Parameter Estimation of the Nonlinear Dynamics of a Thyristor Driven DC-Motor Experimental Set-Up Using HMF-Method

A report is presented on the results of the second benchmark control problem prepared by the Benchmark Working Group of the IEEE Control Systems Society Technical Committee on computer-aided control system design (CACSD). The problem deals with a continuous-time missile autopilot design. The purpose of this benchmark is to provide a useful measure of some of the capabilities of computer-aided control system design packages. The problem requires time simulations, eigenvalue calculations, and frequency-response plots of relatively high-order linear systems. The problem is described, and the results submitted to date are summarized. >

Features in the design of a graphical man-machine interface for pre-processing the inputs to computer-aided control system design software are described in this paper. The primary objective is to allow the control engineer to communicate with a modem graphics workstation in a natural, familiar and friendly way, by means of block diagrams, signal flow graphs and standard mathematical text. Graphical methods for the input and output of these are described. Transformations between different system descriptions are considered which allow all algebraic manipulations and reductions to be performed on signal flow graphs. For these manipulations, rule-based methods are shown to be effective. The possibility of using symbolic computation languages for algebraic operations is also considered.

A description is given of a computer-aided control system design package, NLCON, that supports analysis and design functions for single-input/single-output nonlinear control systems with a single nonlinearity. The single nonlinearity can be one of seven nonlinearities commonly encountered in mechanical systems, and its location within the system is not restricted. The controller design benefits from designer experience, but it is facilitated by the software package, since program operation is highly interactive and the interface is user friendly. The analysis functions supported include sinusoidal-input describing functions and limit-cycle analysis, frequency-response determination, and jump-resonance analysis. Design functions include procedures for compensator modification to modify limit-cycle and jump-resonance behavior. A design advisory is provided for some simple design situations. Examples to illustrate various facets of program operation are presented.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>

Computer-aided multivariable control system design for processes with time delays

Applying geometric and dimensional tolerances (GD&T) to part features in computer-aided design (CAD) software is essential so that the part will function properly and to guide downstream manufacturing and inspection processes. However, it is not well characterized how CAD software implements capabilities for a designer to apply GD&T to a part. Of course, CAD software vendors do their own internal testing of those capabilities and users evaluate CAD software so that it satisfies their CAD modeling requirements. However, there has never been any rigorous public-domain testing of CAD software GD&T implementations. To improve that situation, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has developed a system to test implementations of GD&T in CAD software. Representative part geometry with GD&T applied to features was modeled in four of the major CAD systems. Errors with semantic representation and graphical presentation of the GD&T were collected and analyzed. The testing methodology, test results, and data analysis demonstrate how well the CAD system GD&T implementations perform. The testing project results can be used as a basis for future testing, methods, and standards to evaluate defects in GD&T applied to part features.

Evaluation of the virtual cement gap parameter of different CAD software programs in designing a single crown restoration: An in vitro study

Since the emergence of Computer Aided Design (CAD) software in 1957, educators have been committed to equipping design engineering students with proficiency in the most widely employed CAD tools in the industry. In the early days, training focused on step by step instructions and understanding CAD theory. Overtime, lecturers adopted more hands-on practice, project-based learning and collaborative learning techniques [1]. The abundance of online resources and tutorials has allowed lecturers, particularly in Higher Education (HE), to focus less on training and more on theory and use of various software and techniques. Over the last decade, the number, pace and emergence of unique sub-sector software development has grown exponentially, making it difficult for educators to adopt a fixed CAD curriculum. In the early days, the dominant players in the CAD software arena until the early 2010s were Solidworks, Rhino 3D, and Autodesk Maya, each equipped with its own proprietary rendering engine. However, over the past decade, there has been a proliferation of CAD software alternatives, complemented by independent rendering engines like Keyshot, notably embraced by software applications such as Blender, Gravity sketch, and Sketchup. In particular, Blender and Rhino's Grasshopper add-on have experienced a surge in user-generated custom add-ons, broadening the array of available features and functionalities. The rapid expansion of Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools over the last two years has introduced a new layer of complexity, as tools such as Midjourney, Stable Diffusion, and Control Net have gained prominence in the industry. The exponential growth of computational tools available has presented higher education institutions with a perplexing choice regarding which CAD software to teach and the most effective pedagogical methods [2]. This complexity is further compounded by the dynamic nature of software development and the diverse career paths of students, each demanding a distinct skill set for success. This intricate situation prompts the inquiry into an approach to future-proof and tailor CAD software education to the unique requirements of each student cohort . Perhaps the same tool that advances learning can be used for future-proofing? Whilst there are examples of successful uses of AI in education in other disciplines, the inquiry using baseline data from undergraduate and postgraduate students at a world leading institution raises additional questions: • Can we design an AI tool that develops bespoke CAD learning for students? • Can this learning go beyond simple command instructions and extract higher universal principles of CAD theory? • Specifically in HE, can AI be used to create individual learning plans based on student’s interests, industry needs and ongoing advances in CAD? References : [1] Brink, Kilbrink & Gericke, 2023. Teach to Use CAD or through Using CAD: An Interview Study with Technology Teachers. International journal of technology and design education 33.3: 957–979. [2] Xie, 2018. Learning and Teaching Engineering Design through Modeling and Simulation on a CAD Platform. Computer applications in engineering education 26.4: 824–840. [3] Ye, Peng, Chen & Cai, 2004. Today's students, tomorrow's engineers: an industrial perspective on CAD education, Computer-Aided Design, Volume 36, Issue 14, 2004, 1451-1460.

This paper describes a methodology for automation of measurements in Computer-Aided Design (CAD) software by enabling the use of supervised learning algorithms. The paper presents a proof of concept of how dimensions are placed automatically in the drawing at predicted positions. The framework consists of two trained neural networks and a rule-based system. Four steps compound the methodology. 1. Create a data set of labeled images for training a pre-built convolutional neural network (YOLOv5) using CAD automatic procedures. 2. Train the model to make predictions on 2D drawing imagery, identifying their relevant features. 3. Reuse the information extracted from YOLOv5 in a new neural network to produce measurement data. The output of this model is a matrix containing measurement location and size data. 4. Convert the final data output into actual measurements of an unseen geometry using a rule-based system for automatic dimension generation. Although the rule-based system is highly dependent on the problem and the CAD software, both supervised learning models exhibit high performance and reusability. Future work aims to make the framework suitable for more complex products. The methodology presented is promising and shows potential for minimizing human resources in repetitive CAD work, particularly in the task of creating engineering drawings.

BENCHMARK PROBLEMS FOR COMPUTER-AIDED CONTROL SYSTEM DESIGN

This study set out to compare the three-dimensional (3D) trueness of crowns produced from three types of lithium disilicate blocks. The working model was digitized, and single crowns (maxillary left second molar) were designed using computer-aided design (CAD) software. To produce a crown design model (CDM), a crown design file was extracted from the CAD software. In addition, using the CDM file and a milling machine (N = 20), three types of lithium disilicate blocks (e.max CAD, HASS Rosetta, and VITA Suprinity) were processed. To produce a crown scan model (CSM), the inner surface of each fabricated crown was digitized using a touch-probe scanner. In addition, using 3D inspection software, the CDM was partitioned (into marginal, axis, angular, and occlusal regions), the CDM and CSM were overlapped, and a 3D analysis was conducted. A Kruskal–Wallis test (α = 0.05) was conducted with all-segmented teeth with the root mean square (RMS), and they were analyzed using the Mann–Whitney U-test and the Bonferroni correction method as a post hoc test. There was a significant difference in the trueness of the crowns according to the type of lithium disilicate block (p &lt; 0.001). The overall RMS value was at a maximum for e.max (42.9 ± 4.4 µm), followed by HASS (30.1 ± 9.0 µm) and then VITA (27.3 ± 7.9 µm). However, there was no significant difference between HASS and VITA (p = 0.541). There were significant differences in all regions inside the crown (p &lt; 0.001). There was a significantly high trueness in the angular region inside the crown (p &lt; 0.001). A correction could thus be applied in the CAD process, considering the differences in the trueness by the type of lithium disilicate block. In addition, to attain a crown with an excellent fit, it is necessary to provide a larger setting space for the angular region during the CAD process.

Batch scheme recursive parameter estimation of continuous-time systems using the modulating functions method

It has been always a challenge to grade and assess the students’ CAD (Computer-Aided Design) three-dimensional models in the class. The high number of the files and complexity of models make the task time-consuming and tedious many times. For example, even opening and closing each CAD file takes a lot of time. When hundreds of CAD models need to open and verified, it takes more than one hour to finish the task. The work has been done to simplify this task and make it easy using Commercial CAD software’s API (Application Programming Interface), which can be used to automate and customize the CAD software. The API contains hundreds of functions that you can call from Visual Basic for Applications (VBA), VB.NET, Visual C#, Visual C++ 6.0, and Visual C++/CLI. These functions provide direct access to CAD functionality such as opening a file, check the important physical properties of three-dimensional models. Custom API program has been programmed for the task. The custom program executes the internal commends in CAD software and retrieve the data you need from each CAD file automatically. The program opens the multiple CAD files in the folder and check each file’s physical properties and save the information in MS Excel for the review. The program checks the volume (w.r.t the given coordinates) in two standard units (English and S.I. Units), the creator of model (to prevent the plagiarism) and degrees of sketch. In this paper, the following topics will be discussed and presented. 1) The problem with manual grading and assessment, 2) History and background of API functionality in commercial CAD software, 3) Examples of simple source code for API usage, 4) Running example of the API program for the given task, 5) Comparison between manual assessment and automatic assessment using API in terms of spent time. 6) Future improvement with API program. Actual demonstration of the program will be given during the presentation.

This study investigates the impact of Project Based Learning (PBL) integrated with Computer Aided Design (CAD) software on improving technical drawing skills among vocational high school students. The experimental design involved two groups: an experimental group that received PBL based instruction using CAD software, and a control group that followed traditional instructional methods. The results revealed a significant improvement in the technical drawing skills of the experimental group, as indicated by higher post-test scores compared to the control group. These findings suggest that PBL, when coupled with CAD tools, fosters active learning, critical thinking, and enhances students' ability to visualize and create accurate technical drawings. Additionally, the project-based approach promoted collaboration, real world problem solving, and digital literacy, key competencies in vocational education. The study also identified a substantial effect size (Cohens d=2.97), emphasizing the significant educational impact of the PBL CAD integration. Despite the promising results, the study highlights limitations in terms of generalizability due to the single school sample and suggests further exploration of affective and behavioral outcomes in future research. In conclusion, the integration of PBL and CAD software represents an effective pedagogical strategy for improving technical drawing skills and preparing students for the demands of the modern workforce.

The current design of the harvesting machine exhibits limitations in terms of efficiency and operational cost. The existing track system, cart configuration, and lack of flexibility in the harvesting tool hinder optimal performance. To address these issues, this research aimed to propose and evaluate three design improvements: transitioning from a track system to tyres, integrating a six-axis robotic arm, and separating the cart system. The study utilised Computer-Aided Design (CAD) software for detailed modelling and visualisation of the proposed designs. A basic economic analysis was also done to study the impact of design improvement on the machine’s operational cost. When the track system changed to tyres, the travelling speed increased to 3.5 times that of the current speed, i.e., 13 km/h. The cart was separated into an additional chassis so the centre of mass could be maintained at the proper position. The six-axis robotic arm added flexibility to the harvesting tool. Economic analysis indicated that the new machine design had a lower operational expenditure (OPEX), i.e., RM58.94 compared to RM60.78, although the price of the new machine was RM100,000 higher. It can be concluded that the new design improvements using CAD software could be used to assess the machine’s viability without constructing a physical prototype.

An Interactive Computer-aided Process Controller Design Package