Partnership between science, education and business to train young professionals in the conditions of digitalization

This paper addresses labor market policies and institutions relevant principally to the seasonal, unskilled, hired agricultural work force including but not limited to migrant agricultural workers. The seasonal agricultural labor market and labor market institutions serving it have been subject to remarkably little systematic study by agricultural economists.' Thus, much of the following represents a structure imposed on the observables for the purpose of this exposition. Likewise, the discussion of farm labor policy is an attempt to describe explicitly what has, for the most part, been implicit policy. I begin by tracing the broad parameters of structural change in agricultural employment and the agricultural labor market during the industrialization of U.S. agriculture since World War II. I argue that implicit agricultural labor market policy has been largely oriented toward two goals: (a) transferring of unemployed and underemployed agricultural workers to other occupations in order to provide them with income and employment, while simultaneously improving the bargaining power of the remaining agricultural workers by reducing the wage-depressing effects of surplus labor; and (b) regulating employers and labor market intermediaries in order to protect agricultural workers from abuse and improve their welfare. Each of these efforts has had limited success, and for largely the same reasons. An enormous in-flow of new labor force entrants has frustrated attempts to eliminate the agricultural labor surplus. This nearly unlimited supply of workers has also introduced incentives for both employers and workers to bypass the labor market intermediaries through which agricultural labor policy has attempted to regulate agricultural labor markets, most notably the U.S. Employment Service, traditional farm labor contractors, and employer associations. It is argued that the conditions leading to the current situation are not likely to continue, and that without serious and timely efforts to reorient agricultural labor policy and to rebuild or create new labor market institutions, producers of seasonally labor-intensive commodities may face serious difficulties in adjusting to changes in labor availability and cost in the years ahead.

In many developing countries, women constitute the bulk of agricultural sector’s workers and might be susceptible to job loss or gain in the presence of regulations among which are food safety regulations. Thus, this study investigates the gender implications of EU food safety regulations on agricultural labour market between 1995 and 2012 using a panel data of 90 developing countries. In addition, it also investigates how the existing gender-specific obstacles and opportunities affect women’s ability to engage effectively in the agricultural sector and benefit from such regulations. Our results show that in many of the countries considered, women are disproportionately disadvantaged in the agricultural sector not only because of the effect of the food regulations but also because of their unequal access to opportunities such as gender inequality in both secondary and tertiary schooling as well as low quality of time-saving infrastructure which make them less available for gainful employment. However, the near gender parity achieved in primary education increases their agricultural employment share. Thus, investment in infrastructure that reduces women care burden, and building the educational capacity of women could work to remove these gender-specific obstacles and enable women to respond to employment opportunities.

The last chapter presented two models of occupational sorting by strength and argued that, in the more competitive portions of the labor market, the division of labor between the sexes can be explained by comparative advantage. This chapter will present statistical tests for occupational barriers in agriculture. Both discrimination and free markets would imply that men and women worked different jobs. This chapter will attempt to distinguish between those two theories by testing whether the labor market was segmented or integrated. If customary barriers kept women in certain types of work, then changes in the supply of or demand for their labor would not influence the wage or employment of male workers. However, if the division of labor was the result of the sorting models presented in the last chapter, then men and women should be substitutable, and changes in the wages of one sex should affect the labor market opportunities for the other sex. Having established that sex differences in wages and occupations are not proof of occupational segregation constraints, I will now provide evidence that the agricultural labor market did not have discriminatory occupational constraints. The results in this chapter will show that men and women were hired in an integrated labor market; employers were willing to substitute men and women workers in response to wage changes. As we shall see in later chapters, these results do not apply to the entire labor market. The evidence provided here is for agriculture only.

We use data from an agricultural labour market in which workers receive both time- and piece-rate wages and shift frequently among employers and tasks, to assess the roles of comparative advantage, information problems and preferences in determining the allocation of workers. The estimates which impose minimal structure not implied by economic theory are consistent with a one-factor productivity model, and indicate that information asymmetries are present but workers are sorted according to comparative advantage. In particular, the disproportionate presence of female workers in weeding activities is due not to worker or employer preferences but to comparative advantage and statistical discrimination.

Highly profitable activities of insurance companies in the future, ie from the standpoint of short-term and long-term time frame, provides for the formation of a favorable insurance environment in which the interests of all key players in the agricultural insurance market will be taken into account and protected. In this context, it is important to introduce innovative developments in the field of insurance services to the agricultural sector of the economy. As a result, this study aims to form a conceptual approach to the formation of agricultural insurance relations based on innovative approaches to using the potential of agricultural insurance, based on the feasibility and need to involve IT technologies in the insurance system of the agricultural sector; building interaction between structural elements of the market on the basis of quality management as a basis for ensuring the competitiveness of insurance services in the agricultural insurance market and the emphasis on reengineering in agricultural insurance. signs will surpass their counterparts. Ensuring the competitiveness of the insurance service depends on the level of satisfaction of policyholders in the received insurance coverage. Innovation in insurance services is manifested in the expansion of services with risky components; development of specific service packages for different groups of agricultural producers (in particular, small, medium and large). According to the results of the study, modern approaches to the formation of an effective insurance system in the agricultural sector of Ukraine are identified, the key of which are: improving the system of intermediary services in the agricultural market to strengthen the interaction of insurance companies with infrastructure entities mediation through the involvement of the latter in the mechanism of insurance services and in order to increase the coverage of insurance protection of agricultural producers; expanding the horizons of cooperation between companies working in the field of insurance protection of agricultural producers and companies providing the latter in the sale of insurance products, which cover the crop segment; establishing an active and lasting dialogue between participants of the insurance process, which is based on the principle of customer-oriented approach, based on which it is advisable to integrate the interests of a particular agricultural producer, related to the need for insurance protection. the need to attract IT technologies to the insurance system of the agricultural sector of the economy. Conceptual approaches to the formation of agro-insurance relations on the basis of innovative directions of using the potential of agro-insurance are reflected, which provide for the need to involve IT technologies in the system of insurance protection of the agricultural sector of the economy; building interaction between the structural elements of the market on the basis of quality management as a basis for ensuring the competitiveness of insurance services in the agricultural insurance market, and emphasizing reengineering in agricultural insurance.

Analyzing the economic policy in the field of AIC, the authors studied the main directions and priorities of public support for agricultural sector of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The analysis of current state and development trends of the industry is carried out. The problems of agro-industrial production are outlined. The measures for the implementation of agricultural policy of Kazakhstan are considered. Prospects for solving pressing issues are shown in the frame-work of the medium and long-term State programs for agricultural sector of the republic. The main principles of public support for agriculture as the most important sector of national economy are considered. Methods and forms of public support for agro-industrial complex are analyzed, where special attention is paid to government preferential subsidies and lending to AIC entities. Some aspects of employment policy in agricultural entities and agricultural labor market are considered. Based on the results of the study, conclusions were done on the importance of State regulation of the country's agricultural sector for ensuring food security, increasing the competitiveness of domestic agricultural products on domestic and foreign markets based on innovative development, creating a favorable environment for expanding business system, increasing the investment attractiveness of the industry, and financial stability of commodity producers.

Migrants are at risk globally to the COVID-19 pandemic. Here, we focus on migrant agricultural workers in Capitanata, Apulia, Southern Italy. The concept of vulnerability provides our entry point. We distinguish between structural and systemic vulnerability to capture the interplay between the two during crisis situations. Structural vulnerability is limited to a certain system domain whereas systemic vulnerability has potential to create effects on a variety of interconnected systems. Informed by stakeholder interviews and documentary analysis, we elaborate a framework that accounts for how long-standing structural vulnerabilities have interacted with the COVID-19 crisis to produce adverse outcomes for migrant agricultural workers, while exposing the vulnerability of three linked systems – agricultural labour market, migration and asylum and healthcare. We take account, however, of pre-existing interventions which may mitigate the impact of systemic vulnerability and of the ‘policy window’ opened by cognisance of the possible systemic failures derived from the systemic vulnerability. While the article makes an early empirical contribution to understanding one group of migrants’ vulnerability during the pandemic and the ensuing governance responses, the analytical framework developed has applicability beyond this particular group of migrants and this particular crisis, and may provide a useful tool for further research.

This study examined agripreneurial intentions among students in the state-owned tertiary institutions in Ondo State. The study profiled students’ perceptions of learning (SPOL), teachers’ impact (SPOT), and mentorship and explored the effects of these on their agripreneurial intentions. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze 120 students, who were randomly selected from the two state-owned tertiary institutions. A logistic regression analysis was performed to assess the effects of SPOL, SPOT, mentorship, as well as other socioeconomic characteristics, on students’ likelihood to have agripreneurial intentions. The study revealed that SPOL, SPOT & age significantly increased the likelihood of students having agripreneurial intentions, while perceptions of mentorship and the number of graduates in the family decreased it. Although the SPOL and SPOT were positive and statistically significant, the weak effects of the mean scores suggest that SPOL and SPOT should be improved upon to enhance students’ interest in agripreneurship.

This paper aims at analyzing the existence of wage differentials by genders in the agricultural labor market in the Brazilian rural area, with the purpose of verifying if the differentials are due to differences in explained characteristics or discriminatory. Equations were estimated and the wage differential detailed decomposition with microdata from the PNAD 2015 with the Heckman's correction. The method used was the decomposition of Oaxaca-Blinder. The main results show that the wage/hour of men is 157.62% higher than that of women, and the effect of discrimination is 108.38% this gap. The main conclusion indicates that the gender wage differential decreases with the formality of work and with the increase of hours worked by women. It is worth nothing that the results provide the visualization of gender discrimination in the rural labor market, adding contributions to the empirical studies on wage differentials.

This article systematically reviews disruptive innovations transforming digital marketing channels within the agricultural sector. Utilising a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) methodology, it critically examines the application of emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI), big data analytics, blockchain, and the Internet of Things (IoT) that enhance the efficiency, personalisation, and automation of agricultural marketing platforms. These technologies empower agribusinesses to optimise customer engagement, streamline supply chains, and deliver tailored experiences to farmers and consumers alike. Despite the considerable advantages, the review highlights persistent challenges, including data privacy concerns, integration complexities across diverse marketing channels, and digital skill gaps among stakeholders in agriculture. This study offers comprehensive insights into how disruptive technologies are reshaping the future of digital agriculture marketing and recommends strategic approaches for agribusinesses to address these challenges effectively. Furthermore, it identifies critical research gaps, suggesting avenues for future inquiry encompassing theoretical frameworks, methodological advancements, and contextual applications within digital agricultural marketing.

The modeling of high-frequency volatility is of utmost importance in comprehending market dynamics and the characteristics of risk. The adoption of high-frequency volatility modeling in the agricultural sector has the potential to enhance risk management for food production enterprises through the utilization of hedging strategies to mitigate the impact of food price changes. The GARCH (Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity) class of models is well-suited for the analysis and prediction of volatility in financial time series. These models effectively capture the highest level of volatility observed in the time series data. Therefore, this research utilizes one-minute trade data of the Wind Agriculture Index (886045.WI) to examine the efficacy and predictability of several GARCH class volatility models. When it comes to fitting the data within the sample, the TGARCH model demonstrates superior performance compared to both the GARCH and EGARCH models. The fluctuations in the price changes of the Wind Agriculture Index exhibit characteristics of time variability and clustering, which can be attributed to the relatively low barriers for entry and exit in the agricultural planting sector. Simultaneously, within the agricultural market, an imbalance is observed whereby the influence of positive information on price volatility surpasses that of negative information.

Labor market almost daily updated with young professionals — university graduates, who get up to the first stage of his career. Young professionals or the university graduates make up a large part of the working population of Russia and occupy an important place in the reproduction and development of human resources and are major innovative potential. Transition to innovative development of Russia’s economy implies new requirements for the development of young people, and for the youth policy objectives. The main goal of the medium-and long-term national youth policy is to increase the human capital of young people and increase their competitiveness.The idea of the perfect young professional today is variously as employers and graduates.This article presents the results of Orenburg region employers research. Main research areas: staffing needs of employers and ways of addressing them, the general and specific requirements of employers to young professionals, evaluation of the young specialists level of training. Practical recommendations to improve the competitiveness of young professionals on the labor market and the development of partnerships with higher education institutions and employers in the region.

The aim of this paper is to identify and discuss the significant of digital competency needed for employability, on young professional in Malaysia. What is expected by the employer when they enter the labor market? Design/methodology/approach – The study used qualitative design. Focus group discussions were used to collect data from young graduates who able to secure job right or within 6 months after graduate. Data collected were analysed using thematic categorization. Results were presented using descriptive and narrative form. An inductive approach used to understand and analyse the ability of being employed. Round-table talk are the primary sources for this paper. Findings –. The study identifies key digital competencies that contribute to the employability of young professionals in Malaysia. These include digital academic knowledge, digital communication, digital problem-solving, and digital work experience. Among these, digital work experience appears to be of higher priority, playing a critical role in the successful employment of Social Sciences graduates in Malaysia. Practical implications – The findings of this study provide valuable insights for higher education institutions in developing professional development plans aimed at equipping students with the necessary digital skills. The study underscores the importance of adopting the right competencies within university curricula to align with industry demands. Furthermore, it highlights the need for the redesign of relevant courses to enhance graduates' performance and maintain their competitiveness in the labor market. Originality/value – This paper is to identify the comprehensive of digital competency expectations of young professionals of Social Sciences in Malaysia. At the same time, it identifies differences in the competency expectations by the employer and competency possessed by the young professionals. Research limitations/implications – The empirical part of the study was limited to the Social Sciences young professionals in Malaysia. A similar study covering all sectors of the national economy will offer a complete on the skills needs for various field and its preparedness to contribute in the emerging digital economy. Novelty:- This study provides original insights into how young professionals perceive and apply digital competencies within their early career experiences. It contributes to the ongoing discussion on digital employability by presenting qualitative evidence from Malaysian Social Sciences graduate.

For Decades, Indonesia's economic growth has no impact on the more power of agricultural sector. The agricultural sector is still Characterized by subsistence, low education, low productivity, low income and underemployment. It is the caused by high dominance uneducated workforce in this sector. Hence the attention to quality and the development of human capital should be Increased in order to encourage economic growth in the agricultural sector. The purpose of this study is to analyze the economic integration of goods markets and labor markets in Indonesian agricultural sectors at the education perspective. Research methods are historical research. The Data used is secondary the data years 1977-2013 to the variable Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and employment of educated and uneducated agricultural sector. Data collected by documentation. Analysis method using Vector Error Correction Model (VECM). The results showed that the growth in GDP of agricultural sector is still up to the growth of employment both educated and uneducated; Increased employment growth in educated uneducated but declined employment. The development of the agricultural GDP and educated agricultural employment is determined by uneducated employment. There is integration between the labor market and the agricultural product market. Diminishing employment uneducated cause increasing the number of educated employment and GDP of agriculture sector.

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