-DA will be able to be adopted in tissue engineering scaffold applications in the future.

This article documents the results of the first in a series of experiments designed to evaluate the suitability of a novel, high resolution, color, digital, liquid crystal display (LCD) panel for diagnostic quality, gray scale image display. The goal of this experiment was to measure the performance of the display, especially with respect to luminance. The panel evaluated was the IBM T221 22.2" backlit active matrix liquid crystal display (AMLCD) with native resolution of 3840 x 2400 pixels. Taking advantage of the color capabilities of the workstation, we were able to create a 256-entry grayscale calibration look-up table derived from a palette of 1786 nearly gray luminance values. We also constructed a 256-entry grayscale calibration look-up table derived from a palette of 256 true gray values for which the red, green, and blue values were equal. These calibrations will now be used in our evaluation of human contrast-detail perception on this LCD panel.

A digital time‐modulation pixel memory circuit on glass substrate has been designed and verified in a 3‐μm low temperature poly‐silicon (LTPS) technology. The proposed circuit can generate 4‐bit digital codes and the corresponding inversion data by time‐modulation technique to refresh the static image without activating the data driver circuit. Therefore, the data driver of liquid crystal display (LCD) panel is not required to provide the image data of the frame by the proposed circuit while the LCD panel operates in the still mode. The power consumption from data driver can be further reduced in the LCD panel.

A photolithography processing and wet-etching technology for use in forming ZnO transparent electrodes that are just a few micrometers in line-widths for application to Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) panels was developed. The chemicals (developed or obtained commercially) used for the photolithography process included a strong alkaline photoresist-developer, an alkaline photoresist-stripper with pH11-13 and a weak acidic etchant with pH 5.5-6.8 suitable for ZnO compound films with amphoteric properties. Optimization of the process conditions for photolithography and etching played a critical part in the development of the technology. We succeeded in forming transparent fine-patterns of Ga-doped ZnO films with 4 micronmeter line-widths and space-widths using this method. These fine line sizes indicate that our technology has reached a technical level comparable to those used for forming the ITO fine-pattern electrodes currently used for commercially available LCD panels.

In‐cell sensor technology applied in Liquid Crystal Displays (LCDs) panels are investigated to enable adaptive adjustment of screen brightness and color temperature based on ambient light, thereby enhancing the display performance of screens in various environments. By incorporating ambient light sensors (ALS) and color temperature sensors (CTS), which are compatible with the normal manufacturing process of LCD panels, TCL CSOT has achieved a technological upgrade compared to traditional LCDs technology. In‐cell ALS referred to a wide sensing range of 0~10000 lux and high resolution of 1 lux below 50 lux. In‐cell CTS showed an effective range of 3500~9000 K with detection accuracy of 800 K. With these sensors, LCDs panel can adaptively change its brightness and color temperature within different environments, leading to a new feature of TV, monitor and other commercial LCDs.

Color reproductions for LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) panels are different from that of CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) display. Color reproductions for a typical color LCD panel for personal computer (TFT transmissive type for Sharp Mebius MN930-X23) are examined. The reproduction color gamut on the (x,y) chromaticity diagram are measured by varying the input digital levels. The color reproduction area becomes smaller in accordance with the lower input digital level. The correlated color temperatures also vary with the input digital levels. The lower the input digital levels, the higher the correlated color temperatures. The method for making the correlated color temperature constant is shown in this paper. The gamma curves for three primary colors are modified to fix the correlated color temperatures. The compensation of the correlated color temperature has been confirmed on the LCD panel.

[ACCESS RESTRICTED TO THE UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI AT AUTHOR'S REQUEST.] Airy beam is a self-sustained light beam that propagates in free space along a parabolic trajectory with a constant lateral acceleration. It is a diffraction-free beam with an electric field pattern described by the Airy function containing a main lobe and side lobes. Unlike Gaussian beam that expands after the focus, a practical finite-energy Airy beam keeps its pattern without spreading over a relatively long distance during its propagation. This unique feature makes the Airy beam a great potential of designing optical systems for three-dimensional (3D) imaging. In this work, we develop a new optical 3D imaging methodology using Airy beam. The proposed imaging method has an advantage of increased depth of field (DOF) that is important in biological optical imaging. In the first step, we perform a fundamental research on specific parameters that can affect the properties of the Airy beams. The finite-energy Airy beams are generated by optical Fourier transform using a lens with the incoming plane wave that is truncated by an aperture. Our simulation and experiments showed that by changing the aperture size and the focal length of the lens, the Airy beam pattern is modified. In addition, the DOF, the beam size and the main lobe energy are changed. As a result, Airy beam can be designed for specific imaging applications. Next, we consider the phase in the cubic phase pattern for the phase modulation to generate the Airy beam. This problem is related to the wavelength dependent phase modulation since the phase in cubic phase pattern is designed for a specific wavelength whereas a broadband light source is normally used in optical coherence tomography (OCT). A liquid crystal display (LCD) panel from a projector is used as the SLM. The cubic phase patterns with different gray values displayed on the computer screen provide different phase modulations in the SLM. The experimental and simulated results show that the phase modulation affects the beam shape of the Airy beam. If the maximum phase modulation is larger than 1.7pi, the Airy beam can keep its pattern and the unmodulated Gaussian beam can be neglected. Further, we design a 3D imaging system using the phase-space method based on the Wigner distribution function (WDF). We theoretically build the WDF for the Airy beam and show that the WDF of the Airy beam is shifted in the phase-space as the transverse position of incoming Airy beam changes, and the WDF is tilted as changing the axial position (along the propagation direction). A larger truncating factor can reduce the energy contribution in WDF for the side lobes and modify the shape of the main lobe close to a straight line. In this case, the WDF of the Airy beam is similar to that of the Gaussian beam. However, the DOF of the Airy beam is greatly improved. We perform experimental measurements of WDF using the basic idea of measuring both the space and spatial frequency information in a 4-f system. Our experimental results match the simulation and validate the 3D imaging using Airy beam in the phase space.

Our previous study demonstrated massive emissions of liquid crystal monomers (LCMs) from liquid crystal display (LCD)-associated e-waste dismantling; however, the compositions, priority list, and inventory of LCMs in waste LCD panels remain unknown. Herein, we conducted the first comprehensive identification covering a broader range of LCMs, including 21 biphenyls and analogues (BAs), 28 cyanobiphenyls and analogues (CBAs), and 44 fluorinated biphenyls and analogues (FBAs), in waste television/computer LCD panels. A total of 64 of the 93 target LCMs, including 19 BAs, 6 CBAs, and 39 FBAs, were widely detected in collected waste LCD panels. Approximately 10-18 of the 64 detectable LCMs were identified as the main compositions in various waste LCD panels, which contributed to >90% of the total LCMs. Total concentrations of FBAs in the television/computer LCD panel samples were comparable to those of BAs but much higher than those of CBAs, indicating FBAs and BAs being the commonly used LCM categories. The composition distribution of LCMs varied between television/computer LCDs and among different brands of television/computer LCDs. A preliminary estimate of the globally direct release of LCMs from waste television/computer LCD panels into various environmental compartments was about 1.07-107 kg/year, which will increase considerably in the near future.

We propose Fuwa-Vision, a simple interactive auto-stereoscopic display for multiple users, which does not require glasses or mechanical moving components. This system can project auto-stereoscopic images in midair with a simple structure. This provides a proper view of the combination of stereoscopic objects and real objects. In this setup, it can detect the location of the object, and allow the interaction with the 3D image. For example, it can detect the position of the candle, and render virtual flame for this candle as if it were with real fire.This display is consist of four parts, backlighted Liquid Crystal Display(LCD), transparent LCD, the Fresnel convex lens on the optical axis and the head tracking system for the viewer's position. It control the direction of light precisely.

Anisotropic conductive films (ACFs) are adhesive films with anisotropic conductivity induced by dispersing conducting particles such as metal coated plastic balls and metal particles into polymer matrices such as thermoplastics and thermosetting resins. ACFs have been widely used for driver IC packaging technologies in FPDs(Flat panel displays) such as LCDs(Liquid crystal displays) for last two decades. So far various packaging technologies such as TCP(Tape carrier package) on LCD panel or PWB(Printed wiring board), COF(Chip on flex) on LCD panel or PWB, and COG(Chip on Glass) using ACFs have been realized to meet the requirement of fine pitch capability and make the flat panel displays smaller, lighter and thinner. In this paper, the history of ACF and driver IC packaging are described. In addition, it is mentioned that how important driver IC packaging is in implementing the miniaturization, high resolution, low cost and high display quality. ACF material design for COF which is advantageous in fine pitch interconnection is described. It is indicated that low temperature curable ACF is very useful in improving productivity of LCD modules and reducing the thermal stress at the interface in large LCD modules. We also indicates that the warpage of LCD panel after COG interconnection induces the light linkage issue in LCD modules. Lowering bonding temperature of ACF is also very important in reducing the warpae issue and avoiding the light linkage issue when COG is applied for driver IC packaging in large LCD modules.

Using image analysis techniques to enhance TFT-LCD manufacturing yield through timely detection of PI alignment layer defects

Image quality of flat panel displays, especially Liquid Crystal Display (LCD), has been improved for these years. Among those flat panels, an LCD has advantage for space occupancy, electrical consumption and heat dissipation and so on. Furthermore, its brightness is noteworthy for radiological image display. Because of an external light source of an LCD panel, the maximum brightness can be expected to exceed a CRT''s. In this paper, experimental remarks on characteristics of several LCD panels are mentioned. And also possibility of LCD as a display device of PACS workstation is discussed. A portable PACS workstation using a LCD panel based on PC under development is introduced.

Determination of toxic metals in discarded Liquid Crystal Displays (LCDs)