Parents' and nonparents' perceptions of cries

Canned pineapple products have great potential for Indonesia’s export and agricultural sectors. The purpose of this research is to conduct the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of canned pineapple products and to determine how to reduce their environmental impacts. The LCA method comprises goal and scope definition, inventory analysis, impact analysis, and interpretation stages. The scope of this research is gate-to-gate and covers the entire pineapple production process, starting from the arrival of raw materials at the production gate and ending with the final product from the factory. Environmental impacts are focused on global warming potential (GWP), acidification potential (AP), and eutrophication potential (EP). The findings identified various inputs and outputs in the canned pineapple production process, including pineapple raw materials, electrical energy, packaging, waste, and emissions. The functional unit (FU) of canned pineapple is 0.5873 kg/can, and it shows three environmental impacts as follows: GWP at 5.14E-02 kg-CO 2- eq/kg-canned pineapple, AP at 2.62E-04 kg-SO 2 -eq/kg-canned pineapple, and EP at 2.01E-04 kg-PO 3 4 -eq/kg-canned pineapple. The main emissions come from thermal power plants in factories, so improvements are proposed by renewable energy sources, such as solar photovoltaic (SPV), which achieves a reduction of 71.78% GWP, 67.94% AP, and 93.24% EP. The substitution of sub-bituminous coal with anthracite reduced 75.29% GWP and 73.48% AP but increased 88.66% EP. Coal substitution to Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) reduced 16.79% AP and 94.49% EP but increased 44.69% GWP. The utilization of solid waste for juice production can reduce 98.91% GWP, 97.53% AP, and 97.13% EP. The utilization of liquid waste as biogas can reduce 70.92% GWP, 96.12% AP, and 95.1% EP. Substituting renewable energy from SPVs and utilizing wastewater or solid wastes can reduce the environmental impacts of GWP, AP, and EP compared to substituting bituminous coal with anthracite or LNG. Keywords: acidification, eutrophication, global warming potential, life cycle assessment, pineapple processing. https://doi.org/10.55463/issn.1674-2974.51.6.20

The aim of this study was to combine Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) with a Key Performance Indicator (KPI) assessment focusing on biodiversity in order to examine the environmental impacts of different pig farm types (13 breeding, 23 finishing and 27 breeding-to-finishing farms) in seven European countries. In addition, the relationship between environmental impacts and selected farm management characteristics was explored. Fossil energy depletion (FED), global warming (GWP), acidification (AP) as well as marine (MEP) and fresh water (FEP) eutrophication potential were assessed by an attributional LCA and expressed per kilogram body mass net sold (BMNS). In addition, the potential biodiversity performance of all crop-livestock farms within the sample (n = 56) was evaluated with a KPI assessment of biodiversity-related field management characteristics. We found no relationship between LCA results and biodiversity scores (KPI). LCA and biodiversity performance varied more within than across farm types (breeding, finishing, breeding-to-finishing). For example, the GWP expressed per kg BMNS of the breeding unit of breeding-to-finishing farms was on average (median) 2.77 (range: 1.40–4.78) and of breeding farms 2.57 (range: 1.91–3.23) kg CO2-eq. The average (median) biodiversity theme score for breeding farms was 51% (range: 36–70%), for breeding-to-finishing farms 38% (range: 30–68%) and for finishing farms 43% (range: 28–67%). Several farm management characteristics (e.g., FCR, productivity, proportion of solid manure) correlated with all/some LCA results. Biodiversity performance depended especially on KPIs related to ecological focus areas, fertiliser management and GMO crops. The large range regarding environmental performance in both LCA and KPI assessment across farm types indicates that farm-specific improvement measures should be implemented to enhance overall environmental sustainability on farm. In conclusion, combining LCA with KPI assessment provides a more comprehensive environmental impact assessment of pig farms.

Background, aim and scope Regional specificities are a key factor when analyzing the environmental impact of a biofuel pathway through a life cycle assessment (LCA). Due to different energy mixes, transport distances, agricultural practices and land use changes, results can significantly vary from one country to another. The Republic of Argentina is the first exporter of soybean oil and meal and the third largest soybean producer in the world, and therefore, soybean-based biodiesel production is expected to significantly increase in the near future, mostly for exportation. Moreover, Argentinean biodiesel producers will need to evaluate the environmental performances of their product in order to comply with sustainability criteria being developed. However, because of regional specificities, the environmental performances of this biofuel pathway can be expected to be different from those obtained for other countries and feedstocks previously studied. This work aims at analyzing the environmental impact of soybean-based biodiesel production in Argentina for export. The relevant impact categories account for the primary non-renewable energy consumption (CED), the global warming potential (GWP), the eutrophication potential (EP), the acidification potential (AP), the terrestrial ecotoxicity (TE), the aquatic ecotoxicity (AE), the human toxicity (HT) and land use competition (LU). The paper tackles the feedstock and country specificities in biodiesel production by comparing the results of soybean-based biodiesel in Argentina with other reference cases. Emphasis is put on explaining the factors that contribute most to the final results and the regional specificities that lead to different results for each biodiesel pathway.

In this study, field emissions of Iran wheat production were investigated. Data were collected from 260 farms in Fereydonshahr city in Esfahan province . Life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology was developed to assess all the environmental impacts associated with the production of wheat in the studied region. Global warming potential (GWP), eutrophication potential (EP), human toxicity potential (HTP), terrestrial ecotoxicity potential (TEP), oxidant formation potential (OFP) and acidification potential (AP) were calculated as 2620.86 kg CO 2 eq.t -1 (tonne of grain), 14.25 kg PO 4 -2 eq.t -1 , 1111.7 kg 1,4-DCB eq.t -1 , 10.59 kg 1,4-DCB eq.t -1 , 0.0073 kg ethylene eq.t -1 and 19.07 kg SO 2 eq.t -1 , respectively. In order to specify a relationship between input materials and field emissions (direct and indirect emission), Cobb-Douglass production function was applied. The impacts of farm area, N, P 2 O 5 , K 2 O, diesel fuel and biocides were entered as independent variables and different impact categories as dependent variables. RMSE of models for GWP, EP, HTP, TEP, OFP and AP was 0.07, 0.19, 0.17, 0.34, 0.49 and 0.26, respectively. Accordingly with a rise in farm size level, the emissions per tonne of grain produced decreased. Accordingly, the large farms are more environmentally friendly due to more yields and less emissions per tonne of grains.

99/02621 Animal waste problems and their solution from the technological point of view in Japan

Banana chip processing in Lampung province uses two different frying methods, namely conventional frying and vacuum frying. The objective of this study was to compare the number of impact emissions generated from the banana chip production process in banana chip agro-industries in Lampung. This research was conducted based on the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) method to assess the environmental impact emissions from the banana chip industry in Lampung, focusing on the impacts of Global Warming Potential (GWP), Acidification Potential (AP) and Eutrophication Potential (EP) with a function unit of 250 g/pack. Analysis using SimaPro 9.4.2 software. Analysis using the CML-IA Baseline method shows that the banana chip industry has a significant environmental impact with the largest impact by the industry, where the conventional frying method produces a GWP impact of 1.16 kg CO2 eq/package, EP 2.08E-2 kg PO4 eq/package and AP 3.6E-3 kg SO2 eq/package, while in the vacuum frying method, the GWP is 6.3E-1 kg CO2 eq/package, AP 2.3E-3 kg SO2 eq/package and EP 6,1E-3 kg PO4 eq/package. The calculated normalization data shows that the total impact of producing banana chips per package in conventional frying is 1.9E-12 person equivalent/package with the frying stage contributing 85.45% and in vacuum frying is 6.7E-13 person equivalent/package with the frying stage contributing 77.70%. The resulting emission impact value shows that the emission impact of conventional frying is higher than the emission impact of vacuum frying. However, an economic and social assessment of both frying methods needs to be done to see the sustainability index of both. Keywords: banana chips, LCA, simapro, vacuum frying

Expanded polystyrene (EPS) is one of the most common materials used in packaging. In Malaysia, EPS is a type of plastic which is not in the recycling category. Usually, EPS wastes will end up in landfill and incinerator, leading to severe environmental impacts. Therefore, a cradle-to-grave life cycle assessment (LCA) study of EPS was carried out to investigate the potential environmental impacts of EPS. The most significant potential environmental impact will also be identified. Both will be identified under 2 different scenarios. The study was analyzed using GaBi Education Software with the method of TRACI 2.1 to the environmental indicators of global warming potential (GWP), acidification potential (AP), eutrophication potential (EP), and ozone depletion potential (ODP). In scenario 1, the emission percentage for GWP, AP, EP, and ODP are 99.73 %, 0.21 %, 0.06 %, and 3x10-6 %, respectively. As for scenario 2, all the 3 conditions show similar trend with scenario 1. The LCA study of EPS is particularly focused on the manufacturing, distribution, and the end-of-lifetime treatments, with the introduction of recycling into the system. The findings show that manufacturing of EPS is the major contributor of the environmental impacts and GWP contributes to the most significant potential environmental impacts. Overall, recycling was found to have the least impact to the environment, which possibly be used as the new end-of-lifetime treatment of EPS in Malaysia.

Construction and using of buildings for many years produce long-lasting impacts on human health and the environment. Life cycle assessment (LCA) is the rapidly evolving science of clarifying these impacts in terms of their quality, severity, and duration. LCA of three selected new family houses located in Eastern Slovakia is performed with the aim to compare them in terms of built-in materials as well as used technologies. The main goal of the analysis is to investigate and underline the foreseeable reduction rate of environmental impacts resulting from applied green materials and green technologies. LCA impact categories of global warming potential (GWP), ozone depletion potential (ODP), acidification potential (AP), eutrophication potential (EP), and photochemical ozone creation potential (POCP) are selected for this analysis. Investigated family houses are built from conventional materials, such as aerated concrete blocks, reinforced concrete, thermal insulation of silicate mineral slabs, and roofing mineral wool, as well as natural materials, such as clay, straw, wood, cellulose, and vegetation roofs. Product phase contributes greatly to the GWP for houses built of conventional materials. AP, EP, ODP, and POCP impact categories are considerable also in the product phase. Even an operational energy phase contributes a large share of the negative impact on the environment. Adoption of green design and technology in buildings, which can mitigate negative impacts on the environment, has been recognized as a key step towards global sustainable development. The main goal of this article is to make the case that green buildings are important for reducing negative effects on the environment and resources, while simultaneously enhancing positive effects throughout the building life cycle.

Integration of life cycle assessment and statistical analysis to understand the influence of rainfall on WWTPs with combined sewer systems

Dairy processing industry is one of the industries that give positive contribution to the economic growth, however it also contributes in many impacts on the environment, as well as milk powder product manufactured by PT X. The main objective of this study was to determine the most significant environmental impact caused by production and transportation of milk powder in bag 250 gram (Product X) using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology. The boundary of the LCA study is “cradle to gate”, including: materials production, materials transportation from supplier to the PT X factory, manufacture of milk powder in PT X, and distribution of the products from factory to distributor. Four impact categories will be calculated on this study: global warming potential (GWP), eutrophication potential (EP), acidification potential (AP), and photochemical oxidant creation potential (POCP). The impact assessment was calculated by software SimaPro v.8.3.2 faculty license, and the calculation result validated manually by Microsoft Excel. The result of environmental impact calculation showed the GWP, EP, AP, and POCP of 1 kg milk powder is 1.3245 kg CO2 eq/kg, 0.0033 kg PO43- eq/kg, 0.0066 kg SO2 eq/kg and 0.0020 kg C2H4 eq/kg. The material production subsystem has the highest environmental impact on GWP, POCP, AP and EP categories. In particular, production activity in PT X also contributes to GWP. An environmental impact reduction strategy can focus on reducing GWP with electricity usage efficiency and developing a material supplier selection plan with environmental impacts of material production as one of criteria.

Life cycle assessment of integrated solid state anaerobic digestion and composting for on-farm organic residues treatment

Life cycle assessment of an industrial-scale petrochemical wastewater treatment plant

PurposeThe European Union relies on seafood imports to supply growing demand that European production has failed to meet. Politically motivated media reports have denigrated competing imports in favour of local production. While life cycle assessment (LCA) measures global impact of value chains, it often fails to contextualise them. Using LCA, this article takes farmed Scottish Atlantic salmon as a case study of “local” production to identify and map the contributions to global environmental impact.MethodsData on the Scottish salmon value chain were collected by structured survey from a large international feed mill, six farms and a major processor. Secondary data were collected from available literature on feed ingredients and background data from EcoInvent2.2. A mid-point CML2001 approach was adopted focussing on global warming potential (GWP), acidification potential (AP), eutrophication potential, ozone depletion potential, photo-chemical oxidation potential, consumptive water use and land use. Results were displayed as contribution analyses of materials and processes and mapped geographically using area plots.Results and discussionFar from being a “locally” produced commodity, nearly 50% of the feed ingredients were sourced from South America and less than 25% originated in the UK. It was found that over 90% of the impact to farm-gate was embodied in feed, apart from eutrophication potential which was high at the farm from direct nitrogenous emissions into the marine environment. The majority of impacts do not occur in Scotland, particularly for land and water use, which occur at a more geographically significant level than GWP or AP, which are more global or regional impacts, respectively. High GWP emissions from vegetable-based ingredients were related to soil management and energy intensive processes such as wet milling to produce gluten from wheat and maize, sunflower and rapeseed oil processing.ConclusionsThe results show that in an age of globalised commodity trading, concerns around “local” production are often misleading. As consumers try to make more responsible purchase choices, they may be misled over the global impacts their choices are having. There are clearly trade-offs between different feed ingredients, especially regarding substitution of marine ingredients with those of vegetable origin. While marine ingredients perform comparatively well, they are highly limited, and biodiversity impacts of different ingredients are less clear and difficult to compare.

A framework to identify environmental-economic trade-offs by combining life cycle assessment and life cycle costing – A case study of aluminium production

Cement production is associated with a considerable environmental load, which needs to be fully understood before effective measures can be taken. The existing literature did not give detailed life cycle assessment (LCA) study of China and had limited potential for investigating how best available techniques (BATs) would provide a maximum benefit when they are applied in China. Japan was selected as a good example to achieve better environmental performance of cement production. We identified potentials for reducing emissions and saving energy and natural resources in Chinese cement industry through the comparative analysis. This paper follows the principal of Life Cycle Assessment and International Reference Life Cycle Data System (ILCD). The functional units are “1 t of portland cement” and with 42.5 MPa of strength grade. The input (limestone, sandstone, ferrous tailings, coal, and electricity) and output (CO2 from limestone decomposition and coal combustion, NOx, PM, and SO2) of cement manufacturing were calculated by use of on-site measurements, calculation by estimated coefficients, and derivation by mass and heat balance principle. The direct (cement manufacturing) and indirect (electricity production) LCI are added to be total LCI results (cement production). The impact categories of global warming potential (GWP), acidification potential (AP), eutrophication potential (EP), photochemical oxidant formation potential (POCP), and human toxicity potential (HTP) are used to calculate environmental impact. Only in GWP of cement manufacturing China has advantage. Japanese cement industry shows remarkable superiorities in the environmental impacts of AP, POCP, HTP, and EP due to advanced technologies. SO2 emissions make the corresponding AP and HTP. PM emissions result in part of HTP. The NOx emissions are the major contributors of POCP, AP, EP, and HTP in China. China emits fewer CO2 emissions (2.09 %) in cement manufacturing than Japan but finally makes higher total GWP than Japan due to more GWP of electricity generation in power stations. The waste heat recovery technology can save electricity but bring more coal use and CO2 emissions. The alternative fuel and raw materials usage and denitration and de-dust technologies can relieve the environmental load. Using the functional unit with the strength grade, the life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) results are affected. LCA study allows a clear understanding from the view of total environmental impact rather than by the gross domestic product (GDP) unit from an economic development perspective. In an LCA study, the power generation should be considered in the life cycle of cement production.