Performance Analysis of a Polling Model With BMAP and Across-Queue State-Dependent Service Discipline

This chapter presents the Enhanced-real time Polling System (E-rtPS) with RT- Batch Markovian Arrival Process and proactive resource allocation framework to resolve the real-time network traffic issues and solve the interference problem optimistically. It proposes proactive resource allocation framework offers less computational overhead and yet again well-nigh performance in terms of resource allocation to maximize the transmission rate of each user. The chapter examines real-time results shows that the proposed framework outperforms the existing Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.16 services in terms of throughput, session setup delay, and packet reception ratio. In IEEE 802.16, there are different Medium Access Control scheduling services, such as Unsolicited Grant Service, rtPS, and non-real-time Polling Service to provide better quality of services. The chapter presents an adaptive framework for dynamic speed management in smart cities. Since smart phone usage has risen to half a billion phones, mobile devices and connections account for 89 percent of the usage of mobile data traffic.

Queueing analysis and optimal control of [formula omitted] and [formula omitted] systems

The emerging 60-GHz multigigabits per second wireless technology enables the streaming of high-quality “uncompressed” video, which has been impossible with other existing wireless technologies. To support such a resource-hungry uncompressed video streaming service with limited wireless resources, it is necessary to design efficient link adaptation policies selecting suitable transmission rates for the 60-GHz wireless channel environment, thus optimizing video quality and resource management. For proper design of the link adaptation policies, we propose a new metric, called expected peak signal-to-noise ratio (ePSNR) , to numerically estimate the video streaming quality. By using the ePSNR as a criterion, we propose two link adaptation policies with different objectives considering unequal error protection (UEP). The proposed link adaptation policies attempt to 1) maximize the video quality for given wireless resources, or 2) minimize the required wireless resources, while meeting the video quality. From the link adaptation policies, we provide a distributed resource management scheme for multiple users to maintain satisfactory video streaming quality. Our extensive simulation results demonstrate that the newly proposed variable, i.e., ePSNR, well represents the level of video quality. It is also shown that the proposed link adaptation policies can enhance the resource efficiency while achieving acceptable quality of the video streaming.

What explains the choice of corporate political strategy in environmental politics? Drawing on recent models of actor strategy formation in political economy, this article argues that basic material interests of firms are translated into strategies in the context of institutional environments. I advance a typological model that posits how distributional effects—positive versus negative—and perceived regulatory pressure—low versus high—interact in leading firms to adopt one of four ideal-type strategies: opposition, hedging, support, and non-participation. This article examines the model through the case of corporate strategies in the making of the European Union’s Emission Trading Scheme. The article contributes to theory-building on business strategy in environmental politics by offering a probabilistic explanatory model, and it flags hedging strategies as an increasingly prevalent form of business behavior.

Comment

In this paper, a video compression standard used in digital television systems is discussed. Basic concepts of video compression and principles of lossy and lossless compression are given. Techniques of video compression (intraframe and interframe compression), the type of frames and principles of the bit rate compression are discussed. Characteristics of standard-definition television (SDTV), high-definition television (HDTV) and ultra-high-definition television (UHDTV) are given. The principles of the MPEG-2, MPEG-4 and High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) compression standards are analyzed. Overview of basic standards of video compression and the impact of compression on the quality of TV images and the number of TV channels in the multiplexes of terrestrial and satellite digital TV transmission are shown. This work is divided into six sections.

This paper presents adaptive polling algorithms and their analysis for social networks having a hierarchical influence structure. The adaptive polling problem on the social network is formulated as a partially observed Markov decision process (POMDP). Our main results exploit the structure of the polling problem to determine novel conditions for Blackwell dominance that arise in hierarchical social influence networks. The Blackwell dominance conditions enable the construction of myopic policies that provably upper bound the optimal policy of the POMDP for adaptive polling. Adaptive versions of intent polling and expectation polling are developed using Blackwell dominance, and they are inexpensive to implement. For polling problems not having a Blackwell dominance structure, the Le Cam deficiency is used to determine approximate Blackwell dominance; this is used to develop an adaptive version of the recently proposed Neighbourhood Expectation Polling algorithm. The proposed Blackwell dominance conditions also facilitate the comparison of Renyi divergence and Shannon capacity of more general channel structures that arise in polling hierarchical social influence networks. Numerical examples are provided to illustrate the adaptive polling policies with parameters estimated from YouTube data.

In this paper, We consider an uncertain Markov decision process (MDP) with a control cost and a linear temporal logic (LTL) control specification. We propose a reinforcement learning (RL) based method for design of an optimal control policy by which the controlled MDP satisfies the control specification with probability 1 and minimizes an expected discounted sum of the control costs. First, we construct a deterministic Rabin automaton (DRA) that accepts all and only infinite words satisfying the LTL control specification. Second, we construct a product MDP of the MDP and the DRA to represent a dynamic control policy that satisfies the control specification. Third, we modify the product MDP in order to apply RL to the design of an optimal control policy. The control action of the modified product MDP is a pair of a pattern and an action, where the pattern is a set of actions. Moreover, we introduce a reward that represents both the satisfaction of the control specification and the minimally restrictiveness of the pattern. Finally, we proposed an algorithm for design of an optimal control policy that consists of a sequential decision making of two steps. At the first decision making, we select a pattern that maximizes a discounted sum of the reward. At the second one, we select an action from the pattern selected at the first one such that it minimizes the expected discounted sum of the costs. Moreover, we consider an illustrative example to show that the proposed algorithm can obtain an optimal control policy.

Optimal monetary policy in a New Keynesian model with heterogeneous expectations

New robust decoding scheme-aware channel condition for video streaming transmission

In this article, we consider deterministic (both fluid and discrete) polling systems with N queues with infinite buffers and we show how to compute the best polling sequence (minimizing the average total workload). With two queues, we show that the best polling sequence is always periodic when the system is stable and forms a regular sequence. The fraction of time spent by the server in the first queue is highly noncontinuous in the parameters of the system (arrival rate and service rate) and shows a fractal behavior. Moreover, convexity properties are shown and are used in a generalization of the computation of the optimal control policy (in open loop) for the stochastic exponential case.

On the analysis of a symmetric polling system with single-message buffers

Performance analysis and prediction of asymmetric two-level priority polling system based on BP neural network

With the development of image processing and network technologies, more and more video applications emerged. To ensure quality of service for simultaneously transmitted multimedia and data streams, DiffServ (Differentiated services) is proposed. However, the current standard of DiffServ is not suitable for video streaming. In this paper we propose a cross-class priority (CCP) based video streaming scheme, in which packets of different frame types are assigned to different traffic classes to occupy more scheduling opportunities. Simulation results show that more video packets could be received when CCP policy is adopted. Thus CCP policy can tolerate a relatively high data rate of data stream. Scheduling mode and video sequence employed, and settings of RED parameters of different traffic classes are factors that influence the performance of CCP based scheme too.

Our research concentrates on developing a novel HDTV content management system that enables end users to search, retrieve and browse archived standard definition (SD) and high definition (HD) television material for program production and content repurposing in a digital television studio. We have developed the first system that automatically analyzes motion occurring in MPEG-2 coded SD and HD videos within the compressed domain itself and produces descriptors characterizing the global visual motion in videos, for content-based search and retrieval applications. We describe our robust and efficient scheme for automatically generating a flow characterization of a video bitstream without decompression, which is a frame-type-independent uniform motion representation amenable for consistent interpretation and computed from the raw motion vectors encoded in the MPEG-2 bitstreams. We propose novel techniques to handle all the different prediction schemes that are employed with different frame types and picture structures of MPEG-2 during the motion compensation process to deal with interlaced and progressive modes. Experiments with thousands of frames from SD and HD video streams demonstrate the accuracy of our flow estimation process and the effectiveness of utilizing flow vectors for annotation of perceived global motion in video streams.