Parametric Design Concept in Architectural Studies

We present a study of how parametric design can be linked to field experiments where ready-made plug-ins are not available for performative modelling. The study centres on prototyping 'Singing Cans' - an experimental wind instrument made with an assembly of drinking cans that can produce sounds in recognizable pitches by interacting with airflows. We describe how field experiments conducted in a fluid flow lab can generate performative resources linkable to parametric design modelling. In Singing Cans, we focus on how to get airflow through a hole made on drinking can to make sounds. The prototyping process involved a lab-based calibration process to establish the relationship between the air volume of a can, measured by water-filling, and the pitch produced, measured by the Tuner Lite by Piascore. The field experiments resulted in a dataset capturing a can's sound-making behaviour in terms of water volumes and pitches. A parametric model that can take in wind data generated by a CFD package and output a 3D frame for site-specific cans installation is presented.

Section I. Introduction.- 1. Introduction.- Section II. Tacit Knowledge and Apprenticeship.- 2. The Practice of the Use of Computers. A Paradoxical Encounter between Different Traditions of Knowledge.- Paradoxical Views of Knowledge in the Age of Enlightenment.- On Following Rules.- What is a Computer?.- A Boat Builder on the West Coast of Sweden.- Judging Light in Photography.- Technology and Culture.- Routine Practice and Development Practice.- Error-Location in a Computer Program.- Three Categories of Knowledge.- An Epistemological Error.- 3. The Nurse as Engineer - the Theory of Knowledge in Research in the Care Sector.- Two Irreconcilable Traditions.- Systems Theory in Medical Care.- Expert Systems.- The Theory of Knowledge for Practitioners.- The Concept of Practice.- Who Draws the Boundary between Man and Machine?.- Conclusion.- 4. Automation-Skill-Apprenticeship.- The Dream of the Automated Factory.- Practical Knowledge.- Propositional Knowledge.- Conclusions.- 5. Computerization and Skill in Local Weather Forecasting.- Method.- What is the Weather Like Today?.- Weather Forecasting and Computerization.- Working Knowledge and Skill.- The Inner Weather Picture.- Experiences of Numerical Forecasts.- Experiences of the Computerized Map-Plotting System.- Skill as a Basis for Alternatives.- Conclusion.- 6. Tacit Knowledge, Working Life and Scientific Method.- Section III. Skill and Artificial Intelligence.- 7. Can Skills be Transferable?.- The Politics of Skills Transfer.- What are Skills?.- The Strategic Significance of Skills.- Transferring Skills.- Models for the Transfer of Skills.- Preconditions for the Transfer of Skills.- Technology and Skills.- Artificial Intelligence and Skills.- The Politics of Skills.- 8. Artificial Intelligence and Social Action: Education and Training.- Nature of Expert Knowledge and Its Transfer.- Design Issues.- Social Domains: Design Criteria for AI Systems.- Human-centred Approach for Knowledge Transfer.- Participatory Model.- The Human Domain: AI Technology and its Limitations.- Towards Designing Human-Centred Learning Systems: A Research Initiative at the SEAKE Centre.- A New Initiative in Health Care Training.- The Domain of Health: Some Concerns of Automating Social Knowledge.- A Knowledge-Based Learning System for a Social Domain: A Case-Study in Adult Literacy using the Domain of Diet Planning and Health.- Designing the System: using Learning as a Social Process.- Learning through Designing the Knowledge Base.- Piloting the System with Students and Lessons Learnt.- Back to the Health Care Project: Preliminary Work.- Concluding Remarks.- 9. Skill, Education and Social Value: Some Thoughts on the Metonymy of Skill and Skill Transfer.- Introduction: Skills and Social Interaction.- The Metonymy of Skill.- Power of Knowledge Transfer.- Two Models of Knowledge Transfer Colonial and Independent.- 10. Knowledge Acquisition for Expert Systems.- Computer Knowledge.- System Development.- Understanding the Problem.- The Knowledge Acquisition Process.- Methods.- Conclusion.- 11. Knowledge-Based Computer Decision-Aids for General Practice.- Information Overload in General Practice.- How Do General Practitioners Make Decisions?.- General Practitioners as Experts?.- What Do We Mean by Knowledge?.- What Kinds of Knowledge?.- Certainty and Risk in Data and Knowledge.- Putting Knowledge to Practical Use.- The Oxford System of Medicine (OSM).- The User Interface.- Will General Practitioners Accept a Computerized Decision-Aid?.- Section IV. Artificial Intelligence and the Flexible Craftsman.- 12. Creativity, Skill and Human-Centred Systems.- Common Sense and Tacit Knowledge.- The Acquisition of Skill.- Problems of Human-Machine Interaction.- Human-Centred CIM (Computer Integrated Manufacturing).- 13. Professional Knowledge and the Limits of Automation in Administrations.- The Problem.- Learning from Experience and the Computerization of Administrative Work.- Distributive Effects of the Use of New Technology.- Substitutive Effects of the Use of New Technology.- Conclusions.- 14. The Changing Nature of the Engineering Craft Apprenticeship System in the United Kingdom.- The 1960s to the Present Day.- The Engineering Craft Job Structure.- Training for Engineering Craft Skills.- Conclusions.- 15. Delegation and Decentralization - Computer Systems as Tools for Instruction and Improved Service to Clients.- Delegation and Central Control in the Norwegian National Insurance Service.- Instruction and Quality of Service.- Information Technology and the Decentralized Organizational Structure.- Quality of Service and the Importance of Direct Contact with the Public.- Conclusion.- 16. Applying Expert Systems Technology: Division of Labour and Division of Knowledge.- New Paradigm or More of the Same?.- Codifying Domain Data.- Experiences from Applied Expert Systems.- The Flexibility Myth.- The Explanation Problem.- ES Amplification of the Organizational Culture.- Concluding Advice to System Designers.

ObjectiveTo measure changes in socioeconomic inequality in the distribution of family physicians (general practitioners (GPs)) relative to need in England from 2004/2005 to 2013/2014.DesignWhole-population small area longitudinal data linkage study.SettingEngland...

Do Canada and the United States Differ in Prevalence of Depression and Utilization of Services?

By using parametric modelling tools, designers can simulate a high number of design‐variants with relatively low effort. Visual programming software's like Grasshopper significantly lowers the threshold for beginners to start building parametric models. This paper discusses how using Grasshopper as a parametric design tool can be applied by structural engineers to improve well‐informed decision making, when designing a steel structure. Finally, worth mentioning further possibilities parametric design workflows can bring are discussed such as optimisation strategies, optimising sustainability and including structural connections in the parametric model.

BIM is increasingly crucial for the building construction, yet deviations from actual construction limit its construction monitoring applications. Therefore, this paper proposes a BIM‐construction interaction method that integrates parametric modeling, point cloud processing, and parameter optimization and fitting to enhance the construction monitoring. Proposed parametric modeling methods equip BIM elements with the ability of the pose adjustment and deformation modification, addressing potential deviations during construction. Developed component feature extraction algorithms efficiently capture pose and deformation features from the point cloud model that sufficiently and accurately reflect the actual state of the structural components. The proposed parameter optimization and fitting approach targets model parameters for optimization and aims to match pose and deformation features for fitting. By constructing objective functions that quantify the deviation between the BIM and point cloud models, the process is driven by the RBFOpt optimization algorithm and Opossum optimization solver. This approach enables the automatic updating of the design BIM into the as‐built BIM and generates deviation data between the two models, providing a basis for comprehensive construction monitoring results. The BIM‐construction interaction method was applied to the core area construction of the Shanghai Grand Opera House, where it reduced the root mean square error (RMSE) between the parametric BIM and point cloud models of the core column, concrete thick shells, and cantilever beams from 0.0352 m, 0.0411 m, and 0.0323 m to 0.0082 m, 0.0323 m, and 0.0053 m, respectively, significantly reducing deviations between BIM and the actual construction. Comprehensive and quantitative construction monitoring data, including pose deviations and structural deformations, were obtained to assess the precision and safety of the core area construction. The results demonstrate that the BIM‐construction interaction method effectively supports the interaction between BIM and construction, enabling monitoring and evaluation based on point cloud data.

Parametric automatic optimal design of USV hull form with respect to wave resistance and seakeeping

Parametric design facilitates mass customization, concurrent engineering, optimization, and other product development integration processes used during preliminary and detailed design stages. Automated methods for regenerating and accessing parametric models can significantly reduce the time-to-market of new products. Applications that automate this process have inherent limitations based on the available features in commercial CAD systems. New technologies such as the component technology, used in conjunction with parametric and Internet-based design can eliminate current limitations of CAD applications based on Application Programming Interfaces. Joint educational/industrial examples will be used to illustrate where limitations have been reached with custom CAD applications built on commercial systems lacking the component technology. Furthermore, the CAD Services framework for the development of CAD and Computer-aided Manufacturing/Engineering (CAM/CAE) applications using the component technology will be discussed.

A national policy in Norway demanding certificates for medical absences in upper secondary school was implemented in 2016, leading to an increase in general practitioner (GP) visits in this age group. To assess the policy's effect on the use of primary and specialist healthcare. A cohort study following all Norwegian youth aged 14-21 in the years 2010-2019 using a difference-in-differences approach comparing exposed cohorts expected to attend upper secondary school after the policy change in 2016 with previous unexposed cohorts. Data were collected from national registries. The absence policy led to the increased number of contacts with GPs for exposed cohorts during all exposed years, with estimated incidence rate ratios (IRRs) in the range from 1.14 (95% confidence intervals [CI] 1.11-1.18) to 1.25 (95% CI 1.21-1.30). Consultations for respiratory tract infections increased during exposed years. However, there was no conclusive policy-related difference in mental health consultations with GPs. In specialist healthcare we did not find conclusive evidence of an effect of absence policy on the risk of any contact per school year, but there was a slightly increased risk of contacts with ear-nose-throat specialist services. We found an increase in general practice contacts attributable to the school absence policy. Apart from a possible increase in ear-nose-throat contacts, increased GP attention did not increase specialized healthcare.

Prescription is one of the principle issues in the rational treatment. Irrational use of medicines has become a global problem in many countries. The World Health Organization (WHO) has suggested several indicators for evaluating the quality of drug use at health facilities. Some prescribing Indicators included; average number and type of prescribed drugs, percentage of antimicrobial and injectable drugs, percentage of drugs prescribed by generic name and from essential drugs list and mean cost of prescriptions. 1,2 In Iran, national drug policies and regulatory systems have been developed to govern the process of prescription. In a regular drug-use survey, the prescriptions data from all physicians around the country are collected. These data are analyzed by the Rational Use of Drugs (RUD) Committee in Food and Drug Deputy of the Ministry of Health and Medical Education. In a regional setting, this process is done by medical sciences universities and health services. The activities of these Committees would provide potential quantitative and qualitative sources of data about drug use in a variety of local health facilities. The data would be helpful in defining problems in drug use patterns and also in identifying motivating factors and underlying causes including informational, economical, social, cultural and regulatory factors. During the last decade, various intervention approaches have been used for improving the prescribing practice. In Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, the committee of RUD was established by Food and Drug Deputy in 1996. The prescriptions data from all general and specialist physicians are collected from 20 cities of Isfahan province and analyzed using a computer software program (Rx Analyzer). Isfahan province is situated 400 km from Tehran in the center of Iran. In 2010, 4463710 prescriptions from Social Security Insurance Organization (an Iranian public insurance organization) issued by general practitioners were analyzed. Then the RUD Committee reported the results of survey to each physician for subsequent interventions. Table 1 shows the prescribing pattern of general physicians in Isfahan province of Iran which is very similar to the pattern of the country. 3 The mean item of drugs per prescription (3.34) shows high rate of polypharmacy. There is no universal or standard for the number of drugs prescribed per client and it is variable from 1.4-3.8 in developing countries and 1.3-2.2 in developed countries. 4 Pharmacological complexity of new drugs, ageing of population and lack of confidence resulted in increasing use of polypharmacy. Inappropriate and unnecessary drug prescribing may lead to higher adverse drug reactions (ADRs) and also higher costs. Although during the last decade, the quality of prescription has been improved in Iran, 3 the results of this survey showed that antibiotics, corticosteroids and injectable drugs are still prescribed frequently and probably inappropriately. About half of patients (51.25%) received an antibiotic. The pattern of antibiotic prescribing showed that penicillins were the most frequently prescribed antibiotics including amoxicillin (5.9%) and penicillin 6-3-3 (5.53%), followed by cefixime (3.62%) and azithromycin (2.74%). The rate of antibiotic prescription is variable in developing

The double helix rotor is core component of fluid transfer equipment, such as screw compressor and screw pump. Parametric design of the double helix rotor can greatly enhance the efficiency and quality of product design. No prototype parametric modeling has thoroughly analyzed under three-dimensional CAD software environment. According to the characteristics of double helix rotor modeling, a method which based on No prototype parametric modeling was introduced to three-dimensional parametric design of double helix rotor. Three-dimensional parametric design software of double helix rotor was developed using the secondary development function, provided by SolidWorks API. Software will become parametric design to simple, rapid and accurate, in the three-dimensional geometric modeling of the double helix rotor.

Natural disasters are increasing in frequency and intensity, causing escalating humanitarian crises and complex housing challenges globally. Traditional post-disaster housing solutions often fall short, being slow, costly, and ill-adapted to specific community needs. This study addresses these limitations by proposing an innovative, technology-driven model for post-disaster housing that integrates parametric design with 3D printing. The objective is to develop a flexible and adaptable system capable of providing both immediate temporary shelter and evolving permanent housing solutions. In this study, the methodology of the proposed model for post-disaster housing solutions is structured around three main phases: the development of the theoretical framework, the parametric design process, and the implementation phase. In the first phase, a comprehensive literature review and conceptual analyses were conducted to examine the concept of disaster, post-disaster housing approaches, and advanced technologies, thereby establishing the conceptual foundation of the model. In the second phase, parametric modeling was carried out for a modular system using algorithmic design tools such as Grasshopper; the model’s applicability across various scales and its flexibility were analyzed. In the final phase, material selection and digital prototyping of the gridal system were undertaken using 3D printing technology to evaluate the model’s feasibility for rapid on-site production, assembly, and disassembly. The model prioritizes user participation, modularity, and configurability to ensure rapid response and socio-cultural sensitivity. Findings indicate that this integrated approach offers substantial benefits, including accelerated construction, reduced labor and material waste, enhanced design flexibility, and the use of local, sustainable materials. This research highlights the transformative potential of advanced manufacturing in providing resilient, user-centered, and environmentally sustainable post-disaster housing, advocating for governmental financial support to overcome adoption barriers and foster broader implementation.

Drying is a work process that requires intense energy, because of the latent heat in the air as the drying medium. This paper presents a model of the Spray Dryer Extraction Machine whose principle is drying using a vacuum model. The extraction process in this machine is located in a holding tube equipped with a water jacket with a lid that is connected directly to the vacuum pipe above. The heat source comes from a gas stove with a working temperature between 70-150 degrees Celsius. The computer simulation method used is to analyze the Blower Frequency Rotation and Heat Transfer Spray Dryer Extraction Machine. Starting from parametric 3D model design, geometric simplification, and wizard simulation. The results show that the simulation of the rotation and frequency of the blower with 5 times the amplitude (increment) produces vibrations when there is a centrifugal force. With an LHV value of 46MJ/kg from the burner, it has a Heat Flux of 56,964,402 W/m^2. A probe has been carried out on the tube nodes to determine the value of the heat flux at the desired node points. Node 1 has a heat flux value of 56,037,832 W/m^2 with a temperature of 522,781 K. Node 2 has a heat flux value of 56,964,402 W/m^2 with a temperature of 514,902 K. Node 3 has a heat flux value of 26,108,422 W/m^2 with a temperature of 506,104 K. Node 4 has a heat flux value of 387,335 W/m <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> with a temperature of 396,006 K. Node 5 has a heat flux value of 223,44 W/m^2 with a temperature of 372,793 K

Although earthbag construction is recognizably a low environmental impact solution, existing software tools are limiting factors, since they do not have enough technical data to support its building information model. We propose a visual programming language code to generate earthbag domes inserted in a BIM environment, where these structures can be associated with other design and structural elements, producing the required technical data to inform construction including technical specifications as well as material and task quantification. This research adopted an experimental methodology exploring the advantages of the combination of Building Information modelling with parametric generative design in of the design of earthbag buildings or hybrid constructions involving earthbag walls of different geometries. It was validated resorting to a simulation process where it was possible to redesign and 3D print a scaled model of an existing earthbag building that merges different shapes in the same building, including the automated generation of the associated technical data. The developed tool allows designing different types of earthbag buildings providing a typical BIM model including both geometric model and technical specifications.

Education of researchers: How is the career from student to senior researcher? Is it desirable to establish an education for researchers in general practice? The mutual understanding between academic and non-academic general practice research. Relations /understanding. Financing of general practice research: How do we get the funding? Attitude to private funding? How does general practice influence the funding policy? What is the background of our own national funding policy? The relations between political administrations and general practice: How do we communicate? How is our policy of publications influenced by these regards?