Performance Comparison of MANET Routing Protocol based on RandomWaypoint Mobility Model

Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs) are considered as a new paradigm of infrastructure-less mobile wireless communication systems. MANETs are being widely studied and it is the technology that is attracting a large variety of applications. Routing in MANETs is considered a challenging task due to the unpredictable changes in the network topology, resulting from the random and frequent movement of the nodes and due to the absence of any centralized control [1][2]. In this paper, we evaluate the performance of reactive routing protocols, Ad hoc On demand Distance Vector (AODV) and Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) and proactive routing protocol Destination Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV). The major goal of this study is to analyze the performance of well known MANETs routing protocol in high mobility case under low, medium and high density scenario. Unlike military applications, most of the other applications of MANETs require moderate to high mobility. Hence it becomes important to study the impact of high mobility on the performance of these routing protocols. The performance is analyzed with respect to Average End-to-End Delay, Normalized Routing Load (NRL), Packet Delivery Fraction (PDF) and Throughput. Simulation results verify that AODV gives better performance as compared to DSR and DSDV.

In Mobile Ad-hoc NETwork (MANET) each node has the possibility to move freely in the space and communicate with each other over wireless link without any centralized controller or base station. These characteristics makes MANET useful and practical in several fields like military scenarios, sensor networks, Rescue operations, students on campus, etc. but this kind of network still suffers from a number of problems, power consumption is one of the most crucial design concerns in Mobile Ad-hoc networks as the nodes in MANET have battery limited. In this paper, we will discuss about the aspect of energy consumption in MANET's routing protocols. A performance comparison of four routing protocols Dynamic Source Routing (DSR), Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV), Destination-Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV) and Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) with respect to average energy consumption are explained thoroughly. Then, an evaluation of how the varying parameters of network in diverse scenarios affect the power consumption in these four protocols is discussed. A detailed simulation model using Network Simulator 2 (NS2) with different mobility and traffic models is used to study their energy consumption.

Ad Hoc Routing with Distributed Ordered Sequences

Wireless sensor network (WSN) with several sensors is used to group measurements of certain physical quantities or environmental conditions, including sound, temperature, pressure, vibration, motion, or pollution, at various locations and ranges. In WSNs, several protocols address the issue of routing. Sensor nodes in WSN usually have limited energy resources and storage capacities. Therefore, the issue of energy usage in sensors and protocols is very important. This paper analyzes and compares the quality of service (QoS) performances of three important routing protocols of the mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) including Ad-hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV), dynamic source routing (DSR), and destination sequenced distance vector (DSDV), in a smart building case study. The QoS evaluation metrics include residual energy of nodes, instant throughput (IT), average throughput (AT), packet delivery ratio (PDR), packet loss ratio (PLR), and route discovery latency (RDL) based on IEEE 802.15.4 MAC protocol standard. The simulation is carried out using NS2, and the WSN has 16 fixed and 4 mobility nodes with different speeds and paths. The simulation results illustrate that average throughput in AODV is 1.985118 (kbps), however, the figures for DSR and DSDV are 1.977780 and 1.720700 (kbps), respectively. PDR, also, in DSR stands at 1.0, but the figures for AODV and DSDV are lower with the range of 0.999572 and 0.997930, respectively. Overall, The DSR protocol provides a better performance compared to AODV and DSDV routing protocols in terms of PLR and PDR. Also, AODV has better efficiency in RDL and AT compared to other assumed protocols.

Networks are being used in various areas and the demand of users nowadays has motivated the emergence of the Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET). MANET is a dynamic network without fixed infrastructure due to their wireless nature and can be deployed as multi-hop packet networks. It is a wireless network and has dynamic topology due to its node mobility. There are two types of MANET, homogeneous and heterogeneous MANET. An architecture has been designed in previous work to model these two types of MANET. Three scenarios have been defined from this architecture: scenario I (communication entirely within MANET, homogeneous MANET), scenario II (communication between MANET and wireless LAN, heterogeneous MANET) and scenario III (communication between MANET with wireless LAN and wired LAN, heterogeneous MANET). MANET has its own routing protocols which can compromised with frequent route exchange, dynamic topology, bandwidth constraint and multi-hop routing. Ad hoc On Demand Distance Vector (AODV) is one of the routing protocols in MANET. The aim of this research is to assess the effects of different packet size with the implementation of AODV routing protocols in homogeneous and heterogeneous MANET through the simulation method. The three scenarios above have been developed in the OMNeT++ network simulator. The results achieved from the test have been evaluated using the metrics assigned, throughput and packet delivery ratio (PDR). The tests show that the increase of throughput and PDR performance was parallel with the increase of packet size. From the test also, we can conclude that the performance due to the packet size effect in homogeneous MANET is better than in heterogeneous MANET.

Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs), a subclass of Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs), rely on efficient routing protocols to maintain reliable communication in highly dynamic and decentralized environments. While numerous routing strategies have been proposed, their performance varies significantly with the choice of underlying mobility models that simulate real vehicular movement. This study presents a two-phase evaluation of five widely used routing protocols—Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV), Dynamic Source Routing (DSR), Destination-Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV), Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR), and Geographic Routing Protocol (GRP)—across fourteen realistic mobility models, including the Intelligent Driver Model (IDM), Car-Following Model (CFM), and Lighthill–Whitham–Richards (LWR) model. Simulations are executed using Simulation of Urban Mobility (SUMO), Network Simulator 3 (NS-3), and the Veins framework. The performance is assessed using eight key metrics: Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), End-to-End Delay (E2ED), Throughput, Jitter, Energy Consumption, Packet Loss Ratio (PLR), Normalized Routing Load (NRL), and Link Breakage Rate (LBR). Among the evaluated protocol–mobility combinations, AODV paired with the CFM model demonstrated comparatively favorable performance under the considered simulation configuration: 93% PDR, 79.4 ms E2ED, 332 kbps throughput, 3.4 ms jitter, 3.48 J energy consumption, 7% PLR, 0.3 NRL, and 5 link breakages per simulation. This study provides a systematic and unified comparative evaluation of five widely used routing protocols across fourteen simulation-based vehicular mobility models. The findings provide scenario-specific comparative insights for simulation-based VANET performance evaluation and offer practical, simulation-based guidance for selecting suitable protocol–mobility model combinations under the evaluated experimental conditions.

Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) is a dynamic network without fixed infrastructure due to their wireless nature and can be deployed as multi-hop packet networks. It is a wireless network and has dynamic topology due to its node mobility. Networks are being used in various areas and the demand of users nowadays has motivated the emergence of the heterogeneous MANET. Compared to homogeneous MANET, heterogeneous MANET is more open to other types of network for example wireless LAN, cellular network and fixed network. In MANET, the concern is more to configuration and one of the important elements in configuration is routing. Ad hoc On Demand Distance Vector (AODV) is one of the routing protocols in MANET which can compromise with MANET characteristics. The aim of this research is to assess the performance of AODV in different mobility speed for homogeneous MANET and heterogeneous MANET through the simulation method. The simulation scenarios derived from the HetMAN architecture (as been discussed in previous work) have been developed in the OMNeT++ network simulator. The results achieved from the test have been evaluated using the metrics assigned; throughput and packet delivery ratio (PDR). The tests show that, as the speed increase, the throughput and PDR decrease for both homogeneous and heterogeneous MANET. From the test also, we can conclude that the performance in homogeneous MANET is better than in heterogeneous MANET.

Mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is a collection of several wireless devices or mobile users that can communicate among themselves over wireless links in a peer to peer basis and thereby creating a dynamic, arbitrary graph. But some adverse characteristics of MANET like dynamic topology, limited bandwidth, link failure and energy constraints, imposes new demands on routing protocol. This paper aims to study the performance evaluation and comparison of three prominent routing protocols: Destination Sequence Distance Vector (DSDV), Ad-hoc On demand Distance Vector (AODV) and Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR), in a real life scenario. In a given scenario, students investigate the historical site in which number of packets being sends and number of nodes in the network affects the communication reliability. Extensive simulations are made to evaluate the performance of these protocols using various performance differential metrics like packet delivery ratio, total energy consumption and throughput using NS-3.29. In the end it is seen that in most simulation results, proactive routing protocols (DSDV, OLSR) performed significantly better than reactive routing protocols.

Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs) operate without infrastructure where nodes can move randomly. Therefore, routing in MANETs is a challenging task. In this paper we evaluate the performance of three important MANET routing protocols: Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV), Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) and Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) when employed to forward scalable video contents. AODV and DSR are reactive protocols in that routing paths are established once needed. On the other hand, OLSR is a proactive routing protocol where routing information is exchanged and maintained continuously. The goal of the performance evaluation in this study is to assess the performance of AODV, DSR and OLSR in communicating scalable video contents. In the simulation part of this paper, a real video sequence is communicated where the characteristics and quality of the video decoded at receiver nodes are evaluated. NS2 along with extensions and other evaluation frameworks have been used to assess the performance of the MANET routing protocols when used for scalable video communication. The framework allows starting from a raw video that is encoded, packetized, transmitted through a network topology and collected at receiver to be decoded, played, and evaluated. Delay and timing constraints are taken into consideration when decoding the received video packets.

This paper conduct a comprehensive simulation study on the behavior of TCP-friendly Rate Control (TFRC) protocol over Ad-Hoc On Demand Vector (AODV) routing protocol and Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) protocol. The aim are first, to measure the performance of TFRC in terms of throughput, delay and jitter. The second objective is to identify which Mobile Ad-Hoc Network (MANET) routing protocols work well with TFRC. We conduct the experiment by sending multimedia streaming traffic carried by TFRC over AODV and DSR respectively. Random-Waypoint mobility model is used for both experiments. Results obtained shows that in average TFRC over AODV has more throughput and less delay as compared with TFRC over DSR. However, in terms of jitter, TFRC over DSR gives better result.

A Mobile Ad hoc NETwork (MANET), is a self-configuring infra structure less network of mobile devices connected by wireless links. ad hoc is Latin and means for this purpose. Each device in a MANET is free to move independently in any direction, and will therefore change its links to other devices frequently. Each must forward traffic unrelated to its own use, and therefore be a router. The primary challenge in building a MANET is equipping each device to continuously maintain the information required to properly route traffic. QOS is defined as a set of service requirements to be met by the network while transporting a packet stream from source to destination. Intrinsic to the notion of QOS is an agreement or a guarantee by the network to provide a set of measurable pre-specified service attributes to the user in terms of delay, jitter, available bandwidth, packet loss, and so on. The analysis is mainly between proactive or table-driven protocols like OLSR (Optimized Link State Routing) viz DSDV (Destination Sequenced Distance Vector) & CGSR (Cluster Head Gateway Switch Routing) and reactive or source initiated routing protocols viz AODV (Ad hoc on Demand distance Vector) & DSR (Dynamic Source Routing). The QoS analysis of the above said protocols is simulated on NS2 and results are shown thereby.

Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs) features such as open medium, dynamic topology, lack of centralised management and lack of infrastructure expose them to a number of security attacks. Black hole attack is one type of attack that is more common in MANET reactive routing protocols such as Ad-hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV) and Dynamic Source Routing (DSR). Black hole attack takes advantage of route discovery process in reactive routing protocols. In this type of attack, a malicious node misleads other nodes in the network by pretending to have the shortest and updated route to a target node whose packets it wants to interrupt. It then redirects all packets destined to a target node to itself and discards them instead of forwarding. This paper analyses the performance of AODV and DSR when attacked by black hole, by varying the mobility of the nodes in the network. The analysis is carried out by simulating scenarios of AODV based MANET and DSR based MANET using Network Simulator 2 (NS-2) and introducing the black hole attack in each of the scenarios. The different scenarios are generated by changing the mobility of the nodes. The performance metrics that are used to do the analysis are throughput, packet delivery ratio and end-to-end delay. The simulation results show that the performance of both AODV and DSR degrades in the presence of black hole attack. Throughput and packet delivery ratio decrease when the network is attacked by black hole because the malicious node absorbs or discards some of the packets. End-to-end delay is also reduced in the presence of a black hole attack because a malicious node pretends to have a valid route to destination without checking the routing table, and therefore shortens the route discovery process. The results also show that throughput decreases slightly when mobility of the nodes is increased in the network. The increase in the speed of the nodes decreases both end-to-end delay and packet delivery ratio.

Mobile ad-hoc network and its several aspects are gaining popularity day-by-day in the research field as new technology is emerging in its way to renovate the field as a companion of wireless sensor networks. While working on several routing protocols of mobile ad-hoc network I became familiar with two prominent on-demand routing protocols for mobile ad hoc networks - Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) and Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Routing (AODV). Both DSR and AODV share the similar on-demand behavior, in spite of their different mechanism of finding next route to the destination. AODV protocol is the main concern for performance evaluation in the hostile network as it is the most efficient dynamic, that is, on demand routing algorithm. In this paper, I elaborately evaluate the performance of AODV routing protocol in the hostile environment which may be intentional or unintentional hostility. These types of unfriendly attitude of the mobile environment ultimately deteriorates the performance of the network for which I designed an efficient pruning mechanism based on limited broadcasting techniques for the AODV protocol which performs well with minimum latency, minimum end-to-end delay of data packets and maximum packet delivery fraction.

A Mobile Ad Hoc Network represents a system of wireless mobile nodes that can freely and dynamically selforganize into arbitrary and temporary network topologies, allowing people and devices to seamlessly communicate without any pre-existing communication architecture. The growth of real time multimedia application in such environments, has drawn a lot of attention to wireless networks that support quality of service (QoS). In this work, the QoS metrics, delay and link life time (LLT) of the path are dynamically calculated. Based on these values the routing decisions are made. Here the multipath routing protocol is taken as the base protocol. The proposed algorithm finds the multiple QoS routes only, based on the QoS metrics and stores only those paths in the routing table. The route is selected based on the integrated QoS metric and is used to transmit the data. The base protocol used is multipath AODV(Ad Hoc On demand Distance Vector ) routing protocol. The proposed protocol may take extra time during route discovery process to compute the additional QoS parameters, but this time is compensated by having only QoS paths for data transmission. A few patents on the QoS Routing for MANETS have been reviewed.The simulator NS-2.34 is used to simulate and compare the performance of the protocols in terms of the QoS metrics such as end-to-end delay, PDR in the MANET. Keywords: Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET), Quality of Service (QoS), Destination Sequence Distance Vector (DSDV), Dynamic Source Routing (DSR), Ad Hoc On demand Distance Vector (AODV), LLT (Link Life Time), RLT (Route Life Time), PLTR (Percentage Life Time Ratio), TCP (Transmission Control Protocol), CBR (Constant Bit Rate), PDR (Packet Delivery Ratio).

Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANET) comprises of self-organizing autonomous mobile nodes. MANETs are open and decentralized. Therefore they are vulnerable to malicious entities. MANETs are multi-hop wireless network where all nodes supportively maintain network connectivity without a centralized infrastructure. Since MANETs are infrastructure less and independent, the secure communication is the main issue. Therefore they are vulnerable to malicious entities. Here the location identity and traffic can be traced out by an outside observer. Anonymity means secure communications by hiding node identities and preventing traffic analysis attacks by outside observers. This paper proposes Position based Anonymous Routing Scheme in MANETs (PARS).Here the routing is based on Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing Protocol. The objective is an anonymous routing protocol for the network. The proposed one is a zone based anonymous GPSR based protocol that can provide source, destination and route anonymity. Performance of the proposed system is compared with that of GPSR and AODV using Network Simulator. Index Terms: Anonymous routing, position-based routing, random forwarder, zone partition. I. Introduction Mobile Ad hoc Networks are collection of independent mobile nodes that can communicate by radio waves. It is an infrastructure less self-organizing network. The nodes that are in radio range can communicate by single hop or by multi hop with the help of intermediate nodes. The network is open and decentralized and fully distributed. So they are perfect choice for communication and information sharing. MANETs are susceptible to malicious entities that aim to alter and analyzed the traffic analysis by communication eaves dropping or attacking routing protocols. MANETs are characterized by their distributed operation, multi hop routing, dynamic topology and shared physical medium. Nodes in a MANET are independently free to move in any direction. Due to the lack of a centralized coordinator security is the major concern here. Wireless communication can endure interferences or malicious interceptions; whereas multi-hop communication assumes that each node will perform properly its functions to support network services. Further, self-organization increases the complexity of security management operations as access control, node authentication, secure routing and cryptographic key distribution. There is no fixed infrastructure and the topology is frequently changing due to node mobility or environmental changes. Therefore, it is very hard to maintain a stable and efficient end-to-end route in an ad-hoc network. Each node in MANET is energy constrained. There is verylimited physical security in MANET. The type of attacks can be Active attacks or Passive attacks. The common security issues are Passive attacks which include eaves dropping and information disclosure. Active attacks include Do Sand Data modification. There are other more specific problems with mobile ad hoc network such as vulnerability of channels and nodes, Byzantine black hole and Byzantine wormhole attack. The security issue also includes attacks that may inject erroneous routing information and diverting network traffic thus making routing inefficient. There are many methods to reduce the impact of these attacks, which include a secure routing using public and private key s to get a certification authority and use of digital signatures and prior it rust relationships. Routing is the process of communication from one node to the other host in a network. Routing is the process off or warding packet towards its destination using most efficient path. Routing efficiency is measured in terms of Number of hops, traffic, security, etc. Routing protocols in MANETs are divided as reactive proactive and hybrid. Reactive Protocol maintains the routes in on demand manner. In route discovery phase it floods the route request (RREQ) packets throughout the network. Dynamic source Routing (DSR), ad hoc on- demand distance vector routing (AODV) are some of the examples of reactive protocols. In proactive approach every node in the MANET continuously maintains the complete routing information of the entire network. This is accomplished by flooding network periodically with network status information. Global State Routing (GSR), Hierarchical State Routing (HSR) and Destination Sequenced Distance Vector Routing (DSDV) are some of the examples of proactive