Parametric model for the analysis of urban planning activities

Green spaces have been recognised for their positive impact on residents’ health and well-being. However, equitable access to these spaces remains a concern as certain social groups face barriers to reaching public green areas (PGS). Existing studies have explored the relationship between green spaces and vulnerable populations but have often overlooked the spatial variations in accessibility experienced by these groups. This research aimed to investigate the spatial association between green space accessibility and five key variables representing vulnerability: age, educational deprivation, health deprivation, crime rates, and housing barriers. Ordinary least squares and multi-scale geographically weighted regression (MGWR) techniques were employed to analyse the relationship between the nearest distance to public green spaces and the challenges experienced by vulnerable groups based on socioeconomic factors in England. The findings highlight disparities in open green space access for vulnerable groups, particularly older adults and individuals with limited education and housing accessibility, who are more likely to face restricted access to green spaces. There was a negative correlation found between health deprivation and the accessibility of green spaces, indicating people who suffer from the disease may live closer to green spaces. Surprisingly, although a positive association was observed between crime risk and distance to public green space in most areas, there were specific areas that exhibit a negative correlation between them. This study emphasises the importance of considering the perspectives of vulnerable groups in addressing PGS inequality and underscores the need for inclusive public green space planning and policy development.

This study examines the impact of private ownership and management of public spaces in Jakarta on its quality of publicness. Jakarta has faced challenges in providing open public spaces and green areas due to financial constraints, leading the government to involve the private sector. However, this approach was unprecedented in the country, and the result was yet to have proper analysis, thus making its effectiveness doubtful. Jakarta lacks specific regulations for public spaces, contributing to management confusion and failure to meet public green open space requirements set in 1965. This research fills a gap in discourse by employing an index of publicness to assess urban spaces. Methodologically, the research utilized a mixed-method approach comprising surveys and interviews with 229 participants at four case study locations: Taman Monas, Taman Menteng, Tribeca Park, and Hutan Kota by Plataran. The study found that the involvement of private sectors in the management of publicly owned open space resulted in a low-only 29%-publicness level. The study emphasizes the need for Jakarta to establish robust regulations that prioritize public access and democratic participation in the management of urban spaces. Clear guidelines are essential to mitigate the negative effects of private sector involvement, ensuring fair distribution of resources and fostering a sense of ownership and belonging among the city's diverse population.

Nonthaburi, a suburban province adjacent to the Bangkok Metropolis, has experienced a reduction in green spaces due to urban expansion. This study quantified Nonthaburi’s green space through visual interpretation of land use and land cover (LULC) using THEOS and Sentinel-2. Areas of green space were extracted using remote sensing indices and pixel-based classification based on THEOS. The extracted green area was then integrated with the existing LULC patterns to align with the green space characteristic established by Thailand’s Office of Natural Resource and Environmental Policy and Planning. This includes public services, functional utility, median strips, community economics, fallow, and natural green space. The analysis of green space management and planning utilized the Urban Green Space Index (UGSI), Per Capita Green Space (PCGS), and accessibility to public green space. The results revealed that Nonthaburi comprises a green space area of 465.29 km2 or 73.06%, exhibiting a higher prevalence within its western region while displaying a relatively lower extent in the urban zone adjacent to the Bangkok Metropolis. The per capita green space is 367.71 m2 but decreases to 255.82 m2 when accounting for the latent population, meaning it still meets the World Health Organization (WHO) criteria. Currently, only six parks (single and clusters) meet the criteria for public green space. Additionally, both fallow and median strip green spaces (at road interchanges) need to be considered for their potential use in new public service. Furthermore, very high-resolution imagery from unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) should be used for green space planning by the organization.

Green open space (RTH) utilization is an important part of spatial planning in Sidoarjo Regency. In urban ecosystems, public green spaces are open areas designed for recreation, nature conservation and greening in urban environments. According to Local Regulation No. 6/2009 on the 2009-2029 Sidoarjo District Spatial Plan (RTRW), public green open space (RTH) is designed for recreation, nature conservation and greening. RTH is an important component of Sidoarjo District's spatial planning, especially in urban ecosystems The purpose of this research is to evaluate the level of compliance of RTH utilization in Tanjung Puri Park with the provisions of Sidoarjo District Spatial Plan No. 6/2009. This evaluation was conducted to support sustainable development in Sidoarjo Regency.The results of this study provide the fact that, Green Open Space (RTH) Taman Tanjung Puri does not meet the standards of the Sidoarjo Regency Spatial Plan properly. This is due to the type of green space and its function not in accordance with the plan, as well as the lack of infrastructure and facilities. On the other hand, Tanjung Puri Park is still underutilized as a public space. This situation is also caused by a lack of budget, management facilities and infrastructure, poor public understanding of the park's existence and purpose, and low community involvement. The conclusion obtained in this study is that the potential of Tanjung Puri Park as a public space is hampered by a lack of planning. Taman Tanjung Puri has great potential to provide various environmental, social, and economic benefits, but it’s utilization has not been optimal due to the lack of supporting facilities, inconsistent maintenance, low community participation, and fragmented management being the inhibiting factors.

Let X 1,…, X n be i.i.d. random variables from an unknown cumulative distribution function F defined on the real line ℝ. No assumptions are made on the unknown F. The problem is to predict the empirical distribution function of a future sample Y = (Y 1,…,Y m ) from the distribution function F on the basis of the observations X 1,…, X n . To solve the problem, a decision theoretic approach is used. In certain situations, when for example a weighted quadratic loss function is used in the prediction problem, the problem of finding the minimax predictor of the empirical distribution function can be reduced to the problem of minimax estimation of the cumulative distribution function F under a composite weighted quadratic loss function. In such a case, a general method of finding minimax predictors of is presented. The method is also useful when no equalizer rule is available. The problem of prediction considered refers also to prediction of the empirical lifetime distribution function and may have some practical significance. For example, the results enable to predict, under the minimax criterion, the number of devices (from among all the m ones) which will fail up to any fixed time t 0.

Evaluation of the accessible urban public green space at the community-scale with the consideration of temporal accessibility and quality

Green Open Space "RTH" plays a very important role in realizing a sustainable city and has a balance of functions both ecologically and psychologically for urban communities. Green Open Space can be divided into two, namely public green open space and private green open space, but only public green open space can still be controlled directly by the government. The purpose of this study is to identify the availability of public green open space in the city of Denpasar and to formulate strategies and policies for managing public green open space in the city of Denpasar. Data collection techniques were carried out using interviews and questionnaires, qualitative and quantitative descriptive data analysis with SWOT analysis for the use of public green open space, and the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) to determine management strategies and policies. The availability of public green open space in 2011 was recorded at 2,341.48 or 18.32 percent. The availability of public green open space in 2019 was recorded at 1,572,990 ha or 12.49 percent. The difference in 2011 and 2019 was 768,490 Ha or 5.83 percent. The minimum area for public green open space following the 20 percent rule is 1.68 percent (in 2011) and 7.51 percent (in 2019). The implementation of Denpasar Public Green Open Space (RTH) management has not met the standards of the Minister of Home Affairs Regulation Number 1 of 2007 and Minister of Public Works Number 5 of 2008. The strategy for managing Green Open Space is to develop detailed spatial plans, install information boards, enforce laws, and implement incentives disincentives to relevant stakeholders

A vida urbana vem sofrendo profundas mudanças em decorrência das perdas causadas pela pandemia de Covid 19, que segundo a OMS (Organização Mundial da Saúde) é uma disseminação mundial do novo coronavírus, colocando-nos diante de uma reflexão sobre os desafios para nosso futuro comum: Que modelo de planejamento urbano devemos construir, e como as pessoas poderão se apropriar dos espaços públicos e das áreas verde da cidade de forma segura, inclusiva e com qualidade de vida nesse período durante e após pandemia? A pandemia declarada em 11/03/2020 pela OMS colocou em questão e ressaltou a importância das áreas verdes e dos espaços públicos urbanos, em contrapartida ao isolamento social a que todos ficamos submetidos, como a única “vacina” disponível para evitarmos a contaminação. Ao mesmo tempo, esse futuro incerto, nos remete a perguntas e incertezas sobre a maneira como enfrentar a crise climática, e fortalecer a sustentabilidade urbana e a qualidade de vida das pessoas em todo o planeta. A retrospectiva das pandemias que o mundo vem enfrentando, enfatiza a importância das áreas verdes na qualidade ambiental urbana das cidades, tendo como um dos principais elementos de preocupação a saúde das pessoas. Nesse sentido, será necessário propor mudanças no espaço físico e na forma de uso dos espaços públicos e das áreas verdes como forma de ressignificação da vida urbana.

Assess the state of public green areas, their importance and influence on environmental quality and living in urban centers is an arduous task considering the conceptual and scientific regarding quantification and data analysis methods divergence. In this study, we aimed to determine two indicators of public green areas relative to the percentage of public green areas (PPGA) and the public green areas index (PGAI) in the urban area of São Carlos, SP. The study area was organized into administrative regions (ARs), using satellite images, topographical maps of 1:10,000 Geographic and Cartographic Institute (1990) and data provided by the Municipality of São Carlos. The results show that public green areas comprise 6.55% of the municipality, with a public green areas index (PGAI) of 18.85 m2/inhabitant, indicating good urban environmental quality when compared to rates of 15 m2/capita for public green areas for recreation, suggested by the Brazilian Society of Urban Forestry. The differences between the administrative regions are concern with situations from 4.16 to 36.30 m2/inhabitant. In this context, it is recommend specific public policies and popular participation in the process of continuous improvement for increasing public green areas in the less favored regions. The Genebrino method applied to indicators of public green areas (GPGA - amount of public green areas divided by population density), showed a commendable goal above 40% for urban environmental quality.

The statistical distribution of bubbles in a 2D foam has been determined according to their area. A 2D foam chamber was designed and constructed, which allows long-term video recordings to be made. The bubbles corresponding to the last six frames, when the so-called scaling state is attained, were digitized at equally spaced time intervals, to measure their surface and count their number of neighbors. From the numerical results the empirical distribution functions are determined. Kolmogorov’s compatibility criterion was used to measure the differences between these empirical and three theoretical distribution functions: the normal distribution (bad fit, but a favorite of earlier reports), the power regression (good fit), and the log normal (the best fit).

As cities grow and urban population increases, researchers find it necessary to study the urban environment, particularly urban green spaces. The article is aimed at analyzing and assessing urban green spaces as well as identifying ways of their transformation.The attractiveness of urban green areas increases when they become part of a continuous pedestrian framework consisting of corridors (embankments, boulevards, alleys) and nuclei (gardens and parks). In big cities with the population of one million people or more continuous green pedestrian areas can be created only within a big city centre. On the city periphery they are concentrated around the so called periphery poles – comparatively small areas with a good access to public transport.Using field work methods the authors of the article have taken inventory and assessed the state of green spaces at the level of administrative districts in the city of Perm. They have also analyzed and assessed separate elements of the green spaces. The largest green spaces are located in Kirovsky and Ordzhonikidzevsky districts which are the most distant from the city centre. The best-kept green areas can be found in Leninsky and Sverdlovsky districts which are in the city centre. Parks and park areas are common in Perm. However they differ from each other in terms of their size, recreational facilities, accessibility and maintenance. The city does not have enough ecological, historic and cultural as well as theme objects which form ecological needs, develop esthetic and educational needs and make the city more attractive and original. Most parks and park spaces need additional reconstructing.In the big city centre of Perm a continuous pedestrian green framework has not been created yet although there are unique conditions for that. Today there are four separate components of the possible framework. Two of them are corridors; another one contains corridors and nuclei while the last component includes only nuclei. The elements of the pedestrian framework of the city centre account only for 10 percent of all the green spaces of Perm. The project of the urban railway system development will make the city periphery more attractive and encourage the creation of pedestrian framework nuclei there.Like all landscapes, parks in the city of Perm have a high cultural potential for creating comprehensive recreational and tourist facilities. Park area development in Perm should increase the touristic, cultural and ecological potential of the city, make open public spaces more comfortable and improve the environment. That is why public green spaces should get new functions.The work connected with improving green space management and functioning should unite city residents, help them build friendly relations with each other, support their initiatives and make them more interested in changing their environment for the better. This work contributes to the development of civil society if it is based on its institutions.KeywordsUrban environmentGreen spacesFunctioningTransformationCivil society

Objective: Some of the parliament buildings have public open and green spaces nearby. For instance, United States’ Capitol Building has Capitol Grounds, Germany’s Reichstag Building has Platz der Republik Park and Spreebogen Park, The Palace of Westminster of United Kingdom has Victoria Tower Gardens. These spaces originated as green public spaces associated with state. The parliament buildings are often landmarks. Their green spaces enhance the spatial quality. Green spaces make parliament buildings more attractive places to visit and work. There is no landscape architecture research on Türkiye’s first parliament building’s green space so called Millet Garden. The objective of this study is to identify historic features and evaluate components. Material and Methods: The research is structured in qualitative research method and consists of four parts. The first part includes theoretical framework. The explanation of research design and the implementation of data collection method is the second part. The third part contains description of the site. The fourth part constitutes analyses the components of historic landscape in details. Results: This study reveals the importance of the Millet Garden by evaluating it in terms of landscape architecture. Conclusion: This study touches upon the importance and benefits of historic landscapes. Finally, the study revealed some directions for further studies.

Previous research has underscored the significant role of urban green spaces in human health, highlighting stress reduction and enhanced well-being. The COVID-19 pandemic intensified interest in these spaces, yet potential academic shifts remain unexplored. This gap can bias perspectives and policies, affecting public health. In response, this paper determines types of public urban green spaces identified in academic literature as influencing human health, and explores the impact of COVID-19 on how health and well-being issues are examined across different groups in such spaces. This paper systematically reviews and analyses 74 papers spanning the pre-during-post pandemic, examining changes in types of green spaces, various health aspects, defining health and well-being attributes, studying demographic groups, and identifying the extent to which the pandemic was discussed. Results indicate a growing interest in research exploring the interaction between public urban green spaces and human health, especially mental health, with a notable expansion to include dimensions such as access equality, biodiversity, and ecosystem services. However, gaps persist in specific types of public urban green spaces and demographic representation. Interdisciplinary collaborations will be crucial in maximising the health-promoting potential of public urban green spaces and informing evidence-based policies for sustainable urban development and public health.

Suitability Analysis of The Location of The Development Public Green Open Space in The Sub District Palu Timur and Palu Barat The existence of green open spaces, especially for public green open spaces in the region of Palu City still showing lack of suitability with public aspect, therefore, to optimize the function of public space as a place for comfortable activities required the suitability analysis of the location to identify and determine prioritize the location of the development of public green open space based on aspects of the fulfillment of public functions. The purpose of this study was to identify and map the aspects that influence as well as analyze and determine the suitability of the location of the development of public green open space in the sub district of Palu Timur and Palu Barat. The results showed the suitability class of the location of development public green open space was divided into four class not suitable, enough suitable, suitable and very suitable.Based on the determination of suitability of location can be determined the priority of the location of the development of public green open space in the subdistrict Palu Timur and Palu Barat was located on an area with the suitability level very suitable with an area for subdistrict Palu Timur 885.576,32 m2 and Palu Barat 661.986,41 m2. Keywords: suitability, location, green open space

ObjectivePanax ginseng and Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz. (AMK) are widely used in treating various diseases; however, research is insufficient on measuring the relationship that exists by combining this drug pair using the copula function. Methods In this study, 279 traditional Chinese medicine prescriptions containing the Panax ginseng and AMK drug pair were extracted from the prescription database for three types of screened indications, namely, diabetes mellitus, diarrhea, and insomnia. Following the principle of dose conversion, each dynasty unit was uniformly converted into a modern unit. Then, the kernel density distribution of Panax ginseng and AMK was fitted with their empirical distribution functions. Finally, the optimal copula function was selected from the copula function family as a t-copula function. Results The empirical distribution and probability density functions of Panax ginseng and AMK were obtained. From the results, their Kendall rank correlation coefficients with indications of diabetes mellitus, insomnia, and diarrhea were 0.8689, 0.7858, and 0.7403, whereas their Spearman rank correlation coefficients were 0.9563, 0.9276, and 0.8958. Results also indicated that the use of the t-copula function can better reflect the correlation between Panax ginseng and AMK doses. Conclusion From the three indications, the dose between Panax ginseng and AMK was positively correlated. This study, therefore, confirms the medicinal principle of Chinese medicine “combining” from the perspective of mathematical statistics. Results from this study are practical to evaluate the correlation between the drug pair doses, Panax ginseng and AMK, using the copula function model, which provides a new model for the scientific explanation of compatibility for Chinese medicines. This study also provides a methodological basis for more drug measurement studies and clinical medications.