Performance Estimation of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator Based Wind Energy Conversion System

This paper addresses the design and analysis of the control system for a Wind Energy Conversion System (WECS) with a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG) and its application for isolated green hydrogen production. The designed control maximizes the wind turbine (WT) power generation by regulating the electrolyzer current consumption, where the electrolyzer operates as a controlled load, ensuring power balance in the system and enabling the generation of maximum power from the WECS without the use of any energy storage system. The system involves directly integrating a WECS with an alkaline electrolyzer (AEL), and its configuration includes a WT with a PMSG, an AC/DC voltage source converter (VSC) acting as the generator side converter (GSC), and a DC/DC converter acting as the electrolyzer side converter (ESC) with Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) control for the WT. The proposed control system has been fully modeled and tested through simulations in Matlab/Simulink, demonstrating its reliable performance under variable wind speeds. Simulation results illustrate how, over rated wind speeds, the pitch control limits the rotational speed and power to their maximum values, and at under rated wind speeds, the ESC control regulates the AEL current following the MPPT of the WT, while the GSC control maintains the DC bus voltage at its designated nominal value. Overall, the proposed control system shows robust and effective performance across the entire range of possible operational points, ensuring no wind generation power losses by following the maximum power point.

Today wind energy has emerged as an alternative energy source for power generation. This paper investigates about standalone Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG) based wind energy conversion system (WECS) with Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT). The proposed system comprises of Wind turbine (WT), PMSG, boost converter, uncontrolled diode rectifier, battery bank, bidirectional buck boost converter and dc load. Multi pole PMSG is best suited for low speed, wide range variable speed wind energy applications. Wind flow varies with time; as a result power produced also varies. As maximum power has to be tracked for varying wind speeds, perturbation & Observation (P&O) algorithm is implemented for MPPT. Battery storage system is essential to supply the load during low wind speed condition. In this paper, a simulation study of the proposed standalone system is done using SIMULINK in MATLAB.

The paper presents simulation research on a variable structure control scheme of a small variable-speed fixed-pitch wind energy conversion system (WECS) with a three-phase permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) in variable wind conditions. The WECS is connected to a power grid through two back-to-back voltage source converters (VSCs) with a DC link. The presented control algorithm is based on feedforward compensation of the wind turbine aerodynamic torque estimated using a linear disturbance observer (DOB). The torque estimate is employed to determine the effective wind speed, required for setting the reference angular speed, using numerical zero search of a nonlinear function. The simulation model, built in the Matlab/Simulink environment using the Simscape Electrical toolbox, includes the field-oriented control of the PMSG via the machine VSC, performed by cascaded angular velocity and current/torque PI controllers, as well as synchronization with the grid and the reactive power control via the grid VSC. The presented results are focused on the performance of the proposed control in the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) operating region of the WECS for various wind speed profiles.

Conventional wind energy conversion systems (WECS) typically employ rotor side synchronous frame current control strategies to regulate the active/reactive power supplied by the WECS generator. Such strategies require accurate information regarding the rotor position and speed in order to set the dq frame reference currents and to perform the necessary frame transformations. This information can be obtained using a rotor speed sensor (i.e. a shaft encoder) or via a sensor-less strategy in which a dynamic machine model and stator current measurements are used to estimate the true rotor position. This paper now presents an alternative approach to control the active/reactive power supplied by the WECS permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG). The proposed strategy uses the three phase converter modulation commands to identify the phase and frequency of the PMSG stator terminal voltages. This enables the direct regulation of the real and reactive power extracted at the PMSG terminal voltages using a stationary frame Proportional + Resonant (PR) stator current regulation strategy, without requiring precise knowledge of the rotor position. Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) functions are realized using the measured PMSG terminal voltage frequency to form an estimate of the rotor speed. The result is a simple robust WECS control strategy that rapidly and accurately tracks rotor speed changes caused by wind speed variations. Detailed simulation and experimental results obtained for a scaled laboratory prototype system are presented to validate the proposed strategy.

This paper presents a new wind speed sensorless maximum power point tracking (MPPT) controller for variable speed wind energy conversion systems (WECS). The MPPT control of the WECS, in this work, is achieved using optimum speed - power curve of the WECS after taking into account the changes in system efficiency while operating at different operating points due to the change in wind speed. The method proposed is based on the fact that the optimum output power of a WECS at a certain wind speed depends upon the total mechanical power developed by the turbine and efficiency of the WECS at the corresponding optimum speed (OS) of rotation of the turbine. Implementation of this control algorithm requires the knowledge of output power and air density as its inputs in addition to requiring the knowledge of turbine parameters. The proposed method is analyzed experimentally in a variable speed direct drive permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) WECS using a wind turbine emulator.

An integration of a Permanent Magnetic Synchronous Generator (PMSG) based Wind Energy ConversionSystem (WECS) into a microgrid is discussed in this paper. A back-to-back Voltage Source Converter (VSC) is employed for the power conversion from the PMSG to the AC grid. The Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation (SPWM) technique is adopted for the Wind-side Converter (WSC), while for the Gridside Converter (GSC), Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation (SVPWM) is applied. A Maximum Power Point Track (MPPT) control scheme called the Optimal Power Control (OPC) is used for the WSC to draw the maximum power from wind energy. The DC voltage of the back-to-back converter is controlled by the GSC. The microgrid contains a microturbine and a diesel generator, along with loads. The power flow from the WECS to the microgrid is controlled through another back-to-back converter. Four different cases are studied to validate the performance of the WECS integration with the microgrid system.

This paper proposes a novel application of a runner-root (RR) algorithm for maximum power point tracking (MPPT) of a wind energy conversion system (WECS) direct-driven by a permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG). The WECS is required to operate at the MPP under varying wind conditions. The RR algorithm is the meta-heuristic algorithm, inspired by the function of runners and roots of some plants in nature. The plants are propagated through runners. They look for water resources and minerals by developing runners and roots. The RR algorithm is proposed to define maximum power points (MPP) corresponding to the optimal output voltage of the DC/DC boost converter of the PMSG-based WECS. The numerical results show that the RR algorithm based MPPT approach efficiently defines and tracks the MPPs of the PMSG-based WECS. A comparison with the hill-climb search (HCS) and particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithms demonstrates the superiority of the RR algorithm and confirms its potential in the MPPT strategy of the PMSG-based WECS.

The present paper aims to design shunt active power filter (APF) for harmonic cancelation of grid-connected wind turbine (WT). The wind energy conversion system (WECS) consists of permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) driven by a variable-speed WT. The output of the PMSG is connected to a direct three phase AC/AC matrix converter (MC) to interface the system with the distribution grid. The MC controls the wind maximum power point tracking (MPPT) via perturbation and observation (P&O) technique. The MC output current harmonics and harmonics of non-linear load are canceled by the proposed shunt APF based on d-q theory. The system under study is simulated using MATLAB/SIMULINK platform. The digital results prove that, the suggested system can submit the generated wind power to the grid without currents/voltages harmonic distortion at grid side, it can also satisfactory eliminate the non-linear load harmonic currents. The system dynamic performance is investigated under different wind speed and loading conditions. The system responses prove that the system works significantly irrespective of wind speed values and demanded load.

Recently, as wind energy has increased considerably in the electric power generation system, the wind turbines must maintain connected to the grid and improve the system stability during and after the grid faults. The enhancement of fault-ride through (FRT) capability of permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) based on wind energy conversion system (WECS) is a vital issue. An active crowbar protection system in this paper is proposed to the improvement of FRT capability and the enhancement of the power quality of PMSG based on WECS system during and after the grid faults. The active crowbar in this paper is designed from a series resistor with an insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) switch, unlike the passive crowbar, which has only one resistor. The active crowbar protects the power converters from the damaging effects of overcurrent during grid fault. The main aims of the active crowbar system are reduction of the amplitude of stator fault voltages, remains constant DC link voltage, general enhancement in all response of the PMSG, minimizing in the trigger time of the active crowbar. These aims are achieved with the introduction of the active crowbar between the machine side converter (MSC) and PMSG. The proposed protection system implemented a 1.5MVA PMSG based on WECS during different grid faults conditions using MATLAB/Simulation. The proposed protection system is compared with without protection system during different faults conditions and the validity of the proposed protection system is verified by simulation results.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.eie.24.2.20637

This manuscript introduces an innovative Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) strategy to improve the efficiency of Wind Energy Conversion Systems (WECS) equipped with Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generators (PMSG) under variable wind conditions. The proposed approach integrates Active Disturbance Rejection Control (ADRC) with the Perturb and Observe (P&O) algorithm, effectively addressing challenges such as external disturbances and fluctuating wind environments. By combining ADRC with P&O control, the system achieves enhanced tracking performance and adaptability.To validate the added value of this approach, we compare it with a traditional P&O strategy combined with Proportional Integral (PI) control. For the PI-based method, controller parameters Kp and Ki are optimized using Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) to enhance control precision. The Integrated Time Absolute Error (ITAE) objective function is employed to fine-tune these parameters, further optimizing system performance. Our analysis underscores the superiority of ADRC in disturbance rejection and quick adaptability over the PI approach.The proposed strategy is tested under two distinct wind speed profiles—constant and fluctuating—through time-domain simulations in MATLAB/Simulink. Simulation results confirm the superior performance of the ADRC-P&O method, highlighting its effectiveness in maximizing power extraction from wind energy and proving its potential for real-world applications. This study offers a significant advancement in wind energy technology by providing a robust and efficient solution for MPPT in WECS.

The limitations of fossil fuel-based energy sources, such as rising prices, environmental harm, scarcity, and pollution, underscore the urgency of transitioning to renewable energy. Harnessing wind energy efficiently requires implementing various control strategies due to its unpredictable nature. This paper introduces a 3L multilevel converter integrated with a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG)-based wind energy conversion system (WECS). It delves into the design considerations of WECS components, encompassing the fundamental models of two drivetrains and wind turbines. The adaptive fuzzy logic control, coupled with a PI type maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm, optimizes wind energy extraction. Additionally, the utilization of 3-L multilevel converters enhances the system's efficiency. The primary objective is to maximize energy extraction from the wind, ensuring the system's high efficiency. To achieve maximum power point tracking across diverse conditions, the developed control algorithm undergoes rigorous testing using simulation software. By integrating diode rectifiers, 3-L boost converters, and 3-L multilevel inverters, the system maintains balanced and regulated output voltage, current, and power amidst varying input/output conditions and disturbances. Compared to conventional methods, the Intelligent Control Strategy proves superior, exhibiting enhanced stability, precision, and performance with robust dynamic response under fluctuating wind speeds.

This paper develops a framework of maximum power point tracking (MPPT) of doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) based and permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) based wind energy systems. The principles of MPPT in various wind generators are firstly investigated and feedback control schemes to realize MPPT with/without wind speed measurements are presented. Stability analysis of the wind energy conversion system with sensorless MPPT is investigated. Case studies of various wind energy system configurations are given to demonstrate the MPPT control schemes.

The ever-increasing penetration of wind power into the electric power systems indicates the need that wind energy conversion systems (WECSs) should be able to regulate their output real power, since their participation in power-flow control is expected to be essential for power systems stability. On the other hand, the tendency to build larger WECSs at competitive costs encourages lighter and, consequently, more flexible drive-trains. However, a softer drive-train may give rise to undamped drive-train oscillations when the WECS exercises output power regulation. This paper proposes an enhanced control strategy that enables a direct-drive WECS based on the permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) to damp its drive-train torsional mode, even if the output real power of the WECS is regulated. A procedure is presented for tuning of the proposed control to ensure the internal stability of the WECS, considering the impacts of the proposed control on the dynamic performance of the host WECS.

Wind Turbines with Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator and Full-Power Converters: Modelling, Control and Simulation

Keeping in view the sporadic nature of wind, the output power of wind turbine continuously oscillates leading to inefficient power generation. Therefore, a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) mechanism must be included within the system in order to ensure its optimal operation under every possible condition. Over the years, a number of MPPT techniques have been devised each aiming to optimize the output power response from a wind energy conversion system (WECS). This paper presents a comprehensive comparison between two most commonly used MPPT schemes for power optimization i.e. Perturb & Observe (P & O) and Fuzzy Logic Control (FLC) for a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG) based WECS. The research work compares their performances in terms of the response time, tracking efficiency, output power & performance coefficient (Cp). The simulation results clearly show the superiority of fuzzy logic control over perturb and observe method. The results are validated through simulation in MATLAB/Simulink environment.