Passive optical fast frequency-hop CDMA communications system

In this work, a two dimensional (2D) wavelength/time code is developed. The 64 bit 2D code is constructed by a technique based on folding of Golomb rulers referred in this work as modified Golomb code (2D MGC) and the proposed 2D code is generated using Java 8.1 software. The performance of the proposed 2D MGC is evaluated in terms of bit error rate (BER), received signal power, and time domain analysis of multiple users. In this experiment, it is found that the BER increases with multiple numbers of simultaneous users due to multiple access interference. The proposed 2D code yields better network performance in terms of BER compared to that of different existing 2D OCDMA codes. In this work, mathematical analysis is also carried out to prove that the proposed 64 bit code is optimal satisfying auto and cross correlation properties. Furthermore, the complexity analysis of the proposed 64 bit optical code division multiple access (OCDMA) code is analysed. The OCDMA model is validated using the optisystem software.

In this research, the performance of optical code division multiple access (OCDMA) using differential phase shift keying (DPSK) has been compared with OCDMA On-Off Keying (OOK). This comparison took place in terms of bit error rate (BER) and receiver power where two bit rates (155 Mbps and 622 Mbps) have been used for this analysis. Using of OptiSystem 7.0 simulation, comparing eye diagram and optical spectrum alongside with BER and Rx power. It is found that OCDMA-DPSK performs better in comparison to OCDMA-OOK. The performance analysis also provides parameter for designing and development of an OCDMA system for optical access network using DPSK.

This manuscript deals with analysis of Spectral Amplitude Coding Optical Code Division Multiple Access (SACOCDMA) system. The major noise source in optical CDMA is co-channel interference from other users known as multiple access interference (MAI). The system performance in terms of bit error rate (BER) degrades as a result of increased MAI. It is perceived that number of users and type of codes used for optical system directly decide the performance of system. MAI can be restricted by efficient designing of optical codes and implementing them with unique architecture to accommodate more number of users. Hence, it is a necessity to design a technique like spectral direct detection (SDD) technique with modified double weight code, which can provide better cardinality and good correlation property.

This paper presents the Direct Sequence Optical Code Division Multiple Access (DS-OCDMA) system using two configurations of the optical source. To encode/decode transmitted data, we used Superstructured Fiber Bragg Grating (S-FBG) as encoders/decoders. We consider three unipolar family codes which are the Prime Sequence (PS), Quadratic Congruence (QC) and the Extended Quadratic Codes (EQC) codes. In order to evaluate the performances of our system in term of Bit Error Rate (BER), we implement the Importance Sampling (IS) technique, which is a variant of the wellknown Monte-Carlo (MC) method. Our simulation results depict that EQC codes outperform QC and PS codes for the DS-OCDMA system using either coherent or incoherent source. We show also that using EQC codes with increasing the optical bandwidth and maintaining the electrical filter leads to improve the performance of incoherent system.

Recently, free space optical (FSO) communication network has gained popularity because of its unlicensed spectrum, high data rate, low power consumption and ease of installation. Spectral amplitude coded optical code division multiple access (SAC-OCDMA) technique has become significant because of enhanced network capacity, privacy, and simultaneous use of multiple asynchronous users. However, the climatic turbulence causes signal fluctuations and degrades the quality of the received signal. Therefore, to improve the quality of the received signal in this work, SAC-OCDMA technique is integrated with orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) technique and performance of such hybrid model is investigated. Two SAC-OCDMA codes are proposed in this work referred as triangular matrix-zero cross correlation (TM-ZCC) and pulse shifting substitution-zero cross correlation (PSS-ZCC) codes. The hybrid model uses the novel one dimensional (1D) SAC-OCDMA codes with two different types of receivers such as modified AND (M-AND), and single photodiode detection (SPD) receivers over Gamma-Gamma fading channel to evaluate the bit error rate (BER) performance of the proposed hybrid model. It is observed from the simulation results that the hybrid SAC-OCDMA-OFDM model with SPD detection receiver performs better in terms of bit error rate (BER) than that of M-AND detection receiver. Furthermore, it is also observed from the simulation results that the hybrid model based on the proposed TM-ZCC code performs better than the proposed PSS-ZCC code in terms of BER and higher FSO distance coverage. The performance of the proposed model is estimated for 20 and 30 active users simultaneously at various data rates. The TM-ZCC and PSS-ZCC codes are generated using MATLAB platform and the proposed hybrid SAC-OCDMA-OFDM model is validated using optisystem version 15 over the Gamma-Gamma fading channel.

The encoding/decoding scheme based on Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) for Optical Code Division Multiple Access (OCDMA) system is analyzed and the whole process from transmitting end to receiving end is researched in detail. The mathematical mode including signal transmission, summing, receiving and recovering are established respectively. One of the main sources of Bit Error Rate (BER) of OCDMA system based on FBGs is the unevenness of signal power spectrum, which leads to the chip powers unequal with each other. The Signal to Interfere Ratio (SIR) and BER performance of the system are studied and simulated at the case with uneven distribution of chips’ powers.

In this paper, the performance of a binary polarization shift keying optical code division multiple access (BPolSK-OCDMA) free space optical (FSO) system is investigated in terms of bit error rate (BER) and Q factor under the influence of different atmospheric conditions like clear air, rain, fog, snow etc. It is found that system performance is highly dependent on transmission length and different atmospheric conditions such as fog, rain, snow etc. However, among the atmospheric parameters, the system performance is found to be highly affected under foggy condition.

In this work, we are interested in implementing, developing, and evaluating a time reversal strategy for a multiple-input single-output orthogonal frequency division multiplexing system. This strategy enjoys a good trade-off between the computational complexity and performance in terms of bit error rate where it offers a good coding gain by forming a beam in the direction of the destination at a price of channel state information available at the transmitter. In time reversal technique, a higher coding and diversity gain can be achieved by increasing the number of transmitting antennas, which focuses the formed beam to the direction of the destination antenna. By achieving this, the received signal-to-noise ratio can be maximized which makes time reversal a good candidate for multiple-input single-output systems while keeping a low complexity. The performance of the proposed system is evaluated in terms of bit error rate where our simulations show that the proposed strategy enjoys the full diversity gain, which is equal to the number of transmitting antennas. Moreover, a robust channel estimation technique is proposed to improve the overall system in terms of bit error rate.

Fiber gratings written into photosensitive fiber by UV holographic techniques are attracting considerable attention due to their broad range of potential application in photonic devices and optical communications. Parallel to the efforts in the optimisation and refinement of the fabrication procedures, research efforts have been directed towards several applications such as dispersion compensation, and sensors. Being an optical filter, the fibre grating (FG) can also be applied as a demultiplexer in OFDM high-speed communication systems. The feasibility of this approach is contingent on: a) the possibility of a wide range of wavelength tuning, and b) the obtention of filter bandwidths in the order of those corresponding to the transmitted channels (few GHz). In this paper, we report the results on an crosstalk analysis carried out to determine the performance of these structures as demultiplexers in direct detection ODFM communication systems. We show that they have the potential of providing significant improvement in terms of bit error rate (BER) as compared to fibre single cavity Fabry-Perots (SCFP).

This paper presents the study of a receiver device for the optical code division multiple access (OCDMA) called the optical parallel interference cancellation (Opt-PIC). The performance of OCDMA system is known to be easily influenced by the multiple access interference (MAI) caused by other simultaneous users. To overcome this problem, there is a strong demand for the design of new detection scheme that will be efficient enough to improve the performance of the OCDMA system, while minimizing the effects of the MAI. In this paper, some studies have been conducted on the Opt-PIC specifically for the lowest threshold value. Studies have been carried out not only using the conventional method but also using a hard limiter. The results are compared to the previous techniques used to mitigate the effect of MAI.

A detailed analysis of the scalability of two-dimensional optical codes is presented and two network deployment architectures for optical code division multiple access (OCDMA) are discussed. We present the architecture and code design for a highly scalable, 2.5 Gb/s per user OCDMA system. The system is scalable to 100 potential and more than 10 simultaneous users, each with BER of less than 10-9. The system architecture uses fast wavelength-hopping, time-spreading codes. Unlike phase sensitive coherent OCDMA systems, this architecture utilizes standard on-off-keyed optical pulses allocated in the time and wavelength domains. This incoherent OCDMA approach is compatible with existing WDM optical networks and utilizes off-the-shelf components. We discuss a novel optical subsystems design for encoders and decoders that enable the realization of a highly scalable incoherent OCDMA system with rapid reconfigurability. We demonstrate the operation of 4 simultaneous users operating at OC-48 (~2.5 Gbit/s) with a power penalty of <;0.5dB and the reduction of multiple-access interference using ultra-fast all-optical sampling with newly proposed TOAD-based OCDMA receiver.

Internet, multimedia, tele-medicine and distant learning were the few high speed services offered to the end-user by a broadband access network. Optical fibres are used in the Fiber To The Home (FTTH) architecture to replace the metallic cables partially or completely to the end-user. The performance of the FTTH architecture was improved by implementing various coding schemes and modulation formats. In this paper, FTTH architecture with the Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) based OCDMA (Optical Code Division Multiple Access) network was proposed. The reliability of the communication between appropriate transmitter and receiver is analysed. OCDMA offers high reliability communication in the FTTH architecture.

In contrast to the orthogonal multiple access (OMA), non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) was shown to have outstanding performance in terms of spectrum efficiency, user fairness and signalling cost. In order to further promote the QoS of NOMA, an interference alignment and NOMA (IA-NOMA) combined strategy was proposed and analysed in this paper. In the two-user model, the proposed IA-NOMA showed significant performance improvements in terms of bit error rate. By considering a more generalised scenario, the idea of IA-NOMA was extended from the two-user model to a massive-user network. In this context, a cluster based IA-NOMA (CIA-NOMA) algorithm was proposed, and the sum-rate and outage probability of the CIA-NOMA was derived. The QoS of CIA-NOMA in terms of outage probability and effective data rate were demonstrated under different target rates. For the results of outage probability, it was shown that the CIA-NOMA outperformed NOMA-only method, especially under a low target rate case. Correspondingly, in terms of effective capacity, the CIA-NOMA required less transmit power than the NOMA-only method to achieve a target data rate.

Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) based non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) has increased complexity and reduced spectral efficiency in visible light communications (VLC) NOMA compared to radio-frequency NOMA due to non-negative real value constraint on transmit symbols. To address this issue, we propose a generalized non-OFDM based scheme for two scenarios of indoor VLC; i) Multiple access channel (MAC), ii) Broadcast channel (BC). We evaluate the performance of the proposed scheme for MAC using successive interference cancellation (SIC) based decoding, joint maximum likelihood (JML) decoding, and a combination of SIC and JML decoding. For BC, we evaluate the performance using SIC based decoding. It is observed that, for MAC, the proposed scheme with JML decoding performs better than the state-of-the-art orthogonal multiple access both in terms of bit error rate (BER) and computations. For BC, the proposed scheme is computationally efficient with trade-off on BER.

This work presents a performance evaluation based on elaborated analytical expressions of error probability for broadband access network in the case of a combined technique of dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) and one dimensional optical orthogonal codes (1D-OOC). Optical sources with relatively large spectrum has been considered and simulated. Besides the Multiple Access Interference (MAI) at the receiver due to the access method which is optical code division multiple access (OCDMA), the emitted radiation of these sources in a dense WDM communication link introduces additional interference. Conventional correlation receiver (CCR) and parallel interference cancellation (PIC) receiver limitations are discussed. This paper has investigated the kind of optical sources with large spectrum bandwidth which could be accepted for a targeted bit error rate (BER) and given number of users in broadband access network supporting DWDM with optical orthogonal codes.