Performance Analysis of Hyperledger Fabric Platforms

Performance comparison of permissioned and permissionless blockchain by varying workload transaction

A smart contract is a program running on a blockchain platform. Smart devices send data to smart contracts or change their own status based on smart contracts. Businesses want to use smart devices and smart contracts to streamline workflow because smart contracts reduce the need in trusted intermediators and cut down enforcement costs. However, developing smart contract applications is challenging due to different memory models, different interaction models, and a dearth of supporting tools and libraries. When developers are asked to reimplement conventional applications to smart contracts, it is thus ideal to automatically transform them, avoiding manual labor, as well as ensuring reliability and security. This paper contributes a set of rules to transform conventional applications in the Model-View-Controller (MVC) pattern into smart contracts running on Hyperledger Fabric, a blockchain platform preferred by businesses. Major transformations are performed in the model, while in the controller, model calls are replaced by smart contract calls. The source application and the target smart contract are all written in Java. Our rules add read-your-writes consistency that Hyperledger Fabric does not natively support. Runtime pre- and post-condition checking in the original application is supported in the transformed smart contract. We evaluated our rules on CoCoME and other MVC applications, and all code ran correctly and passed unit tests.

The block chain has many unique characteristics, like decentralization, stability, openness and transparency. We can apply block chain in many fields of railway to improve the comprehensive efficiency and benefit, such as railway passenger and freight service, engineering construction, big data sharing and so on. With the gradual completion of data service platform, big data lake and cloud computing in China Railway, these foundations can support the railway block chain application. The paper analyzed the development status and existing problems of block chain at home and abroad. Through the multidimensional analysis for the mainstream block chain platform architecture, the thesis gets the architecture selection of the railway block chain platform. Based on the hyperledger fabric, we propose the technical architecture and overall scheme for the railway block chain service platform respectively. The paper also designs the implementation path for the platform application construction. This research plays an important role and significance in promoting the block chain technology applying and developing in the railway field.

Blockchain technology is growing rapidly, and a large number of blockchain platforms and decentralized applications have come to play a vital role in many fields. However, the majority of blockchain networks operate in environments that are isolated and disconnected from each other. This has raised issues such as connectivity and scalability in the current blockchain platforms and has also limited blockchain adoption in some industry ecosystems. This chapter focuses on designing and implementing inter-blockchain communication between Hyperledger Fabric networks. Inter-blockchain architecture can enable many possible applications such as healthcare data sharing, supply chains, food traceability solutions, etc. Moreover, this chapter presents the performance evaluation of the proposed scheme in terms of execution time, throughput, and latency. The results show that the proposed solution reduces the overall level of performance of Hyperledger Fabric across all measured metrics. However, the overall proposed solution performance is acceptable, given the achieved interoperability and connectivity.

The rise of crypto-currencies has spawned great interest in their underlying technology, namely, Blockchain. The central component in a Blockchain is a shared distributed ledger. A ledger comprises series of blocks, which in turns contains a series of transactions. An identical copy of the ledger is stored on all nodes in a blockchain network. Maintaining ledger integrity and security is one of the crucial design aspects of any blockchain platform. Thus, there are typically built-in validation mechanisms leveraging cryptography to ensure the validity of incoming blocks before committing them into the ledger. However, a blockchain node may run over an extended period of time, during which the blocks on the disk can may become corrupted due to software or hardware failures, or due to malicious activity. This paper proposes LedgerGuard, a tool to maintain ledger integrity by detecting corrupted blocks and recovering these blocks by synchronizing with rest of the network. The experimental implementation of LedgerGuard is based on Hyperledger Fabric, which is a popular open source permissioned blockchain platform.

Centralized database-based applications are frequently susceptible to internal threats. The data stored in a relational database can be changed by any user who has administrative access to the hosting server or database system. Moreover, this kind of user may alter the associated log files, which would make it very challenging to identify any illegal alteration. It would also be difficult to attribute the assault to privileged users as well. In this study, we propose a solution to build a service on the context of student score management based on Blockchain technology. A database system based on the Blockchain platform along with accompanying services is built to allow storage and query of student learning outcomes. The database security system operates in parallel with the current system while still ensuring transparency, security and integrity of data. We develop a verification module that uses Blockchain to verify the integrity of the corresponding tuples and identify any unwanted modifications. Oracle database, RESTful API, and Hyperledger Fabric have all been used in the implementation of our method. Our findings show that the overhead of integrity checking remains constant per tuple in the results of a query and increases linearly using real data and SQL queries of different types and complexity.

Procurement processes within Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems are essential for managing supplier relationships, purchase orders, and payment settlements. Conventional ERP-based procurement often faces challenges related to inefficiency, manual reconciliation, lack of transparency, and susceptibility to fraud or contractual disputes. Blockchain-enabled smart contracts offer a transformative approach by providing self-executing agreements that operate on decentralized, tamper-resistant ledgers. These contracts ensure automation, trust, and compliance, thereby addressing long-standing limitations in procurement workflows. This paper investigates the integration of blockchain technology with ERP-based procurement systems, focusing on how smart contracts can automate vendor onboarding, streamline purchase order execution, enforce payment terms, and ensure regulatory compliance. The discussion emphasizes architectural principles for blockchain-ERP integration, including transparency, immutability, interoperability, and governance. Various blockchain platforms such as Hyperledger Fabric, Ethereum, and Corda are assessed for their suitability in enterprise procurement environments, considering factors such as permissioned access, scalability, and regulatory alignment. Through reference models and case studies, the paper demonstrates how blockchain enabled procurement enhances efficiency, reduces disputes, and strengthens supply chain accountability. Key challenges including interoperability with legacy ERP, smart contract vulnerabilities, and compliance with global regulations are also explored. The study provides a conceptual and practical framework for designing blockchain-enabled procurement architectures, highlighting their potential to reshape ERP ecosystems and support sustainable digital transformation.

Permissioned blockchain platforms heavily depend on cryptography to provide a layer of trust within the blockchain network, thus verification of cryptographic signatures often becomes the bottleneck. ECDSA is the most commonly used cryptographic scheme in permissioned blockchains. In this work, we propose an efficient implementation of ECDSA signature verification on FPGA, in order to improve performance of permissioned blockchains that aim to use FPGA-based hardware accelerators. We propose several optimizations for modular arithmetic (e.g., custom multipliers and fast modular reduction) and point arithmetic (e.g., reduced number of point double and addition operations, and optimal width NAF representation). Based on these optimized modular and point arithmetic modules, we propose an ECDSA verification engine that can be used by any application for fast verification of signatures. We further optimize our ECDSA verification engine for Hyperledger Fabric (one of the most widely used blockchain platforms) by moving carefully selected operations to a precomputation block, thus simplifying the critical path of ECDSA signature verification. Our ECDSA engine running at 250MHz on Xilinx Alveo U250 accelerator card can perform a verification in <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$760\mu s$</tex> with a throughput of 1, 315 verifications/sec, which is <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$\sim 2.5$</tex> times faster than state-of-the-art FPGA-based implementations. Our Hyperledger Fabric-specific ECDSA engine can perform a verification in <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$368\mu s$</tex> , and 2, 717 verifications/sec. With 10 engines, Hyperledger Fabric can achieve a throughput of 7, 520 transactions/sec.

Efficient administration of computing resources in Multi-access Edge Computing (MEC) networks is a very active research topic. Task sharing in particular, is one of the capital problems with respect to MEC architectures although is mostly addressed from the end-user standpoint. Moreover, standard MEC frameworks do not consider task sharing schemes for computing servers at the edge level even though mechanisms of this kind could increase the utilization of resources in MEC setups. The integration of blockchain technologies into multi server cloud and edge computing solutions has started to gain steam in recent times, largely in part for its potential to enhance the functionality, security, and privacy of cloud-based architectures. In this context, this paper presents a task sharing mechanism for MEC servers with precedent-dependent tasks based on the Hyperledger Fabric framework. Hyperledger Fabric is a blockchain platform that provides a light-weight and distributed interaction playing field for the servers that mitigates the security and privacy concerns related to the collaboration scheme. For sharing tasks among the servers, the call dependencies of the tasks for a user application are captured by a control-flow graph and an optimization problem is formulated to obtain the allocation of tasks. Numerical results on the performance of the proposed task sharing mechanism are presented.

In today’s interconnected IoT ecosystems, blockchain technology acts as a facilitator for decentralization. Hyperledger Fabric (HLF) is a renounced permissioned blockchain platform designed for enterprise use. Currently, HLF supports two primary consensus algorithms: Raft and smartBFT. Despite HLF’s modular nature, integrating new consensus algorithms remains a challenging and intricate process that lacks sufficient guidelines. In this work, we bridge this gap by providing a novel, comprehensive, yet practical guide to simplify the integration of consensus algorithms into HLF. Furthermore, we demonstrate our approach by integrating a new hybrid algorithm into HLF, specifically tailored for the IoT ecosystem. Compared to the current algorithms, experiments indicate promising performance and reliability.

Hyperledger Fabric (HLF) is a leading permissioned blockchain platform designed for enterprise applications. However, it faces significant security risks from Denial-of-Service (DoS) attacks targeting its core components. This study systematically investigated network-level DoS attack vectors against HLF, with a focus on threats to its ordering service, Membership Service Provider (MSP), peer nodes, consensus protocols, and architectural dependencies. In this research, we performed experiments on an HLF test bed to demonstrate how compromised components can be exploited to launch DoS attacks and degrade the performance and availability of the blockchain network. Key attack scenarios included manipulating block sizes to induce latency, discarding blocks to disrupt consensus, issuing malicious certificates via MSP, colluding peers to sabotage validation, flooding external clients to overwhelm resources, misconfiguring Raft consensus parameters, and disabling CouchDB to cripple data access. The experimental results reveal severe impacts on the availability, including increased latency, decreased throughput, and inaccessibility of the ledger. Our findings emphasize the need for proactive monitoring and robust defense mechanisms to detect and mitigate DoS threats. Finally, we discuss some future research directions, including lightweight machine learning tailored to HLF, enhanced monitoring by aggregating logs from multiple sources, and collaboration with industry stakeholders to deploy pilot studies of security-enhanced HLF in operational environments.

This study explores the transformative impact of blockchain technology on data integrity and security in digital environments. Through a comprehensive assessment of data integrity metrics across prominent blockchain networks, including Bitcoin, Ethereum, and Hyperledger Fabric, we unveil nuanced differences in immutability and reliability. Our security analysis delves into the cryptographic strength and resistance to unauthorized access, showcasing the outstanding security features of Hyperledger Fabric and Bitcoin, with Ethereum exhibiting commendable yet moderate security levels. The discussions underscore the multifaceted nature of blockchain technology, emphasizing the importance of selecting a platform aligned with specific use cases. Hyperledger Fabric and Bitcoin emerge as strong contenders for applications requiring high integrity and robust security, while Ethereum offers a reliable but moderate alternative. As blockchain technology continues to evolve, this study provides valuable insights for practitioners and researchers, guiding the strategic selection of blockchain platforms to harness their transformative potential in diverse digital environments.

Hyperledger Fabric is a widely-used permissioned blockchain platform for enterprise consortium applications. It adopts Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT) algorithm as the consensus protocol in its version 0.6. Faulty replicas could intentionally delay messages, be not responsive and send inconsistent messages to different replicas. Faulty clients and replicas could also launch denial-of-service attack to make resources unavailable. The malicious behavior significantly undermines the system. However, the existing performance evaluation for Fabric is accomplished in a fault-free environment without malicious behaviors. In this paper, we analyze the impact of malicious behavior, design malicious behavior patterns and test the blockchain performance on Hyperledger Fabric.

The blockchain technology has been popular not only in cryptoassets but also in various fields of enterprise systems, where smart contracts between multiple stakeholders play a significant role. Hyperledger Fabric is one of the leading open-source enterprise blockchain platforms, which employs a unique consensus algorithm comprising three phases: endorsement, ordering, and committing. In this paper, three potential issues in Hyperledger Fabric are addressed when it is applied to enterprise systems: local alteration of ledgers, short of endorsers faced especially with private data, and auditing requirements. To solve and mitigate the issues, a blockchain verification tool bcverifier is proposed. This paper presents six requirements for the tool, the basic design of the tool, and how the design satisfies the requirements. It also clarifies the properties which the tool verifies in the ledger: immutability, consensus, and consistency in Hyperledger Fabric ledgers.

Blockchain technology provides a secure and transparent framework for managing land ownership records. However, most existing systems lack mechanisms that allow multiple authorities to verify transactions collaboratively before they are finalized. This study evaluates the implementation of a multi-party verification model for land certificate transactions using Hyperledger Fabric, a permissioned blockchain platform that supports configurable endorsement policies to simulate multi-signature behavior. The system architecture involves three endorsing organizations: BPN (National Land Agency), PPAT (Land Deed Officials), and the Local Government, each acting as an independent validator within the blockchain network. A series of performance tests were conducted to measure transaction latency, endorsement success rate, and throughput under single-, two-, and three-party endorsement configurations. Results show that the average latency increased from 1.13 seconds under a single-party policy to 2.43 seconds under a three-party policy, while throughput declined from 63.4 to 37.2 transactions per second. Despite this reduction, the system maintained a 100 percent endorsement success rate across all configurations, indicating consistent policy enforcement by Hyperledger Fabric’s validation system chaincode. The findings highlight the potential of Hyperledger Fabric as a foundation for transparent and auditable land registration. This approach directly supports Indonesia’s digital governance framework by providing a technical model for secure inter-agency coordination, which is critical for the national transition to electronic land certification and enhancing institutional accountability. Key limitations of this study, representing directions for future work, include the controlled simulation environment and the need for integration with Indonesia’s national Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) to ensure full legal compliance.