Performance Evaluation of AODV Routing Protocol in VANET with NS2

HyBR: A Hybrid Bio-inspired Bee swarm Routing protocol for safety applications in Vehicular Ad hoc NETworks (VANETs)

The integration of 5G and VANET will result in an intelligent transportation system. Relay of 5G data from mobile networks to VANET which is greatly underutilized can reduce the burden on mobile networks. Wireless technology has been used in vehicles or better known as the Vehicular Ad hoc Network (VANET). One of the keys to the success of sending data on VANET is the Path Selection Algorithm which is the task of the routing protocol. The routing protocol that is widely used in research in the VANET environment is AODV (Adhoc On-Demand Distance Vector), because among other protocols, AODV is the most suitable and suitable for implementation in the VANET environment, and AODV is also one of the reactive routing protocols. This study includes an increase in the performance of a routing protocol, so in this study, the SIN (Static Intersection Node) is added to the RSU (Road-Side Unit) which is located at an intersection. Which functions as a repeater that helps send data packets to other vehicles around it so that it can increase the Packet Delivery Ratio and minimize Packet Loss and End to End Delay. The focus of this research is to determine the most ideal Static Intersection Node position as well as the most effective number of Static Intersection Nodes.

Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) is a critical factor for Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANET). Even though VANET belongs to the class of Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET), none of the MANET routing protocol applies to VANET. VANET network is dynamic, due to increased vehicle speed and mobility. Vehicle mobility of VANET affects conventional routing algorithm performance, which deals with the dynamicity of the network node. The evaluation of the existing research stated that Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) is an effective MANET protocol to adopt network changes for significant resource utilization and also provides effective adaptation in the network change. Due to the effective performance of the AODV protocol, it is considered as an effective routing protocol for VANET. This paper proposed an ad hoc TROPHY (TAD-HOC) routing protocol for the VANET network for increasing efficiency and effective resource utilization of the network. To improve the overall performance, ad hoc network is combined with Trustworthy VANET ROuting with grouP autHentication keYs (TROPHY) protocol. The proposed TAD-HOC protocol transmits data based on time demand in the VANET network with the desired authentication. Results of the proposed approach show the increased performance of the VANET network with packet delay, transmission range, and end-to-end delay. The comparative analysis of the proposed approach with I-AODV, AODV-R, and AODV-L shows that the proposed TAD-HOC exhibited effective performance.

Vehicular Ad-hoc NETworks (VANETs) is a specific type of MANETs class as it deals with the safety of the vehicular nodes moving on the roads. As the VANETs field has a high movement rate, choosing the best routing protocol in this domain is a difficult task. Therefore, this paper reveals that the AODV (Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector) routing protocol is regarded as one of the most suitable protocols for the VANETs field. During the route generation process, AODV transmits RREQ (Route-Request message) and generates several additional routes among an origin and a target node. This paper focuses on enhancing and improving the AODV performance by applying the novel clustering approach to generate constant clusters. In this paper, initially, the VANETs network's deployment for the route discovery and later generation of the appropriate route using the AODV routing protocol with a clustering approach is mentioned. Finally, four parameters are calculated for each route. The performance of three chosen protocols and the proposed algorithm is analyzed based on the defined parameters such as Throughput, Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), End-to-End Delay, Packet Loss Ratio (PLR). The outcomes revealed that our proposed algorithm performs better than the other algorithms. The proposed algorithm gives the highest value for the throughput and PDR and the minimum value for the delay and PLR.

Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANET) are key to realizing Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). Although VANETs belong to the class of Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANET), and there are numerous routing protocols for MANETs, none of these protocols are applicable for VANETs. In particular, VANETs are highly dynamic due to high speed mobility of vehicles and traditional routing algorithms for MANETs cannot deal with such dynamicity of network nodes. Several comparative studies have suggested AODV (Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector), a well known MANET protocol that is adaptive to dynamic changes in network and makes efficient utilization of network resources, to be the best candidate for dealing with VANETs. However, verbatim adoption of AODV is not an efficient routing solution for VANETs. Recent works therefore proposed various modifications and/or additions to AODV to make it suitable for VANETs. It is particularly important to control congestion in VANETs by efficiently dealing with the AODV "Route Request" (RREQ) packets. In this paper, we propose Pro-AODV (Proactive AODV), a protocol that uses information from the AODV routing table to minimize congestion in VANETs, yet sustains other performance metrics at acceptable levels. The novelty and elegance in Pro-AODV comes from the fact that it does not require the execution of any additional logic, it is sufficient to know only the size of the routing table at each node.

<h2>Abstract</h2> <p><strong>Objective:</strong> The objective of this work is to enhance Adhoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol for better communication through reliable routing scheme.<strong> Methods:</strong> In this paper, a reliable path selection algorithm is proposed to find the Most Reliable Path (MRP) between the source and destination vehicles. Reliable Path Ad-hoc On demand Distance Vector (RPAODV) is proposed for efficient route discovery in Vehicular Ad-hoc Network (VANET). The algorithm divide network into manageable group and it maintains Cluster Member (CM) updates handling, Cluster Head (CH) re-selection, Cluster merging. The efficient routing decisions would lead to better communication in VANET. It is made by assigning dynamic and static information appropriately to the variables in process. The dataset used is both static and dynamic which is efficient in when compared with existing protocols. <strong>Findings:</strong> The finding of most reliable path in the network of VANET is carried out by the proposed reliable path selection algorithm. The algorithm divides the network as various parts that comprise the information of clustering. The clustering is the mechanism of grouping of nodes into clusters. Clusters possess members and head. The cluster head would be the point of initiation of communication and any node can be re-selected as cluster head. The members of clusters would be updated as per changes in clustering mechanism. The uniqueness of the proposed algorithm revealed through easy identification of vehicles to form a cluster, cluster members maintenance, and fast data communication over the network. The proposed RPAODV adds the extra fields for RouteREQuest (RREQ) and RouteREPly (RREP) messages (CH and CM information). It also works out for static and dynamic topology in good manner by the implementation of modified AODV algorithm. The scalability is also taken care by enhancing topology variant. The performance of the algorithm is measured and analyzed with the existing protocols and posted in graphs. <strong>Novelty:</strong> The simulation results show that the proposed work outperforms 60% than the existing schemes works Cluster-based VANET-oriented Evolving Graph( CVoEG), Leapfrog-Anti-Colony Optimization(LP-ACO) in terms of route reliability (0.11s high), packet delivery ratio (20% high), end to end delay (0.5 saverage), and throughput (10 kbps high).</p> <p><strong>Keywords:</strong> VANET; Routing Protocol; RPAODV; Clustering; Reliable Routing; and Cluster message</p>

Ad Hoc Routing with Distributed Ordered Sequences

Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) are a subset of mobile ad hoc networks that provide communication services between nearby vehicles and also between vehicles and roadside infrastructure. These networks improve road safety and accident prevention and provide entertainment for passengers of vehicles. Due to the characteristics of VANET such as self-organization, dynamic nature and fast-moving vehicles, routing in this network is a considerable challenge. Swarm intelligence algorithms (nature-inspired) such as ant colony optimization (ACO) have been proposed for developing routing protocols in VANETs. In this paper, we propose an enhanced framework for ACO protocol based on fuzzy logic for VANETs. To indicate the effectiveness and performance of our proposed protocol, the network simulator NS-2 is used for simulation. The simulation results demonstrate that our proposed protocol achieves high data packet delivery ratio and low end-to-end delay compared to traditional routing algorithms such as ACO and ad hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV).

Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) is an integrated approach being developed to exchange relevant information to increase the safety and efficiency of the road transportation systems. Vehicular Ad hoc Network (VANET), a variant of mobile ad hoc networks (MANET), is a core component of ITS. Performance of this smart ITS mainly owes to the design of efficient routing protocols in VANETs. Distinct features of VANETs like unsteady connectivity, high mobility and partitioning of the network have made routing of the information in VANETs difficult and challenging, hence dictating the development of efficient routing protocols. The computation of the best route measures the performance of communication whereas routing protocols takes care of communication & routing of the data. Provision of smart communication, necessitates the analysis of routing protocols in VANET. Accordingly in this paper we have reviewed various types of existing routing protocols in VANET, listing their advantages and disadvantages. Lastly possible inclinations of forthcoming research linked to VANET routing are discussed.

Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANET) are considered a promising application in Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS). It is characterized by a high mobility, a high density of nodes, and a very constrained topology that require a more suitable and more reliable routing protocol. Hence, the need to optimize the current routing protocols used in Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANET), in order to increase their performance in VANET. Broadcast communication method remains a very important step to adapt the broadcast information to other nodes and to select the routes in better conditions. In this article, we propose a new broadcast approach based on the neighborhood broadcasting methods. Based on this solution, we present an improving Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Routing (AODV) to reduce the number of dropped packets, and minimize network overhead. The simulation shows encouraging results of our proposed approach.

Past few decades have witnessed large increase in number of vehicles on roads due to which the traffic safety needs have also become complex and hence necessary to be taken care of. Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) are becoming an asset for achieving all these goals. VANETs provide applications like driver assistance, passenger comfort and vehicle safety. Apart from its general characteristics due to the dynamic nature of road environments and traffic patterns, communication linkage among vehicles in VANETs suffers breakage problem hence requires a very reliable routing protocol. To manage the communication efficiently many routing protocols are already available for MANETs which can be further used for routing and communication among vehicles in VANETs, but characteristics of these two networks (VANET and MANET) are very different, so there is requirement to enhance these MANET routing protocols so that those can be used in VANETs. When we use some existing routing protocols in VANET then number of link breakage are surprisingly high because mobility is higher in VANETs as compared to MANETs. So this paper presents advanced version of an existing MANET routing protocol for better performance in VANET environment. The new routing protocol has removed problem of large number of routing error messages which was existing in AODV routing protocol. Protocol proposed in this paper has better results as compared to AODV and paper has also shown results of simulation and also elaborated the findings.

Growing use of vehicles in the city has increased the number of accidents and reduced the safety level to the passengers. Alerting drivers about the condition of road, traffic and related aspect is crucial to safety and for the regulation of vehicle flow. To achieve this in timely manner, an accurate information is needed. So an efficient, robust and scalable VANET (Vehicular Ad-hoc Network) routing protocol will play a key role to achieve this. This protocol have a potential to protect the generation by incorporating the new generation wireless network into vehicle. This paper represent a fitness based VANET routing protocol, which is operable in dynamic network conditions and compatible with both communication modes like V-I (vehicle-Infrastructure) and V-V (vehicle-vehicle) communication. It also focuses on both multi-path and single-path in the multi hop routing based on delay sensitive and delay non-sensitive data in a dense and sparse environment. It also provide a cost-efficient, intelligent routing strategy by sending a safety packet delivery assurance by optimally measuring the fitness in terms of distance, moving direction and link quality metric in V-V and V-I communication. The performance of our proposed protocol is evaluated by Ns2 simulator. The proposed protocol is compared to existing protocols like AODV (Ad-hoc On demand Distance Vector Routing), GPSR (Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing) and prove the safety and efficiency of our protocol in term of Road Safety Assurance, and Packet Delivery Ratio.

The swift improvement of wireless communication technology has aided the creation of vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) as a revolutionary option for the realization of intelligent transportation systems (ITSs). VANETs facilitate seamless communication between vehicles and infrastructure (V2I) and among the vehicles themselves (V2V). These networks can enhance safety and traffic control while providing various infotainment options. To ensure stable and efficient communication in highly dynamic and quickly changing vehicular contexts, effective data packet routing is a crucial component of VANETs. This survey delves further into the VANET routing algorithms for ITS. The study aims to evaluate the effectiveness and acceptability of various routing protocols suggested for VANETs while considering their unique requirements and difficulties. The review covers ad hoc on‐demand distance vector (AODV) and dynamic source routing (DSR), as well as more current strategies designed specifically for VANETs, such as geographic routing, cluster‐based routing, and hybrid routing protocols. The review assesses the routing algorithms based on several vital parameters, including packet delivery ratio (PDR), end‐to‐end delay, throughput, network overhead, scalability, and robustness. This detailed assessment supports aspiring researchers in acquiring a better knowledge of the benefits and drawbacks of the routing algorithms currently used in VANETs.

Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V), Vehicle-to-Road Infrastructure (V2R) and Vehicle-to-Pedestrian (V2P) communications are paramount for paving the way for smarter, cleaner and safer cities and roads. We investigate on how three state-of-the-art Mobile Ad-Hoc Network (MANET) routing protocols behave over the IEEE 802.11p/WAVE stack, which has been recently been specified for Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs): Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV), Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) and Destination-Sequenced Distance-Vector (DSDV). Based on ns-3 and BonnMotion simulations, we evaluate Packet Delivery Rate, Goodput, Routing Overhead and End-to-End Delay for different trajectories, average speeds, and network densities. Our results show that the DSDV and OLSR protocols have a better performance than AODV, for low-density and low-speed scenarios. Additionally, we have observed that when the number of Nodes (network density) or Nodes’ velocity increases, the OLSR protocol performs better than the other two.

Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANET) is a collection of communication vehicles, moving in a high speed in different directions. Thus vehicle’s connectivity problem is one of the interesting issues in VANETs. To resolve this problem the key mechanism in the VANET’s the routing protocol which is in charge of finding the shortest time and the route path. However, various routing protocols are implemented in a VANET environments, each having benefits and shortcoming to reducing the route breakages. The objective of this paper is to focus on the performance comparison of Three popular routing protocols such us Ad hoc On Demand Distance Vector Routing (AODV), Destination Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV) and Adhoc on-demand multipath distance vector (AOMDV) on varying traffic environment. All the three protocols have been critically tested for different metrics such as Throughput, Packet Delivery Ratio Average End to end Delay and Energy consumption. Simulation is carried out with the help of open source simulation tools NS2 and SUMO a traffic simulator.