Performance evaluation of Hindi speech recognition system using optimized filterbanks

A statistically designed Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) system extracts features from speech signals using feature extraction methods, links the extracted features with the expected phonetics of the hypothesis using acoustic models, uses language model to add prior information about the structure of the target language. For many years, Mel-frequency Cepstral coefficients (MFCC), n-gram, and Hidden Markov Model (HMM) approaches have been used predominantly for feature extraction, language modeling and acoustic modeling, respectively. However, performance degradation of MFCC in noisy conditions and inaccuracy of HMMs while handling large vocabularies have made researchers to propose more efficient methods. The proposed work uses noise robust method Gammatone Frequency Cepstral Coefficients(GFCC) for feature extraction, trigram language modeling, and HMM-Gaussian mixture model (GMM) based acoustic modeling to implement a continuous Hindi language ASR system. Also, it applies Differential Evolution (DE) technique to refine the GFCC features and discriminative techniques to enhance performance of the acoustic model. The performance of the implemented system has been evaluated by using different feature extraction methods, variants of n-gram language modeling techniques and different discriminative techniques in clean as well as noisy conditions. Initially, the results reveal that DE optimized GFCC with HMM-Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) acoustic modeling performs better than MFCC, PLP and MF-PLP feature extraction methods. Secondly, the experimental results show that the Minimum Phone Error (MPE) outperforms Maximum Mutual Information (MMI) and Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE) and trigram based language modeling gives more accurate results than unigram and bigram language modeling. Finally, it has been concluded that the continuous Hindi language ASR system implemented using DE refined GFFC feature extraction method with MPE discriminative training technique and trigram based language modeling gives better accuracy in clean as-well-as noisy environments.

Automatic speech recognition (ASR) system is used to recognize the text transcript from the given speech signal. Such speech signal can contain either isolated words or large vocabulary continuous speech (LVCS). Isolated words can be recognized with high accuracy in clean environment, but recognizing continuous words involves various parameters like speech corpus, speaker, environment noise, etc., that affects the accuracy of automatic speech recognition system directly. In the proposed work, hybrid feature extraction technique combines the perceptual linear predictive (PLP) and mel frequency cepstral coefficient (MFCC) to improve the accuracy of ASR in noisy environment. Voice activity and detection (VAD)-based frame dropping is used for improving the phonemes modeling by removing the pauses and distorted elements from the given speech signal. The proposed hybrid model with VAD is implemented by using self-generated speech corpus and shows relatively 12% increase in recognition rate compared with the state-of-the-art methodology.KeywordsAutomatic speech recognition (ASR)Perceptual linear predictive (PLP)Mel frequency cepstral coefficient (MFCC)Voice activity and detection (VAC)

Noise robust in-domain children speech enhancement for automatic Punjabi recognition system under mismatched conditions

Robustness of the automatic speech recognition (ASR) system relies upon the accuracy of feature extraction and classification in training phase. The mismatch between training and testing conditions during classification of large feature vectors causes a low performance. In this paper, the issue of robustness of acoustic information is addressed for practical Punjabi dataset. Traditional feature extraction approaches: mel frequency cepstral coefficients (MFCC) and gammatone frequency cepstral coefficients (GFCC) face the issue of high variance with leakage of spectral information. Also, handling of the huge number of feature information creates chaos for large speech vocabulary. To overcome this dilemma, a Principal component analysis (PCA) based multi-windowing technique is proposed with the incorporation of baseline GFCC and MFCC based feature approaches after the tuning of taper parameter. The proposed integrated approaches result in better feature vectors, which are further processed using differential evolution + hidden Markov model (DE + HMM) based modelling classifier. The integrated approaches show substantial performance for word recognition as compared to the conventional or fused feature extraction systems.

The automatic speech recognition (ASR) system based on deep neural network is easy to be attacked by an adversarial example due to the vulnerability of neural network, which is a hot topic in recent years. The adversarial example does harm to the ASR system, especially if the common-dependent ASR goes wrong, it will lead to serious consequences. To improve the robustness and security of the ASR system, the defense method against adversarial examples must be proposed. Based on this idea, we propose an algorithm of devastation and detection on adversarial examples which can attack the current advanced ASR system. We choose advanced text-dependent and command-dependent ASR system as our target system. Generating adversarial examples by the OPT on text-dependent ASR and the GA-based algorithm on command-dependent ASR. The main idea of our method is input transformation of the adversarial examples. Different random intensities and kinds of noise are added to the adversarial examples to devastate the perturbation previously added to the normal examples. From the experimental results, the method performs well. For the devastation of examples, the original speech similarity before and after adding noise can reach 99.68%, the similarity of the adversarial examples can reach 0%, and the detection rate of the adversarial examples can reach 94%.

Combined speech enhancement and auditory modelling for robust distributed speech recognition

In this paper, the improvements in the recently implemented Kannada speech recognition system is demonstrated in detail. The Kannada automatic speech recognition (ASR) system consists of ASR models which are created by using Kaldi, IVRS call flow and weather and agricultural commodity prices information databases. The task specific speech data used in the recently developed spoken dialogue system had high level of different background noises. The different types of noises present in collected speech data had an adverse effect on the on line and off line speech recognition performances. Therefore, to improve the speech recognition accuracy in Kannada ASR system, a noise reduction algorithm is developed which is a fusion of spectral subtraction with voice activity detection (SS-VAD) and minimum mean square error spectrum power estimator based on zero crossing (MMSE-SPZC) estimator. The noise elimination algorithm is added in the system before the feature extraction part. An alternative ASR models are created using subspace Gaussian mixture models (SGMM) and deep neural network (DNN) modeling techniques. The experimental results show that, the fusion of noise elimination technique and SGMM/DNN based modeling gives a better relative improvement of 7.68% accuracy compared to the recently developed GMM-HMM based ASR system. The least word error rate (WER) acoustic models could be used in spoken dialogue system. The developed spoken query system is tested from Karnataka farmers under uncontrolled environment.

This paper describes open source software (available at https://github.com/robotology/natural-speech) to build automatic speech recognition (ASR) systems and run them within the YARP platform. The toolkit is designed (i) to allow non-ASR experts to easily create their own ASR system and run it on iCub and (ii) to build deep learning-based models specifically addressing the main challenges an ASR system faces in the context of verbal human–iCub interactions. The toolkit mostly consists of Python, C++ code and shell scripts integrated in YARP. As additional contribution, a second codebase (written in Matlab) is provided for more expert ASR users who want to experiment with bio-inspired and developmental learning-inspired ASR systems. Specifically, we provide code for two distinct kinds of speech recognition: “articulatory” and “unsupervised” speech recognition. The first is largely inspired by influential neurobiological theories of speech perception which assume speech perception to be mediated by brain motor cortex activities. Our articulatory systems have been shown to outperform strong deep learning-based baselines. The second type of recognition systems, the “unsupervised” systems, do not use any supervised information (contrary to most ASR systems, including our articulatory systems). To some extent, they mimic an infant who has to discover the basic speech units of a language by herself. In addition, we provide resources consisting of pre-trained deep learning models for ASR, and a 2.5-h speech dataset of spoken commands, the VoCub dataset, which can be used to adapt an ASR system to the typical acoustic environments in which iCub operates.

These days, automatic speech recognition (ASR) systems achieve higher and higher accuracy rates. The score drops significantly, in case when the ASR system is being used with a non-native speaker of the language to be recognized. The main reason is specific pronunciation and accent features. A limited volume of labeled non-native speech datasets makes it difficult to train new ASR systems for non-native speakers.

Challenges of Automatic Speech Recognition for medical interviews - research for Polish language

In this study, a real-time automatic speech recognition (ASR) system based on the Kaldi ASR toolkit, with low-latency and customizable models, without any internet connection, was developed. The proposed ASR system includes a voice activity detection (VAD) module and an audio transmitter as a front-end speech processing and a decoder for the received audio signals. The ASR system was evaluated in terms of ASR accuracy and speech processing speed. Consequently, the ASR system achieved high ASR accuracy on the CSJ (Corpus of Spontaneous Japanese) test set with super low-latency.

This paper describes a comparison between hybrid and end-to-end Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) systems, which were evaluated on the IberSpeech-RTVE 2020 Speech-to-Text Transcription Challenge. Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) are becoming the most promising technology for ASR at present. In the last few years, traditional hybrid models have been evaluated and compared to other end-to-end ASR systems in terms of accuracy and efficiency. We contribute two different approaches: a hybrid ASR system based on a DNN-HMM and two state-of-the-art end-to-end ASR systems, based on Lattice-Free Maximum Mutual Information (LF-MMI). To address the high difficulty in the speech-to-text transcription of recordings with different speaking styles and acoustic conditions from TV studios to live recordings, data augmentation and Domain Adversarial Training (DAT) techniques were studied. Multi-condition data augmentation applied to our hybrid DNN-HMM demonstrated WER improvements in noisy scenarios (about 10% relatively). In contrast, the results obtained using an end-to-end PyChain-based ASR system were far from our expectations. Nevertheless, we found that when including DAT techniques, a relative WER improvement of 2.87% was obtained as compared to the PyChain-based system.

We report insights from translating Spanish conversational telephone speech into English text by cascading an automatic speech recognition (ASR) system with a statistical machine translation (SMT) system. The key new insight is that the informal register of conversational speech is a greater challenge for ASR than for SMT: the BLEU score for translating the reference transcript is 64%, but drops to 32% for translating automatic transcripts, whose word error rate (WER) is 40%. Several strategies are examined to mitigate the impact of ASR errors on the SMT output: (i) providing the ASR lattice, instead of the 1-best output, as input to the SMT system, (ii) training the SMT system on Spanish ASR output paired with English text, instead of Spanish reference transcripts, and (iii) improving the core ASR system. Each leads to consistent and complementary improvements in the SMT output. Compared to translating the 1-best output of an ASR system with 40% WER using an SMT system trained on Spanish reference transcripts, translating the output lattice of a better ASR system with 35% WER using an SMT system trained on ASR output improves BLEU from 32% to 38%.

Focused on the issue that the robustness of traditional Mel Frequency Cepstral Coefficients (MFCC) feature degrades drastically in speaker recognition system, a kind algorithm that based improved Gammatone Frequency Cepstral Coefficients (GFCC) is proposed. The different between traditional MFCC and GFCC is that GFCC uses Gammatone filter bank to replace Mel filter bank to improve robustness. On this basis, this paper proposes one way that use Multitaper Estimation, MVA (Mean Subtraction, Variance Normzlization and Autoregressive Moving Average Filter)and other technologies to further enhance its robustness and tested with TIMIT speech database. The experimental results show that under different noise and different SNR, the improved GFCC that proposed by this paper has the lowest equal error rate and the best robustness, especially in the noise ratio is lower than 10dB, has greater advantage compared to other algorithms.

<sec> <title>BACKGROUND</title> Code-switching between Egyptian Arabic (ARZ) and English is ubiquitous in clinical settings across the Arab world, yet no dedicated benchmark exists for evaluating Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) systems under these conditions. Existing Arabic ASR benchmarks evaluate models on Modern Standard Arabic or single-dialect speech without medical vocabulary or code-switching. </sec> <sec> <title>OBJECTIVE</title> To introduce the Clinera ASR Benchmark, the first benchmark targeting medical ARZ-EN code-switched speech, and to evaluate commercial and open-source ASR systems on accurate recognition of medical terminology using both standard and novel medical-term-aware metrics </sec> <sec> <title>METHODS</title> We curated 683 utterances of Egyptian Arabic-English medical speech with dense medical-term annotations. We evaluated six ASR systems: the proprietary ElevenLabs Scribe v1, domain-adapted ArAZN-Whisper-S (244M parameters), Whisper-Large-V3, SeamlessM4T v2, Wav2Vec2 Large AR, and Whisper-Medium. We computed standard ASR metrics (WER, CER, MER) and proposed novel medical-term metrics (MT-Precision, MT-Recall, MT-F1, MT-wF1 weighted by inverse document frequency). Statistical comparisons used bootstrap confidence intervals and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests with Bonferroni correction. </sec> <sec> <title>RESULTS</title> ElevenLabs Scribe v1 achieved the lowest WER (27.8%) and highest MT-wF1 (60.5%), outperforming all open models by more than six times its size on medical-term recognition. General-purpose multilingual models achieved higher WER while almost entirely failing to recognize medical terms. Among open models, ArAZN-Whisper-S dominated on medical-term efficiency (26.0 MT-wF1 per 100M parameters). Even the best commercial system produced 11 fatal or high-risk medical errors affecting 1.6% of the corpus. </sec> <sec> <title>CONCLUSIONS</title> Current ASR systems exhibit a critical gap between general transcription accuracy and medical-term recognition in code-switched Arabic-English speech. Our benchmark and novel MT-metrics provide the first standardized evaluation framework for this clinically important setting, revealing that even top-performing systems pose patient safety risks through medical terminology errors. </sec>