Performance Investigation on Vector Controlled IPMSM Drive Using MIL, SIL, and PIL Simulations

Augmenting effectiveness of control loops of a PMSG (permanent magnet synchronous generator) based wind energy conversion system by a virtually adaptive PI (proportional integral) controller

The V-cycle has been the primary software development methodology in the automotive sector. However, with the increasing complexity of software, both from an architectural and technological perspective, software verification has become inefficient compared to system verification. This inefficiency results in rework and increased costs due to late error detection. Software deemed functional during verification may prove ineffective when tested in the simulated vehicle environment, as development requirements are ever-expanding, and test simulation environments have not kept pace with this evolution. The simulation environments used in automotive development are based on a guided simulation approach, encompassing Model-in-the-Loop (MiL), Software-in-the-Loop (SiL), Processor-in-the-Loop (PiL), and Hardware-in-the-Loop (HiL) testing. These tests are conducted between system and software verification and must be used in conjunction to achieve comprehensive validation. To address inefficiencies in software verification, techniques such as MiL, SiL, and PiL are excellent techniques. SiL, in particular, plays an essencial role in simulating code before its integration into the system. This rapid review will discuss techniques that make simulations more representative of the real vehicle system, considering the electromechanical structure of sensors and actuators outlined in the software requirements, as well as the network of ECUs, which follows a distributed communication model.

This paper proposes a predictive controller design for a sensorless interior permanent magnet synchronous motor drive system. The controllers include a current-loop predictive controller and a speed-loop predictive controller with an external load estimator. In addition, the estimated error of the rotor position estimator is reduced due to the using of the on-line tuning stator resistance and q-axis inductance. By using the proposed control algorithms, the closed-loop sensorless interior permanent magnet synchronous motor drive system can achieve fast transient responses, satisfactory load disturbance responses, and good tracking responses. A digital signal processor, TMS 320F2812, is used to perform the rotor position estimating algorithm and the predictive control algorithm. As a result, the hardware is very simple. Experimental results can validate the theoretical analysis and show that the predictive controllers have better performance than the PI controllers.

In this research, the performance of the brushless doubly fed induction generator (BDFIG) based wind turbine is studied under sudden disturbances, which occur as a result of the secondary loads change which connected in the terminals of wind turbine and wind speed change. The simulation has been executed at different loads. This paper presents also a simulation for simple control scheme of the BDFIG driven by wind turbine is controlled at unity power factor. The control scheme is designed to keep the voltage constant at (1p.u) value due to sudden change of loads and wind speed. the control system is implemented with PI controller to control the back-to-back converters utilized in the control winding circuit of the BDFIG wind turbine. Two current control loops are designed for regulating control winding current components( icd-icq). The d-axis reference current is estimated using the reactive power control loop to operate at unity power factor and keep the voltage constant at 1p.u value. The q- axis reference current is estimated using the speed control loop. The parameters of PI controllers are calculated by using Ant Colony Optimization (ACO)method. The performance of proposed PI controller is examined through MATLAB simulation of the overall wind energy conversion system using BDFIG and the system is subjected to different disturbances in terms of load and wind speed variation. The simulation results validate the effectiveness and powerful of the control system in sense of less overshoot and fast response.

This paper presented a vector controlled drives of permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM) by using Proportional-Integral (PI) Speed controller based dSPACE implementation. The concept of vector control is applied to PMSM to obtain linear dynamics similar to that of a DC motor. The model consist of two control loops, hysteresis current controller is used for inner loop current control and PI controller for outer loop speed control. PI speed controller selected due to simplicity compare to fuzzy, neutral etc. to make sure dSPACE DS1103 successfully implemented. The PMSM vector control algorithm for a theoretical basic has been verified by experimental results and created a rapid control prototype environment by using MATLAB/ Simulink and the DS1103 DSP of dSPACE.

This paper analyzes the input admittance/impedance characteristics of a permanent-magnet brushless AC motor drive system, taking account of the influence of both current and speed control loops as well as the motor and inverter losses. It is shown that, if voltage feedforward compensation is not employed, the input admittance of the drive system differs significantly from that of an ideal constant power load, and is influenced by the speed and current control loop bandwidths. It is also shown that, when the drive is connected to a DC supply via an LRC filter, the magnitude of the input admittance at the filter resonant frequency has a crucial effect on system stability margin.

Unbalanced three-phase currents are drawn using the conventional current controllers in the electric drive system of a permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM) with asymmetric phases. Consequently, the negative sequence current appears, which causes the torque ripple in the PMSM. The torque ripple yields the noise and mechanical vibrations in the PMSM drive, reducing the reliability, efficiency, and life span of the machine. The conventional proportional-integral (PI) current controller in a PMSM drive is unable to mitigate the torque ripple for the PMSM with asymmetric phases due to its incapability in dealing with the unbalanced sinusoidal input stator currents. To address this limitation, this manuscript presents an adaptive PI resonant (PIR) current controller, which comprises of a PI controller in conjunction with the resonant controller and harmonic compensation terms in the inner current control loop of an interior PMSM (IPMSM) drive with resistance asymmetry. The harmonic-based resonant controller part of the PIR controller takes care of the harmonic compensation. The saturation of the IPMSM and time harmonics are considered during the simulation studies to mimic the actual behavior of a motor drive system. A significant reduction in torque ripple using the proposed PIR current controller compared to a conventional PI current controller is demonstrated for a 100 kW traction IPMSM with phase asymmetry.

This paper looks at design of a controller for an induction motor electrical drive useful for high speed railway applications. The design of the controller is based on the cascade control mode using the standard model of the motor referred to d-q axes fixed with the rotor flux vector. It is assumed that the speed and the rotor flux are the variables to be controlled and their dynamics must be decoupled, which is accomplished by means of a nonlinear compensator, which gives decoupling of the direct and in-quadrature currents. According to the aforementioned cascade control mode, the bandwidth of the current inner control loops must be selected higher than that of the speed and rotor flux outer control loops. To take into consideration the remarkable uncertainties in the knowledge of the inertia coefficient, adaptive control techniques are used to design the speed control loop. To cope with uncertainties in electromagnetic parameters, robust control techniques are used for designing the rotor flux, the direct, and the in-quadrature current loops. Simulation experiments are displayed to test the entire controller.

Flux-weakening (FW) control has been utilized extensively in interior permanent magnet synchronous machine (IPMSM) control systems. To address the problems of poor dynamics and large overshoot of the conventional PI control system in the FW region, this paper presents a flux-weakening control strategy for IPMSM based on finite-control-set model predictive control (FCS-MPC). Firstly, the principle of FSC-MPC strategy is introduced. Secondly, the model prediction equation is proposed, the concept of cost function of FCS-MPC is developed and the implementation is given. Finally, the test results demonstrate that the performance of the FCS-MPC control strategy not only widen IPMSM's speed range, but also improve the dynamic performance compared to traditional PI control.

This paper presents a sliding mode controller for an interior permanent magnet (IPM) synchronous motor, in which direct torque control (DTC) concept, variable structure control and space vector modulation (SVM) are integrated to achieve high performance. In comparison with conventional DTC, the inverter switching frequency is constant and controllable by using SVM, the torque and flux ripple are significantly reduced. The fast response and robustness merits of DTC are preserved. Position and angular speed of the rotor are obtained through an extended Kalman filter (EKF).

A detailed battery pack model has been developed within Simcenter Amesim by Siemens Industry Software. The model illustrates the Battery Management System (BMS) control development process from Model in the Loop (MiL), Software in the Loop (SiL) to Hardware in the Loop (HiL). The battery pack model has been integrated in a validated vehicle model, which corresponds to an existing vehicle developed by Voltia, named the Voltia eVan. This originally diesel engine powered light duty trucks have been electrified. The electrified version has been tested on the roller bench at the Eindhoven University of Technology.The interest of detailing the battery pack model is to have access to a multiple virtual temperature and voltage sensors, which allows validating the balancing methodologies that could be integrated in a BMS. A real-time analysis of the model has been conducted to ensure the model is compatible with the control constraint of the BMS.Finally, the complete model has been connected to a functional BMS in order to validate the approach. For that purpose, several BMS functions have been implemented in the control model developed with MATLAB/Simulink, such as the state of charge (SOC) estimation, the cell balancing, the charge/discharging and the thermal management. Once the cosimulation in SiL environment has been validated, a test on HiL platform has been done in real-time condition in order to reproduce realistic cell balancing and to study charging strategies, which are key functions to ensure better lifetime of the battery.

The underwater environment is among Earth’s most challenging domains, where failures incur elevated risks and costs for both technology and human endeavors. As a consequence, forecasting the behavior of mechatronic systems through simulation has become increasingly important. Underwater Robotic Simulators (URSs) allow researchers and engineers to safely develop and assess submarine systems. The selection of an appropriate URS from the list of available tools is not trivial. Moreover, the integration of this software with the Digital Twin (DT) concept presents numerous advantages, particularly the ability to link the simulated environment with actual underwater vehicles. This connection is facilitated by performing validation and simulation tests using Software In the Loop (SIL), Model In the Loop, and Hardware In the Loop (HIL) techniques. This paper extensively reviews URSs in the context of both robots and unmanned vehicles in light of the DT paradigm. The article critically examines distinctions among existing URSs, offering valuable insights to aid researchers in selecting the most fitting tool for their specific applications. Additionally, the review explores the practical applications of the identified simulators, categorizing their usage across different fields to illuminate the preferences within the scientific community and showcase prominent case studies.

This manuscript proposes an efficient, straightforward, direct voltage maximum torque per ampere (MTPA) control scheme for an interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM) propelling an electric vehicle (EV). The main feature of the traction control scheme is that the MTPA is attained by directly varying the amplitude and angle of the voltage vector, eliminating the need for current control loops and associated regulators. Instead, a single-speed controller is adopted. Furthermore, an analytical formulation based on the motor voltage model is developed to extract the desired voltage’s magnitude and angle to run the motor within the MTPA operating points, disregarding numerical solutions, control law approximation, long-winded iterative calculations, or approximate representation of the IPMSM. Such a methodology significantly reduces control scheme complexity, enhances computational efficiency, and mitigates the delays associated with cascaded-based control systems. Additionally, it facilitates straightforward real-time implementation. The performance of the designed algorithm is experimentally validated using commonly adopted driving cycles, namely the Federal Test Procedure (US06) drive cycle and the New European Driving Cycle (NEDC). The validity test is performed using a 5 HP IPMSM. Based on the driving cycles employed, an intensive comparative evaluation against MTPA field-oriented control (FOC) is established. A quantitative assessment is conducted using the MTPA FOC as a benchmark to investigate energy consumption. This assessment reveals that the designed strategy achieved energy savings of 1.318% and 2.26% under US06 and NEDC, respectively, compared to the MTPA FOC. The proposed method’s speed-tracking accuracy and computational efficiency are also investigated and compared to the FOC and existing direct voltage approaches, demonstrating an average improvement of 14% in speed-tracking accuracy and 6.8% in computational efficiency.

In order to improve the performance, efficiency and reliability of the interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM) drive, a set of control strategies are developed for wide speed range operation. A rotor flux oriented vector control with model reference adaptive system (MRAS) based rotor position/speed estimation is employed as the basic control strategy for IPMSM drive. A control strategy named maximum torque per ampere (MTPA) is applied to minimize the motor current magnitude during low speed operation. While an over-modulation method is employed to enhance the voltage transfer ratio of PWM inverter and the output torque capability of IPMSM during high speed operation, and flux weakening control is developed for high speed stable operation of IPMSM drive. Furthermore, phase current reconstruction under overmodulation is taken into account, which lowers the system cost and expands the working range of PWM inverter fed IPMSM motor drives. The issue of seamless switching from MTPA during low speed range to conventional field-weakening control during high speed range is also discussed. Simulation and experimental results demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of these control strategies, which realizes the high performance operation of IPMSM drive in wide speed range.

In voltage‐controlled voltage source inverters (VSIs)‐based microgrids (MGs), the inner control is of prime interest task for guaranteeing safe and stable operation. In this paper, an in‐depth investigation of the modelling, control design, and analysis of the voltage and current inner control loops intended for single‐phase voltage‐controlled VSIs is established. The main objective of this work is to provide a comprehensive study of the mathematical modelling, control design, and performance evaluation of the inner control's loops considering different proportional‐integral (PI) controller types with and without compensation, and to determine the optimal scheme that can offer better performance in terms of implementation simplicity, robustness, and transient and steady‐state responses. Thus, the mathematical closed‐loop models of designed outer voltage and inner current control schemes based on PI, P, and feedforward controllers with and without compensation are, first, derived. Following this, a systematic and effective control design for tuning the different PI controllers’ parameters is proposed. Furthermore, an analysis revealing the performance of the designed voltage and current control schemes is provided. This analysis enables us to choose a P controller and PI feedforward controller for the current control loop and the voltage control loop, respectively. The chosen P and PI controllers should be simple; meanwhile, they should offer a wide bandwidth. A simulation study is carried out in MATLAB/Simulink software to assess the performance of the adopted inner control scheme for both linear and non‐linear loads. In addition, an experimental setup, based on a TMS320F2837xD μ C, of a single‐phase VSI supplying linear and non‐linear loads is built to verify the effectiveness and the robustness of the adopted inner controller. The results demonstrated: (1) the necessity of introducing the compensation term, which is responsible for offering control improvement against voltage perturbation, (2) the high tracking performance of the chosen controller in terms of dynamic and steady‐state responses as well as its simplicity of implementation.