Performance Analysis of Non-coherent Massive SIMO Systems with Antenna Correlation

Massive multiple input multiple output (MIMO) is the key technology in the 5G communication network. Blind source separation (BSS) plays an important role in MIMO communication when information about the transmitted signals or channel is not available. Independent component analysis (ICA) is one of the well-known BSS technique applied in MIMO wireless communication. Existing BSS techniques like ICA assumes number of receiving antennas to be greater than or equal to the number of transmit antennas and hence cannot be applied to multiple input single output (MISO) communication scenario, that happens during downlink massive MIMO communication. In single channel blind source separation (SCBSS) the source signals are retrieved from a single observed mixture (single channel or single receiving antenna) of the source signals. In this paper, we investigate the application of SCBSS to MISO communication system. Using ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD), the MISO communication system is converted to a pseudo MIMO system followed by the application of principal component analysis (PCA) and ICA algorithms to separate the transmitted signals. The algorithm is successfully applied to 2 X 1 MISO system and with a slight modification to n X 1 MISO system. Simulation results are provided to validate the performance of the algorithm.

In this paper, we investigate a transmitter and receiver design for a single-user massive SIMO (single-input multiple-output) system with 1-bit analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) at the base station (BS), where the user adopts higher-order modulation, e.g., 16-quadrature amplitude modulation (16-QAM), for the data transmission. For the channel estimation and the signal detection, linear least-squares (LS) estimation and maximum ratio combining (MRC) are respectively employed. In this context, we first introduce closed-form formulas for the mean of the estimated symbols and for the correlation matrix between their real and imaginary parts considering the effect of 1-bit quantization. The study of the distribution of the estimated symbols indicates that, in presence of 1-bit ADCs, the conventional 16-QAM detector and the typical square 16-QAM modulation are not adequate. In light of this, we propose three novel symbol detectors and re-design the 16-QAM modulation in order to improve the symbol error rate (SER). Furthermore, the upper bound on the SER is analyzed based on the pair-wise error probability and the boundary equation between two regions is also studied. Through numerical results, the proposed framework, i.e., the symbol detector and the transmit constellation design, shows a significant enhancement in the SER performance against the conventional detector and the typical square 16-QAM modulation.

Expressions are derived for the coverage probability and average rate of both multi-user multiple input multiple output (MU-MIMO) and single input multiple output (SIMO) systems in the context of a fractional frequency reuse (FFR) scheme. In particular, given a reuse region of $\frac{1}{3}$ (FR3) and a reuse region of 1 (FR1) as well as a signal-to-interference-plus-noise-ratio (SINR) threshold $S_{th}$ , which decides the user assignment to either the FR1 or FR3 regions, we theoretically show that: $1)$ the optimal choice of $S_{th}$ which maximizes the coverage probability is $S_{th} = T$ , where $T$ is the target SINR required for ensuring adequate coverage, and $2)$ the optimal choice of $S_{th}$ which maximizes the average rate is given by $S_{th}= T^{\prime}$ , where $T^{\prime}$ is a function of the path loss exponent, the number of antennas and of the fading parameters. The impact of frequency domain correlation amongst the OFDM sub-bands allocated to the FR1 and FR3 cell-regions is analysed and it is shown that the presence of correlation reduces both the coverage probability and the average throughput of the FFR network. Furthermore, the performance of our FFR-aided MU-MIMO and SIMO systems is compared. Our analysis shows that the (2 $\times$ 2) MU-MIMO system achieves 22.5% higher rate than the (1 $\times$ 3) SIMO system and for lower target SINRs, the coverage probability of a (2 $\times$ 2) MU-MIMO system is comparable to a (1 $\times$ 3) SIMO system. Hence the former one may be preferred over the latter. Our simulation results closely match the analytical results.

MISO (Multiple-Input Single-Output) similar architecture of most terrestrial wireless network networks instead of more and more scientists striving to apply MISO technology to satellite technology, it can be used to achieve a lower rate of application bit error and risk of complications, while managing increased power boost technology. In mitigating the phenomenon increasingly crowded networks, sites, and increasingly strained sources and frequency of orbital interacting. That channel electricity, bit error rate, and single-band dual-polarized probabilities of MISO outage communication systems are evaluated in the paper. In the first step, when the XPD (Cross-Polarization Discrimination) antenna in a certain organism is greater than 1. With the XPD change, the channel throughput increases in scale linearly. Second, under BPSK modulation, it analyses the bit error rate BER of the specification. The design incorporates a sufficiently low (BER) when the SNR is substantial; analysis of the frequency of outage of a distributed MISO system demonstrated when the signal to noise ratio (SNR) is massive, the handset would maintain the prospect of an outage low enough. Assessment of the spectral range of satellite communication, in the analysis process, the criteria of the rice channel are applied to the channel, review excluding certain traits of the dual-polarized satellite MISO. The public would provide great feedback for the productivity of the future of MISO satellite technology. In a previous paper, the author designed a channel modeling dual-band for satellite communication using the MIMO technique. Using this technique, the system cannot achieve greater performance and at the same time using a dual-band will decrease the system's capability. To decrease the above issues, the paper introduces a new method called the MISO system. Using the MISO technique, the system can gain high performance and the system will get greater bandwidth, BER, and SNR. The advantage of using single-band dual-polarized is, uplink and a downlink frequency of the satellite can be calculated very easily and accurately.

This paper advocates the performance of wireless multiuser relay networks (MRNs) equipped with a single amplify-and-forward (AaF) relay. For such networks, we focus on opportunistic scheduling, in which the destination with the highest instantaneous end-to-end signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is scheduled for transmission. The scheduled destination can receive either directly from the source or indirectly through the relay, based on cooperative selection diversity (CSD). Assuming Rayleigh fading channels, we first derive a new expression for the cumulative distribution function (CDF) of the received instantaneous end-to-end SNR. Then, relying on this statistical result, we present new exact expressions for the outage probability and symbol error rate (SER), both of which are obtained in closed-form. Furthermore, we derive simple yet valuable closed-form asymptotic expressions for the outage probability and SER in the high SNR regime. Our results explicitly reveal the impacts of CSD and opportunistic scheduling on the diversity order and array gain. Numerical results are presented to validate the analysis.

In this article, a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)-based hybrid decode-amplify-forward scheme in a distributed Alamouti-coded cooperative network is proposed. Considering a flat Rayleigh fading channel environment, the MATLAB simulation and analysis are carried out. In the cooperative scheme, two relays are employed, where each relay is transmitting each row Alamouti code. The selection of SNR threshold depends on the target rate information. The closed form expressions of symbol error rate (SER), the outage probability and average channel capacity with tight upper bounds are derived and compared with the simulation done in MATLAB environment. Furthermore, the impact of relay location on the SER performance is analysed. It is observed that the proposed hybrid relaying technique outperforms the individual amplify and forward and decode and forward ones in the distributed Alamouti-coded cooperative network.

Recently, much attention has been drawn to distributed antenna systems (DAS), which are proposed to improve the performance of mobile communication systems. This paper focuses on the analysis of the average symbol error rate (SER) of DAS over a generic composite channel. Initially, a new composite channel model is considered for DAS, which is a mixture of path loss, lognormal shadowing and generalized-Gamma fast fading. This composite channel model is a generic model, which includes many well-known composite channel models as special cases. Based on the channel model, the cumulative distribution function of the output signal-to-noise ratio is obtained by employing selective transmission scheme. Moreover, by averaging the channel conditions and the positions of the MS in the cell, an approximate expression of the average SER is derived, which is a unified form of expression for many commonly used modulation schemes. Numerical results show that the derived expression of the average SER can provide sufficient precision for evaluating the SER performance of DAS under different modulation schemes.

Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) has been incorporated in standards/draft standards such as IEEE 80.15.3c, IEEE 802.11ad for building multi-Gigabit systems operating in a few GHz of bandwidth. The digital implementation of the receivers for such a system is challenging because high precision (6+ bits/sample) analog-to-digital conversion (ADC) at such high speeds is power hungry and expensive. In this paper, we show that by suitable subcarrier power allocation we can get good performance even with low precision ADC (1-4 bits/sample without oversampling). We derive an analytical expression for the uncoded SER of an M-QAM OFDM system with finite precision ADC. By accounting for automatic gain control (AGC), we show that equal received subcarrier power (ERSP) leads to less quantization noise power than equal transmit subcarrier power (ETSP). Furthermore, for high SNR, ERSP has a lower symbol error rate (SER) than ETSP. But for lower SNR, ETSP is better, and hence we also use convex combinations of ETSP and ERSP power allocations. We illustrate the accuracy of our analytical results with simulations for the Saleh-Valenzuela channel model with log-normal fading. Our results show that for 16-QAM, at SER of 0.01, with a 3-bit ADC and a combination of ERSP and ETSP, we can come within 1 dB of ETSP of the full precision case (while ETSP with 3-bit ADC has a SER floor above 0.04).

In this work, we study the performance of a single relay Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) cooperative communication system based on Decode and Forward (DF) relaying protocol for two strategies using transmit antenna selection at the source. The first strategy uses one antenna between the relay and the destination, and the second strategy uses Space Time Block Coding (STBC). All channels follow the Rayleigh fading distribution. We derive the expression and Upper Bound for Symbol Error Rate (SER) for M-ary Phase Shift Keying (M-PSK), and the diversity order for both strategies. The analytical results show that the second strategy performs better than the first one for the same diversity order and the same Rate R.

In this paper, we present a novel framework for deriving closed-form exact expressions for the symbol error rate (SER) of α-μ fading channels, assuming single-branch and equalgain combining and maximal-ratio combining receivers and considering most of the commonly used modulation schemes. The proposed framework is based on Mellin transform, and the SER expressions are given in terms of the univariate and multivariate Fox H-functions, which have recently been extensively used in the literature. The proposed framework has the following advantages over previous frameworks: First, it is straightforward and general; therefore, it allows the derivation of the exact SER expressions for cases untreated before in the literature. Second, it enables direct derivation for the asymptotic expressions of the SER for high average signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs). To validate the obtained expressions, we compare the results of the special case of the Nakagami-m fading channel with those reported in the literature. Furthermore, Monte Carlo simulations are conducted, and their results are shown to perfectly match the analytic expressions. Finally, the obtained asymptotic expressions for all the studied modulation schemes and diversity receivers are shown to match the behavior of their corresponding exact values for a wide range of SNR values that are of practical interest.

Recently, visible light communication (VLC) technology has attracted great attention in both academia and industry. In this paper, a spatial modulation (SM) based multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) VLC system with input-dependent noise is investigated. Based on the input-dependent noise, the theoretical symbol error rate (SER) expression is obtained. The SER performance of SM-based MIMO VLC system is analyzed for both input-dependent noise and input-independent noise cases. Considering the trade-off between SER and transmission rate, the successful transmission rate indicator is formulated, which is the product of SER and transmission rate. An optimization problem, whose goal is to maximize the successful transmission rate, is proposed to optimize the modulation order. Simulation results show the effectiveness of the obtained SER expression. Simulations also indicate that the system with larger input-dependent noise tends to have smaller modulation order in order to maximize the successful transmission rate.

This paper is dedicated to better understanding of the achievable sum rate in the single carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA) system. We investigate the achievable sum rate in a two-user SC-FDMA system, where a mix of SIMO (single input multiple output) and SDMA (space division multiple access) transmission mode is assumed for the wideband communication. The problem is formulated which appears to be non-convex. Relation to the conventional waterfilling solution is pointed out for single mode (SIMO or SDMA) transmission. We show that a mix of SIMO and SDMA transmission mode in the wideband is not favorable for any pair of the user equipments. A better strategy would be to switch to SIMO mode or SDMA mode adaptively. We also propose a simple algorithm to find the group of users for SDMA mode based on the wideband average spatial correlation. Performance improvement is shown by combining adaptive SIMO mode and SDMA mode selection with our proposed user grouping algorithm.

Analytical expressions for symbol error rate (SER) of M-ary dual ring star shaped quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), when corrupted by additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN), have been derived. Utilizing the result for AWGN channel, SER expressions for various frequency non-selective slow fading channels (e.g. Rayleigh, Rician, and Nakagami-m) are also found. The results obtained are in the form of summation of single integrals which can be easily calculated through numerical methods. More importantly, compared to the erroneous results published earlier, the derived expressions are accurate. Extensive Monte Carlo simulations were performed to validate the analytical framework. The inadequacy of Gray's approximation for calculation of bit error rate (BER) has also been pointed out.

In this paper, we propose a multi-hop multi-branch multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) SSK scheme with path selection and investigate its error performance. In this scheme, the best path is selected among multiple branches and a multiple-antenna source (S) communicates with a multiple-antenna destination (D) via the relays of the selected path. Each relay is equipped with multiple transmit and receive antennas. It is assumed that there is no direct link between S and D. Moreover, S and all relays employ SSK modulation to transmit information bits and each relay in each path follows the decode-and-forward principle. A closed-form approximate symbol error rate (SER) expression for the proposed SSK system is derived. Furthermore, an asymptotic SER performance analysis is also performed. The analytical results are verified through Monte Carlo simulations. It is shown that the proposed multi-hop SSK system with path selection outperforms conventional multihop M-PSK system with path selection in terms of the SER performance for especially high data rates and sufficient number of receive antennas at the receiving nodes.

A nonzero residual intersymbol interference (ISI) causes the symbol error rate (SER) to increase where the achievable SER may not answer any more on the system’s requirements. Recently, a closed‐form approximated expression was derived by the same author for the residual ISI obtained by nonblind adaptive equalizers for the single‐input single‐output (SISO) case. Up to now, there does not exist a closed‐form expression for the residual ISI obtained by nonblind adaptive equalizers for the single‐input multiple‐output (SIMO) case. Furthermore, there does not exist a closed‐form expression for the SER valid for the SISO or SIMO case that takes into account the residual ISI obtained by nonblind adaptive equalizers and is valid for fractional Gaussian noise (fGn) input where the Hurst exponent is in the region of 0.5 ≤ H < 1. In this paper, we derive a closed‐form approximated expression for the residual ISI obtained by nonblind adaptive equalizers for the SIMO case (where SISO is a special case of SIMO), valid for fGn input where the Hurst exponent is in the region of 0.5 ≤ H < 1. Based on this new expression for the residual ISI, a closed‐form approximated expression is obtained for the SER valid for the SIMO and fGn case.