Performing a Thirteenth-Century Romance: The Roman de Silence

Eight Centuries of Troubadours and Trouveres: The Changing Identity of Medieval Music. By John Haines. (Musical Performance and Reception.) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004. [xii, 347p. ISBN 0-521-82672-1. $85.] Music examples, index, bibliography, figures, tables. As if on cue, musicologists have responded to the recent fin de siecle with a number of studies reflecting on the history, methods, assumptions, and subject matter of the discipline, including several books in the series in which this new volume appears (John Butt, Playing with History: The Historical Approach to Musical Performance [Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994], James Garratt, Palestrina and the German Romantic Imagination: Interpreting Historicism in Nineteenth-Century Music [Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002], and Daniel Leech-Wilkinson, The Modem Invention of Medieval Music: Scholarship, Ideology, Performance [Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002]). Like these and other millennial interrogatories, John Haines' book tackles several large tasks: expounding the historiography of a musical repertoire (in this case, two discrete repertoires); delineating and contextualizing their reception; and illuminating the epistemological pitfalls for the current scholar who studies them. The absence of a definite article in the book's title-[THE] Troubadours and Trouveres-suggests its subject matter is not a particular group of composers located in a specific time and place, or their songs. Indeed, while the author begins his study with the twelfth- and thirteenthcentury troubadours and trouveres, subsequent chapters move on to the Renaissance reception of their songs, the rediscovery and concomitant transformation of the repertoires during the Enlightenment, their subsumption into the new disciplines of philology, textual criticism, and musicology during the nineteenth century, the controversies over rhythm and the attempts to historicize the troubadours and the trouveres during the twentieth century, and the adoption of the idea of the as manifest in the of such modern performing artists as Fabulous Trobadors and Massilia Sound System. This last discussion brings home Haines' central point, the art de trobaris a work of the imagination whose inspiration is in the past but whose workshop is wholly in the (p. 291)-whether present be the thirteenth century when scribes first attempted to translate the songs from the aural environment in which they originated to written form and created legends about the poet-composers with little basis in fact, the sixteenth century when Jean de Nostredame and Claude Fauchet produced histories and anthologies (but ignored the music), the eighteenth century when bibliophiles began cataloguing and comparing the medieval manuscripts, the nineteenth century whose scientific methods and philosophical attitudes gave the repertoires more precise shape than the medieval documents themselves actually revealed, or the twentieth century with its shifting interpretations, ontologies, and methodologies. At the outset, Haines declares that medieval for us consists of the total sum of its various perceptions and receptions. That is to say, the reception is the music (p. 5). Thanks to much recent scholarship, this is a broadly accepted assertion for all music, even which is created today. Haines' book demonstrates what troubadour and trouvere meant at different times over the last 800 years and provides compelling reasons for skepticism about our own historical understanding of these and other older repertoires. One recurring theme throughout the book is the contrast and interplay between fact and fantasy in the reception of the medieval songs. Nearly every period Haines examines produced both those who attempted to discover or capture some historical truth about the songs of the troubadours and the trouveres, and those who imaginatively re-created the songs to suit a contemporary aesthetic. …

REVIEWS AND SHORT NOTICES

Literary and scientific narratives are often constructed in three parts, of which the task of the middle section is to make the beginning and the end satisfactorily consistent with each other. In this lecture I discuss some ideas about how that might be accomplished in relation to a middle or transitional phase of Māori archaeology, which I will take as dating about AD 1450-1650. Some of you might wonder whether this has not been done satisfactorily already, but I assure you that it has not. In fact, just as Medieval Europe was once seen as a dark age between the Classical era and its Renaissance, so the middle phase in Māori archaeology remains a shadowland between highlights of Polynesian colonisation and classic Māori culture.

The research was carried around these three focal points: 1) Authenticity: I replaced the composerperformer as part of an aesthetic whole, instead the instrument being the focal point of the experiments.I questioned the sense of "authentic" performance and represented the historical context of the works.2) (Re)Shaping Interpretation: I deepened the understanding of the musical works by exploring the specificities of the clavichord and the Stein fortepiano.I questioned the expressive architecture of the chosen musical pieces in the light of Empfindsamkeit, rhetoric and good taste.3) Artistic exploration: focusing on Mozart's 6 "Munich" Sonatas and C. P. E. Bach's 6 Varied Sonatas Wq. 50, I studied the ties between the musical score, the sound complexes and the instrument itself.I explored the notion of improvisation and variation in the classical era and questioned my relation to it as modern performer.

Dark ages and dark areas: global deforestation in the deep past

Published just after the Second World War, European Literature and the Latin Middle Ages is a sweeping exploration of the remarkable continuity of European literature across time and place, from the classical era up to the early nineteenth century, and from the Italian peninsula to the British Isles. In what T. S. Eliot called a magnificent book, Ernst Robert Curtius establishes medieval Latin literature as the vital transition between the literature of antiquity and the vernacular literatures of later centuries. The result is nothing less than a masterful synthesis of European literature from Homer to Goethe. European Literature and the Latin Middle Ages is a monumental work of literary scholarship. In a new introduction, Colin Burrow provides critical insights into Curtius's life and ideas and highlights the distinctive importance of this wonderful book.

This article analyzes the problem of objectivity in historiography in a comparative way, within the context of Marxist and postmodern approaches. The aim of the study is to determine the place, possibilities, and limitations of objectivity in the approaches of both theoretical directions to the science of history. While Marxist historiography explains objectivity through the principles of class analysis and historical materialism, the postmodern approach emphasizes the relative and constructive nature of historical knowledge. The article presents the theoretical foundations of both directions, methodological differences, and critical views on the claims of objectivity. Also, the application of these approaches is compared using a specific historical event as an example. As a result, it is determined that the concept of objectivity in historiography is controversial and variable, and Marxist and postmodern theories approach this concept from different directions.

Ever since Korea opened its market to the transnational tobacco companies in 1988, KT&G (Korea Tomorrow & Global), the now-privatised state tobacco monopoly, has steadily lost market share. Using aggressive...

‘You do not get to consent to yourself, even if you might deserve the chance’: Nature’s Coercion and Transgender Volition in <i>Le Roman de Silence</i>

Journal Article REVIEWS Get access Le Roman de Silence. A thirteenth-century Arthurian verse-romance by Heldris de Cornuälle. Edited by LEWIS THORPE. Cambridge: Heffer. 1972. vi + 256 pp. £3.00. Chrétien de Troyes. Zur Dichtungstechnik seiner Romane. By WOLGFANG BRAND. (Freiburger Schriften zur romanischen Philologie, 19). München: Fink. 1972. 232 pp. DM48. ELSPETH KENNEDY ELSPETH KENNEDY OXFORD Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar French Studies, Volume XXXI, Issue 3, July 1977, Pages 314–317, https://doi.org/10.1093/fs/XXXI.3.314 Published: 01 July 1977

Chronic daily headache (CDH), when defined as > or = 15 headache days per month, affects 3-5% of the adult population. Major life changes are putative precipitating events for onset of chronic pain, including chronic headache. This study compared the occurrence of specific life events between CDH cases and episodic headache controls in a community sample. CDH cases (180+ headache days per year: n = 206) and episodic headache controls (2-104 headache days per year: n = 507) were identified from a randomly selected adult US population. Subjects were interviewed about the occurrence of certain major life changes or events (change of residence, employment status, marital status, related to their children, deaths of relatives or close friends, and 'extremely stressful' ongoing situations) occurring in a defined time period. Events that occurred during the same year or year before frequent headache onset in cases or in an equivalent time period in controls were considered to be antecedent events. Those that occurred after this time were considered subsequent events. Compared with episodic headache controls, CDH cases had more major life changes in the year before or same year as CDH onset. After adjusting for age, gender, headache type and year of event, the odds of CDH increased additionally with each antecedent event [odds ratio (OR) 1.20 (1.1, 1.3), P < 0.001], but not with subsequent events [OR 0.94 (0.8, 1.1), P < 0.4]. In secondary analyses, the association between antecedent events and CDH was significant only for the approximately half of CDH cases who were aged >/= 40 years [OR 1.33 (1.2, 1.50) vs. OR 1.04 (0.9, 1.2), P < 0.05 for interaction by age]. These results suggest that major life changes are associated with the onset of chronic daily headache, particularly in middle age.

“For silence relieves anxiety”: The Name of the Father in the Roman de Silence

Continuing her previous work on the Roman de Silence 's conservative politics, the author analyzes two specific mechanisms through which King Ebain enhances monarchical power: exchanging an adulterous, exogamous wife for a chaste, endogamous one; and dispossessing the earl of Chester, a great baron of the realm.

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Cross-modal interactions in the perception of musical performance