Performance Management: An Analytical Framework

Member states of the United Nations Framework on Climate Change (UNFCCC) are urged to limit its emission in order to maintain global temperature to 1.5 degrees Celsius that is textualised in the Glasgow Climate pact. In order to implement the mandate, Indonesia introduced several policies at national level. However, emerging issues in the public sector challenges the implementation of climate policy: fragmented agencies. This research attempts to address two questions; How fragmenting agencies impacts the implementation of climate policies? How can the implementation be possible amidst the emergence of fragmented agencies? This research utilises normative-empirical methods, where it would normatively analyse environmental policy agenda problems in selected ministries as public sector actors, while it would empirically examine the impact on the issue. This research shows that the issue of fragmented agencies in Indonesia has become the main obstacle in implementing climate policies due to the unsynchronized sectoral policy with the current climate policies in each ministry, where such fragmentation then obstructs good environmental governance. Furthermore, the implementation of Indonesia’s environmental and climate policies would not be optimally implemented if the aforementioned issue cannot be resolved through each ministries agenda restructuration. Another recommendation is to utilise the Penta Helix method in optimising climate policy implementation by multisectoral cooperation in climate policy.

We evaluate the level of cities’ ambition regarding CO2 emission targets and implementation of climate policies, and factors explaining this. Our empirical analysis explores a dataset for a subset of C40 cities. The reason for studying these cities is that they supposedly are at the forefront of mitigation action. For example, they were the first to disclose their self-imposed emission targets. We determine the targeted future emission levels based on the targeted reduction from the baseline emissions. We calculate these for discrete 10-year periods: 2020, 2030, 2040 and 2050. Next, we contrast the resulting emission levels with those in the base year 2015. In addition, we study how distinct explanatory variables, notably mayoral powers regarding climate policy, city characteristics and geographical location affect target emission levels.

Rethinking Environmental Federalism in a Warming World

What explains public support for climate policies? A review of empirical and experimental studies

Achieving the goals and actions of SDG11 ‘Sustainable Cities and Communities’ requires targeted sustainability and climate policies, and skilled and focused implementation. What are the roles and required skills of sustainability professionals in this implementation? In-depth interviews with 20 Australian sustainability professionals in public and private sector roles examined barriers and facilitators for implementation of SDG11-related climate and sustainability policies and programs. Results indicate that sustainability professionals, with their high levels of knowledge of climate science and actions, are relied on for specialist advice. Sustainability professionals were found to act as facilitators or intermediaries, linking and championing action within their organisations and between built environment sectors. Likewise, sustainability professionals were found to act as change agents facilitating transitions towards stronger urban sustainability and climate action. While they are pivotal for many organisations’ effectiveness, their work is often reliant on their ‘intervention’ skills of persuasion, as much as wider organisational power.

The article considers the participation of Russia in the system of global governance of climate change. Object of analysis is the Climate Doctrine of the Russian Federation. Climate Doctrine states that global warming may have both a negative and positive consequences for our country in view of its geographical position, length and area. These features, as well as the low population density in the regions of greatest climate risk, open up additional opportunities for adaptation to climate change. At the same time it emphasizes the need to prevent conflict of regional interests in the formation of climate policy. The author advocates a more active position of Russia in overcoming the effects of climate change, as well as the reduction of anthropogenic impact on the global climate effects. It emphasizes the role of civil society and the media in the development of environmental awareness among the political elite of the country. The article separately considers Moscow's participation in the formulation and implementation of climate policy in Russia. Currently, the Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Protection of Moscow is working on updating the Memorandum of Understanding between Moscow and C40 (Partnership of major cities in the fight against climate change) as the main framework document regulating cooperation with the C40 and the membership of Moscow in the organization.

Consumption- and production-based accounting approaches for national greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions provide different insights to support climate policymaking. However, no study has yet comprehensively assessed the consumption-based GHG emissions of the entire New Zealand’s economy. This research, for the first time, quantified New Zealand’s GHG emissions using both consumption- and production-based accounting approaches and considered the policy implications for adopting a consumption-based approach over a production-based approach. A global multi-regional input-output (MRIO) analysis was undertaken to calculate the consumption- and production-based GHG emissions of New Zealand for the year 2012. The MRIO analysis was based on the Eora database, which accounts for 14,839 industry sectors from 189 countries. Given the sectoral classification of each country is quite different and in order to ease interpretation of the results, the industry sectors of each country were classified and aggregated into 16 key sectors, and GHG emissions were calculated for those key sectors. The MRIO analysis showed that New Zealand’s consumption- and production-based GHG emissions in 2012 were 61,850 and 81,667 ktCO2eq, respectively, indicating that the country was a net exporter of GHG emissions in 2012. The dominant contributors to the consumption-based GHG emissions were the other services and construction key sectors (each representing 16% of consumption-based emissions), followed by food and beverages (14%), transport and equipment (12%) and financial and trade services (11%), whereas the dominant contributor to the production-based GHG emissions was the agriculture key sector (representing 52% of production-based GHG emissions). The results of the study provided two key insights to support climate mitigation activities and policymaking. First, the consumption- and production-based accounting approaches results have different rankings for the most dominant sectors contributing to New Zealand’s GHG emissions. Second, only the consumption-based accounting approach enables the quantification of the embodied emissions in New Zealand’s trade activities, and it indicated that a large proportion of GHG emissions are embodied in New Zealand’s trade activities. These insights, therefore, have important implications for future policies that could positively influence the consumption patterns of New Zealand citizens and the production structure and efficiency of New Zealand’s trade partners. This research quantified New Zealand’s GHG emissions using both consumption- and production-based accounting approaches. Given the two accounting approaches provided different insights, both approaches should be used in a complementary way when developing climate policies. However, implementation of a consumption-based accounting approach to support development and implementation of climate policies and instruments requires further consideration.

Policies to address climate change have been implemented worldwide in recent years. The core of these policies is to control greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, which primarily stem from the consumption of fossil fuels. Consequently, the implementation of climate policies can affect other energy-related issues, such as energy poverty, a critical element of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This paper uses cross-country data from 2000 to 2020 to study the possible policy spillovers from climate actions to energy poverty. We show that a spillover effect does exist. In other words, a higher number of climate policies is associated with a lower level of energy poverty. The spillover is realized through improvements in energy efficiency, the promotion of renewable energy, and support for innovations. In addition, legislative policies are found to have stronger spillover effects. While the overall policy effects are positive for executive policies, regulations tend to have negative impacts on energy development. There is also evidence demonstrating heterogeneous effects between long-term and short-term policies, and between developed and developing countries. Discovering this spillover effect gives extra motivation for countries to adopt climate policies and actively seek synergies in achieving broader sustainable goals.

This paper discusses a tax-transfer scheme that aims to address the under-provision problem associated with the private supply of international public goods and to bring about Pareto optimal allocations internationally. In particular, we consider the example of the global public good ‘climate stabilization’, both in an analytical and a numerical simulation model. The proposed scheme levies Pigouvian taxes globally, while international side-payments are employed in order to provide incentives to individual countries for not taking a free-ride from the international Pigouvian tax scheme. The side-payments, in turn, are financed via environmental taxes. As a distinctive feature, we take into account ancillary benefits that may be associated with local public characteristics of climate policy. We determine the positive impact that ancillary effects may exert on the scope for financing side-payments via environmental taxation. A particular attractive feature of ancillary benefits is that they arise shortly after the implementation of climate policies and therefore yield an almost immediate payback of investments in abatement efforts. Especially in times of high public debt levels, long periods of amortization would tend to reduce political support for investments in climate policy.

This study aimed to describe, analyze, and interpret how the Implementation of the Electronic Local Tax Revenue System Policy in the city of Tomohon. This study uses a qualitative method, with the focus of research namely the mechanism of the electronic regional tax revenue system in the city of Tomohon and what factors are the obstacles. Data collection techniques were carried out by means of observation, interviews, and document studies. The research location is the Regional Revenue and Financial Management Agency of Tomohon City as the tax collection agency. The results of the study show that the implementation of the electronic regional tax revenue system policy in Tomohon City has not run optimally. Findings in the field show that the implementation of this policy 1) has not been supported by the capability of the Human Resources of the Policy implementers; 2) has not been supported by the ability of adequate Resources for Facilities and Infrastructure; 3) both collection officers and taxpayers have not received socialization and education regarding this regional regulation; 4) Required leadership disposition in following up the implementation of this electronic regional tax revenue system policy; and 5) It is necessary to issue a derivative regulation from Regional Regulation Number 1 of 2018 in a regional head regulation. The factors that hinder the implementation of this policy are (1) the implementation structure is not structured effectively, (2) the lack of implementing capacity and capability (the required human resources are not appropriate/appropriate), (3) the lack of organizational capacity and capability of the institutions implementing institutions, (4) Weak implementation management, (5) Lack of resources (budget, tools, time). Regional governments in making a policy must understand, analyze, and pay attention to HR capabilities, provide supporting facilities and infrastructure, follow up on leadership dispositions, issue supporting regulations, and need to review Regional Regulation number 1 of 2018 in the framework of optimizing the Electronic Regional Tax Revenue System Policy In Tomah City.

The role of space-based data in European climate policies

The chapter focuses on the climate policy of China. Chinese climate policies are linked to its economic policy, particularly its energy policy. The three main determinants that are decisive for China’s climate change policy include economy, energy, and perceived vulnerability. It studies the role and influence of the main institutions involved in China’s climate-change policy. The role of China in international negotiations is examined, and the implementation of direct climate policies through the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) by China is discussed. The chapter concludes by presenting a future perspective on China’s climate policy.

This research aims to analyze the implementation of agricultural sustainability policies and their impact on the local economy in Tobadak District. The focus of the study is directed at the role of agricultural extension workers, the level of farmers’ acceptance, as well as the obstacles and opportunities that arise in the implementation of a sustainable agricultural system. The results of the study show that the implementation of the policy has been actively carried out through socialization, training, and assistance provided by agricultural extension workers. However, the level of farmers’ acceptance remains low due to limited literacy, the affordability of organic production inputs, unstable market prices, and a strong orientation toward quick economic returns. The economic impact of the policy has not yet been significant in improving farmers’ welfare, although there are opportunities for development in the agricultural input business sector. The conclusion of this study confirms that the successful implementation of sustainable agricultural policies requires strong farmer institutions, economic incentives, better market access, and continuous mentoring. The researchers recommend cross-sector collaboration and realistic transition strategies so that these policies can truly generate a positive impact on agricultural sustainability and the local economy.

There has been a growing focus on uncertainty as a distinct concept in the risk literature. This paper is concerned with how those involved in the design and implementation of climate change policy conceptualize risk and uncertainty. Based on interviews with policy and industry elites in Australia, China and the UK, it finds that participants did not distinguish between “risk” and “uncertainty” in their conceptualization of climate threats. For the majority of them, politics was the most significant source of risk and uncertainty in climate policy, but delegation of otherwise political decisions to the market was seen as the best solution. The conclusion suggests that the conceptual distinction between risk and uncertainty is less important, for policy and industry elites, than the need to develop mechanisms that account for both persistent scientific uncertainties as well as interpretive and moral ambiguities in climate policy design and implementation.

Climate actions, market beliefs, and monetary policy