Perspectives on Nutrition During Pregnancy: Part I, Weight Cain; Part Nutrient Supplements

BackgroundStudies on the associations between nutrient supplement, physical exercise, and depression among persons 65 years and older in China are still lacking. We aimed to investigate the association between nutrient supplement and depression and to explore the role of physical exercise in this association.MethodsA total of 8,427 older Chinese adults from the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey were included in this study. The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale was used to assess participants’ depression, and nutrient supplement and physical exercise were evaluated using self-reports. Linear regression and logistic regression were performed to explore the association between nutrient supplement and depression, and a four-way decomposition method was used to explore the effects of nutrient supplement and physical exercise on depression.ResultsA total of 26.2% of participants suffered from depression. Prior to decomposition, multivariable linear regression and logistic regression models showed that older adults who received nutrient supplement had lower depression score (β: -0.704; 95% confidence interval [CI]: -1.004, -0.404) and a lower risk of depression (odds ratio: 0.710; 95% CI: 0.564, 0.894), especially for calcium and multivitamins. Four-way decomposition analysis suggested that physical exercise mediated the associations between nutrient (protein, calcium, iron, zinc, multivitamins, vitamin A/D, docosahexaenoic acid, and others) supplement and depression (all P < 0.05).ConclusionsCalcium or multivitamin supplements were associated with inverse depression, and the reason why this association existed could be partly explained by the mediating effect of physical exercise.

This study attempted to enhance biohydrogen production from sweet sorghum syrup by anaerobic seed sludge in a 1.3 L (1 L working volume) anaerobic sequencing batch reactor (ASBR) by supplementation with nutrients and vitamins. Four treatments, i.e. nutrient and vitamin supplementation, only nutrient supplementation, no supplements and only vitamin supplementation, were conducted using 30 g/L sweet sorghum syrup as the substrate with 1.45 g/L FeSO 4 in ASBR. The ASBR was operated at 24 hour hydraulic retention time at a controlled pH of 5.0. Results indicated that nutrient and vitamin supplementations could increase hydrogen production rate (HPR; 3.2 L H 2/L− d ) and hydrogen yield (HY; 1.6 mol H 2/mol hexose) up to 5 fold in comparison to the control (0.6 L H 2/L− d and 0.34 mol H 2/mol hexose, respectively). The polymerase chain reaction-denatured gradient gel electrophoresis analysis indicated that the predominant hydrogen producers were Clostridia species. The higher hydrogen production obtained from the treatments with nutrient supplementation might be due to the presence of Clostridia species together with Klebsiella sp. and Desulfovibrio sp. Lack of nutrients in treatments without the supplementation and in treatment where only vitamin solution was added could lead to the reduction of hydrogen production efficiency of Clostridia species. The presence of lactic acid bacteria, i.e. Enterococcus sp. and Lactobacillus sp., caused an adverse effect on hydrogen-producing bacteria, resulting in a low HPR and HY in these two treatments.

Diet management in congenital diarrheas and enteropathies – general concepts and disease-specific approach, a narrative review

ObjectiveThis study aimed to explore the combination effects of prenatal exposure to environment tobacco smoke (ETS) and nutrients supplement during pregnancy on childhood obesity in preschoolers.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted with 58,814 child-mother dyads from 235 kindergartens in Longhua District of Shenzhen, China in 2021. A self-administered structured questionnaire was completed by mothers to collect socio-demographic characteristics, prenatal ETS exposure, and nutrients supplement in pregnancy, and preschoolers' heights and weights were measured at the same time. After controlling for potential confounding variables, logistic regression models and cross-analyses were used to examine the independent and combination effects of maternal prenatal ETS exposure and nutrients supplementation during pregnancy on obesity in preschool children.ResultsThe results of our study showed that prenatal ETS exposure increased the risk of childhood obesity (AOR = 1.22, 95% CI = 1.11–1.34) in preschoolers. In addition, risk of childhood obesity was significantly higher when mothers didn't take supplements of multivitamins (AOR = 1.12, 95% CI = 1.05–1.20), folic acid (AOR = 1.23, 95% CI = 1.10–1.37) and iron (AOR = 1.11, 95% CI = 1.04–1.19) during pregnancy. The cross-over analysis showed that the combination of prenatal ETS exposure with mothers taking no multivitamins (AOR = 1.40, 95% CI = 1.21–1.62), no folic acid (AOR = 1.55, 95% CI = 1.12–2.14) and no iron (AOR = 1.38, 95% CI = 1.19–1.59) during pregnancy also increased the risk of obesity among Chinese preschoolers. We also discovered additive interactive effects between prenatal ETS exposure and no maternal multivitamin, folic acid and iron supplementation in pregnancy on the risk of obesity in preschoolers.ConclusionThe combination of prenatal exposure to ETS with no supplementation of these nutrients might jointly increase the risk of childhood obesity. Public health interventions are needed to reduce prenatal exposure to ETS and to encourage mothers to take appropriate multivitamin, folic acid and iron supplements during pregnancy.

Brassica L. microgreens are a fresh microscale vegetable crop of high antioxidant value and naturally dense in nutrients without the intervention of biofortification or genetic engineering. A climate chamber experiment on peat-based substrate was set up to test microgreens growth and accumulation of secondary metabolites in response to nutrient supplementation. Microgreens mineral content was analyzed through ion chromatography and total ascorbic acid through UV-Vis spectrophotometry, while carotenoids and phenolic acids were quantified by HPLC-DAD and UHPLC-HRMS, respectively. Brussels sprouts and cabbage yield was only reduced by 10%, while nitrate was reduced by 99% in the absence of nutrient supplementation. Rocket yield was prominently reduced by 47%, with a corresponding nitrate reduction of 118%. Brussels sprouts secondary metabolites were not improved by the absence of nutrient supplementation, whereas cabbage microgreens demonstrated a 30% increase in total ascorbic acid and a 12% increase in total anthocyanins. As for rocket, the absence of nutrient supplementation elicited an extensive increase in secondary metabolites, such as lutein (110%), β-carotene (30%), total ascorbic acid (58%) and total anthocyanins (20%), but caused a decrease in total phenolic acids. It is hereby demonstrated that growing microgreens on a commercial peat-based substrate without nutrient supplementation can be feasible for certain species. Moreover, it might elicit a species-dependent spike in bioactive secondary metabolites.

Effects of elastic band resistance training and nutritional supplementation on physical performance of institutionalised elderly — A randomized controlled trial

Male-factor infertility is common and is frequently idiopathic in nature. Numerous studies have identified associations between seminal reactive oxygen species, decreased levels of various endogenous/exogenous antioxidants, obesity, and male sub-/infertility. Given these observations, several investigations have evaluated the efficacy of nutrient supplementation on male fertility. Due to the large amount of data available, the objective of this chapter is to compile and summarize pertinent findings of trials reporting fertility outcomes with nutrient supplementation. A literature search was performed of studies evaluating the efficacy of nutrients on male-factor fertility, with priority given to randomized, controlled trials, where available. Nutrients demonstrating potential benefits with male fertility include alpha-lipoic acid, anthocyanins, l-arginine, astaxanthin, beta-carotene, biotin, l-acetyl carnitine, l-carnitine, cobalamin, co-enzyme Q10, ethylcysteine, folic acid, glutathione, inositol, lycopene, magnesium, N-acetyl cysteine, pentoxifylline, phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors, polyunsaturated fatty acids, selenium, Vitamins A, C, D, and E, and zinc, among others. Results from available data suggest that nutrient supplementation of infertile males may lead to improved pregnancy and live birth rates, reduced DNA fragmentation, and enhanced sperm motility, without improvement in total sperm count. Insufficient data is available to suggest superiority of any one agent. Similarly, the optimal combination and dosing regimen for nutrient supplementation remain unknown. Despite the limited amount of data, given the potential benefits of supplementation and low rate of adverse effects, the routine use of nutritional supplements in sub-/infertile males undergoing assisted reproductive techniques is reasonable. Further well-designed, placebo-controlled trials reporting outcome measures of pregnancy and live birth are mandated.

An anaerobic thermophilic coculture consisting of a heterofermentative bacterium (Clostridium thermolacticum) and a homoacetogen (Moorella thermoautotrophica) was developed for acetic acid production from lactose and milk permeate. The fermentation kinetics with free cells in conventional fermentors and immobilized cells in a recycle batch fibrous-bed bioreactor were studied. The optimal conditions for the cocultured fermentation were found to be 58 degrees C and pH 6.4. In the free-cell fermentation, C. thermolacticum converted lactose to acetate, ethanol, lactate, H(2) and CO(2), and the homoacetogen then converted lactate, H(2), and CO(2) to acetate. The overall acetate yield from lactose ranged from 0.46 to 0.65 g/g lactose fermented, depending on the fermentation conditions. In contrast, no ethanol was produced in the immobilized-cell fermentation, and the overall acetate yield from lactose increased to 0.8-0.96 g/g lactose fermented. The fibrous-bed bioreactor also gave a higher final acetate concentration (up to 25. 5 g/L) and reactor productivity (0.18-0.54 g/L/h) as compared to those from the free-cell fermentation (final acetate concentration, 15 g/L; productivity, 0.06-0.08 g/L/h). The superior performance of the fibrous-bed bioreactor was attributed to the high cell density (20 g/L) immobilized in the fibrous-bed and adaptation of C. thermolacticum cells to tolerate a higher acetate concentration. The effects of yeast extract and trypticase as nutrient supplements on the fermentation were also studied. For the free-cell fermentation, nutrient supplementation was necessary for the bacteria to grow in milk permeate. For the immobilized-cell fermentation, plain milk permeate gave a high acetate yield (0.96 g/g), although the reactor productivity was lower than those with nutrient supplementation. Balanced growth and fermentation activities between the two bacteria in the coculture are important to the quantitative conversion of lactose to acetic acid. Lactate and hydrogen produced by C. thermolacticum must be timely converted to acetic acid by the homoacetogen to avoid inhibition by these metabolites.

Removal of hexane from air–hexane mixtures in biofilters packed with different solid media under nitrogen supplementation was performed for 70 days. Two columns containing Perlite or a mixture of peat and Perlite, were used. The solid media were supplemented with nitrogen source up to 1 kg/m3 per week for high nutrient supplementation and 0.2 kg/m3 per month for low nutrient supplementation. A high rate of hexane removal: 95 g/m3 h was achieved under high nutrient supplementation, high air flow rate and high hexane concentration. However, the percentage of hexane removal decreased with increasing air flow rate and hexane inlet concentration. For high nutrient supplementation the type of solid medium did not significantly affect the biodegradation capacity. With low nutrient supplementation, the highest removal rate was achieved in the column containing the peat–perlite mixture. The column containing perlite had a significantly lower pressure drop (20 Pa/m) than the 2400–2930 Pa/m observed for the column containing the mixture. Perlite offers an opportunity of running a biofiltration process at a lower and stable pressure drop if the nutrient supplementation is managed properly.

BackgroundTotal nutrient intake (TNI) is intake from food and supplements. This provides an assessment of nutrient adequacy and the prevalence of excessive intake, as well as the response with respect to biomarkers. Cod liver oil (CLO) is the most frequently consumed supplement in the UK, containing nutrients that might have varying influences on health. We calculated TNI for vitamins A, D and E, as well as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and assessed associations with the respective blood concentrations.MethodsSeven-day diet diaries and blood samples were taken from two subsets of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer (EPIC-Norfolk) cohort (age range 39–79 years; n = 1400 for vitamin D; n = 6656 for remaining nutrients). TNI was calculated for the subgroups: nonsupplement users, those consuming the nutrient in supplement form and those consuming a supplement without this nutrient.ResultsCLO-related nutrients were supplemented by 15%–33%, which approximately doubled median intakes. Almost everyone in the supplement + vitamin A group reached the estimated average requirement; however, guideline levels were likely to be exceeded. Partial correlations between intake of vitamins A and D and biomarkers were low and modestly strengthened by the inclusion of supplement sources (correlation = 0.01–0.13). Correlations between biomarker and TNI of vitamin E and EPA+DHA were in the range 0.40–0.46; however, vitamin E exceeding food intake resulted in attenuated coefficients. Linear associations between food or TNI EPA+DHA and plasma were weak but consistent across subgroups.ConclusionsCLO-related nutrients contribute substantially to nutrient intake, with a risk of over-consumption. Apart from EPA+DHA, biomarker data suggest that CLO-related nutrients in supplements are not linearly associated with vitamin status.

Free AccessThe Role of Diet and Nutrient Supplementation in the Treatment of ADHDJulia J. Rucklidge and Jeanette M. JohnstoneJulia J. RucklidgeSearch for more papers by this author and Jeanette M. Johnstone1 Department of Psychology, University of Canterbury, in Christchurch, New Zealand. E-mail: [email protected].2 Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, in Portland, Oregon.Search for more papers by this authorPublished Online:December 2016https://doi.org/10.1521/adhd.2016.24.8.1PDFPDF PLUS ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations About Next article FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Cited byCited by1. Risk factors for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children: A systematic reviewOnline publication date: 21 August 2022. Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar2. What families in the UK use to manage attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): a survey of resource useOnline publication date: 25 November 2020. Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar3. Rethinking ADHD intervention trials: feasibility testing of two treatments and a methodologyOnline publication date: 24 April 2019. Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar Volume 24Issue 8Dec 2016 Information© 2016 The Guilford PressPDF download

ObjectivesTo examine the effects of lipid‐based nutrient supplements (LNS) containing milk protein (MP) and/or whey permeate (WP) on markers of intestinal inflammation and enterocyte mass among stunted children. Furthermore, to explore whether gut status modifies effects of LNS on growth and micronutrient status.MethodsIn a 2 × 2 factorial trial 12–59 months‐old Ugandan children with stunting were randomized to four LNS formulations (100 g/day for 12 weeks) containing MP or soy protein and WP or maltodextrin, or to no supplementation. Linear mixed‐effects models were used to explore faecal myeloperoxidase (f‐MPO) and plasma citrulline (p‐cit) as outcomes and modifiers of the intervention effects (ISRCTN13093195).ResultsOf 750 children, mean ± SD age was 32.0 ± 11.7 months and height‐for‐age Z‐score was −3.02 ± 0.74. Neither MP nor WP had effects on p‐cit or f‐MPO. f‐MPO decreased over time among controls (ratio of change 0.54, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.35, 0.84), but not among those given LNS (0.99, 95% CI: 0.79, 1.23) (p = 0.016). In contrast, LNS had no effect on p‐cit (p = 0.27). The effect of LNS on cobalamin (B12) status was reduced in children with p‐cit <20 µmol/L; whereby there was 20% (95% CI: 2, 35) lower increase in plasma cobalamin and 59% (95% CI: 13, 125) smaller decrease in plasma methylmalonic acid. p‐cit or f‐MPO did not modify the effects of LNS on growth or other micronutrient markers.ConclusionLNS had no effect on enterocyte mass and possibly increased intestinal inflammation. The effect of LNS on cobalamin status was reduced in those with low enterocyte mass.

Environmental and clinical strains of Vibrio cholerae were exposed to nutrient-free artificial seawater and filtered natural seawater microcosms for selected time intervals and examined for changes in cell morphology and number. Cells observed by transmission electron and epifluorescence microscopy were found to undergo gross alterations in cell morphology with time of exposure. The vibroid cells decreased in volume by 85% and developed into small coccoid forms surrounded by remnant cell walls. The initial number of cells inoculated into nutrient-free microcosms (culturable count and direct viable count) increased 2.5 log10 within 3 days, and even after 75 days the number of viable cells was still 1 to 2 log10 higher than the initial inoculum size. Nutrient-depleted coccoid-shaped cells were restored to normal size and assumed a bacillary shape within 3 h and began to divide within 5 h after nutrient supplementation. The increase in cell number and decrease in cell volume under nutrient-depleted conditions, as well as the rapid growth response after nutrient supplementation, may describe some of the survival mechanisms of V. cholerae in the aquatic environment.

Laboratory-scale anaerobic digesters were fabricated and used in the co-digestion of press mud and distillery effluent to investigate the effect of pretreatments (biological/enzymatic and chemical/alkaline) and nutrient supplementation for enhanced biogas production. The findings of this study showed that maximum biogas yield (502.86 mL/g TVSadded) with maximum percentage of methane (55%) was obtained in combined enzymatic and alkaline (calcium hydroxide) pretreatment with addition of nutrients (i.e., B6). Combined alkaline pretreatment and nutrient supplementation resulted to a 55.07% increase in biogas yield compared to the control. Sole nutrient addition enhanced the yield by 64.38%. However, single alkaline pretreatment presented inhibitory effect which resulted to a 22.48% decrease in biogas production. Moreover, the percentage of methane gas in the biogas samples was between 14 and 55%. Samples dosed with enzymes resulted to better methane yields (>50%) than the samples without enzymes. Highest reductions in BOD, COD and TSS were also achieved in sample B6. Thus, enzymes, especially when combined with other methods, have potential for improving biogas production from sugarcane wastes.

To find out the effect of heat stress alleviation on physiological response, metabolic hormone profiles, milk production and composition in lactating buffaloes during hot-dry (HD) and hot-humid (HH) seasons, 42 lactating Nili-Ravi buffaloes were uniformly divided into 2 groups of 21 each. The treatment (T1) group was supplemented with niacin, yeast, edible oil and provided with curtains, additional ceiling fans and mist fans in the shed. The feeding time, frequency and method for providing concentrate were altered. The control (T0) group buffaloes were kept in separate shed without any nutrient supplementation, modification in microclimate and management. The rectal temperatures, recorded at 10 AM and 3 PM, were significantly lower in treatment group buffaloes than control group under both seasons. Similar trends in pulse rate and respiration rate were recorded among treatment and control group buffaloes in both seasons. Plasma cortisol, T3 and T4 values were almost similar in both control and treatment groups. The average daily milk production was significantly higher in treatment group than control group from starting to the end of the experiment. The average total fat and SNF production in treatment group were significantly higher compared to control group. The overall fat per cent in milk of control group buffaloes was recorded to be 7.71% which was significantly higher than treatment group. It was concluded that nutrient supplementations, microclimate modifications and management alterations together in the form of one package help reducing heat stress.It has beneficial effect on physiological responses, total milk production and composition in lactating buffaloes during hot dry and hot humid summer without affecting cortisol, T3 and T4 profile.