Phosphorus application effects on seeding chia

Chia (Salvia hispanica L.) is an herbaceous annual plant considered a natural source of Omega 3 and 6 fatty acids, fiber, protein and antioxidants. However, the cultivation in Brazil is still recent and existing technical information and recommendations are limited, especially regarding to fertilization and sowing season. The present work had as objective to evaluate the effect doses application of phosphorus and sowing times over productive and reproductive parameters. The experiment was conducted in greenhouse conditions at Fazenda da Universidade Estadual de Maringa, Campus Umuarama. The soil used for the experiment is a typical Distrofic Red Latosoil, with sandy texture. The experimental design was entirely in factorial scheme 4 × 4 with three replications. Treatments were composed of four seeding seasons, at intervals of 15 days between one and another with four doses of P2O5 applied at seeding (0, 40, 80 and 120 kg ha-1, totalizing 48 plots units. It was evaluated the following parameters dry mass of root and shoot, grain yield, mass of 1,000 grains and oil content. There were no significant results both for phosphorus doses as for interaction in any of the variables evaluated. The treatment seeding times (E) differed statistically only for grain yield.

This field trial was conducted to examine the effects of different doses of magnesium (Mg) and phosphorus (P) fertilizers on yield per decare (da), plant growth and yield characteristics of soybean plants grown with differing amounts of water. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with a split-split plot design with three replications, and was conducted in 2006 and 2007. Three different water levels (I1, I2, I3), four different doses of phosphorus (0, 4, 8 and 12 kg P da-1) and three different doses of magnesium (0, 4 and 8 kg Mg da-1) were administered. The cumulative pan values obtained from the class-A evaporation pan were 33% for I1, 67% for I2 and 100% for I3. The yield per da, plant height, node number, branch number, first soybean height, soybean number, soybean height and number of seeds per soybean were examined. Increasing water, magnesium and phosphorus increased the yield per decare, plant height, node number, branch number, first pod height, pod number, pod height and seeds per pod. Moreover, increasing water increased the height of the first pod, while increasing phosphorus and magnesium reduced first pod height. Key words: Soybean, irrigation level, deficit irrigation, water management, phosphorus, magnesium, yield, quality, semi-arid area.

Background: Indian mustard, a key oilseed crop in India, is valued for its diverse culinary and health benefits. It faces significant challenges due to a wide range of abiotic stress wherein climate-induced water stress is one of them, which negatively impacts plant population, morpho-physiological growth and biochemical reactions. Thus not only the seed yield but also oil production is declining. Methods: The current study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of humic acid and sulfur on phenology, membrane integrity, lipid peroxidation and oil yield in Brassica juncea under varying water regimes during the Rabi season of 2022-23 at the research farm of Lovely Professional University. The experiment was conducted in a split-plot design with a total of 16 possible combinations of water regimes and chemical treatments which include humic acid and sulfur. Result: The results indicated that most of the traits were noticed as statistically significant for both factors i.e. water regimes and chemical treatments at p=0.05%. Among the treatments, I3 (Three irrigation) and C3 (Humic acid + Sulfur) were detected as the most effective treatments in terms of percent increase/decrease, resulting highest value over the respective control. The highest % increase was noticed in the initial plant population, final plant population, days taken for maturity, oil content, the moisture content in oil, chlorophyll a, b, a+b and membrane stability index while the reduction in days taken for branching, days taken for the 50% flowering, relative density and malondialdehyde were noticed in the I3 and C3. Thus the findings suggest that the 3 irrigations in combination with humic acid and Sulfur can effectively ameliorate the morpho-physiological growth by increasing the chlorophyll contents, integrity of the cell wall and oil yield in Indian Mustard.

An annual herbaceous plant belonging to the Lamiaceae family is the chia (Salvia hispanica L.). To investigate the impact of various environmental factors on the growth and oil content of Chia (Salvia hispanica L.) at various sowing dates (SD1 = September 20th, SD2 = October 5th, and SD3 = October 20th, 2021), field tests were carried out in the 2021–2022 seasons at the experimental farm of the National Research Centre, Nubaria, Behira governorate, Egypt. The findings revealed that SD1 had the tallest plants (118.2 cm), followed by SD2 (92.6 cm) and SD3 (63.8 cm). The quantity of shoots per plant, however, did not alter significantly. Between SD1 and SD2, SD3, and SD4, there was a significant difference in the plant fresh weight, with SD1 recording the heaviest plants. Between the three sowing dates, there were significant differences in the protein and oil percentages. Similar to crude fibre content, where SD1 displayed the highest value (34.181), SD1 displayed the highest values (28.06 and 19.97), but there was no appreciable difference between SD1 and SD2. SD3, however, had the lowest value.

The objective of this work was to identify the agronomic response of the linseed crop subjected to different doses of nitrogen applied at different times throughout the development of the crop. The experimental design used was randomized blocks, organized in a factorial scheme with five nitrogen application times (0, 10, 30, 60 and 90 days after sowing) x five nitrogen doses (0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 kg ha-1) in three replications, totaling 75 experimental units. Nitrogen applications between 23 and 39 days potentiate the height of the first capsule, number of capsules and grain yield. Doses of 45 to 83 kg ha-1 of nitrogen maximize the number of capsules, stem diameter, number of capsules that formed grains and grain yield. The correlation indicates that the grain yield was determined by the final plant population and weight of grains per plant.

Phytotechnical positioning procedures in soybean crop must be validated in the context of the interaction between genotype, environment and management. Thus, the aim of this work was to evaluate the agronomic performance of soybean cultivars sown in different row spacing, in early (October 8th) and conventional (November 12th) sowing dates in a subtropical climate region of southern Brazil. The experimental design was in an 18 × 2 factorial scheme, with four replications. The factors were constituted by 18 soybean cultivars (with a maturity group of 5.3 to 6.4) installed with row spacing of 25 and 50 cm. Final plant population, plant height, lodging, 1000-grains weight and grain yield were evaluated. The row spacing and the cultivar used interfere in the agronomic performance of soybean, regardless of sowing date. The narrow row spacing of 25 cm increases the 1000-grains weight and the soybean grain yield, regardless of cultivar and sowing date, with the most pronounced augments in the conventional sowing date. In general, the most yield cultivars were M 5947 IPRO and M 6410 IPRO.

Chia (Salvia hispanica L.) is a small seed that comes from an annual herbaceous plant, Salvia hispanica L. In recent years, usage of Chia seeds has tremendously grown due to their high nutritional and medicinal values. Chia was cultivated by Mesopotamian cultures, but then disappeared for centuries until the middle of the 20th century, when it was rediscovered. Chia seeds contain healthy ω-3 fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, dietary fiber, proteins, vitamins, and some minerals. Besides this, the seeds are an excellent source of polyphenols and antioxidants, such as caffeic acid, rosmarinic acid, myricetin, quercetin, and others. Today, chia has been analyzed in different areas of research. Researches around the world have been investigating the benefits of chia seeds in the medicinal, pharmaceutical, and food industry. Chia oil is today one of the most valuable oils on the market. Different extraction methods have been used to produce the oil. In the present study, an extensive overview of the chemical composition, nutritional properties, and antioxidant and antimicrobial activities, along with extraction methods used to produce chia oil, will be discussed.

The objectives of this work was to evaluate the effects of nitrogen and phosphorus doses on weeds management in baby corn crop yield. The experiment was conducted under field conditions. The experiment followed a factorial 2 x 3 x 5 scheme, in which factors and levels were the following: phosphorus doses, weeds management and nitrogen doses. A fully randomized block design, with four replications, was used. There were larger growth of corn plants and accentuated reduction of the infestation and growth of weeds in response to the increasing of N doses. There was also increase in commercial ears (PEC) with the increase in the N doses.

Research results on agronomic techniques for chia are still few, although this culture is very widespread.The study was carried out under greenhouse conditions, from June to August 2016, in the city of Campina Grande, PB, Brazil, with geographic coordinates 7º13'11'' S, 35º53'31'' W and altitude of 547.56 m.During this period the average air temperatures inside the greenhouse varied between 23.7 °C and 33.8 °C, with mean relative humidity around 52%.The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilization application on the development of chia.The research consisted of three independent experiments, following a completely randomized design to evaluate the performance of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) in six doses, with three replications.Each experimental unit consisted of a plastic vase filled with 8 kg of sandy soil.The nutrient doses were as follows: 0; 25; 50; 75; 100 and 125 kg ha -1 of N; 0; 20; 40; 60; 80 and 100 kg ha -1 of P and 0; 20; 40; 60; 80 and 100 kg ha -1 of K. Analysis was made of the height of the plants (30 and 60 DAS) (measured with a graduated ruler), number of leaves and of inflorescence per plant and weight of the dry biomass.First results indicate that the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium doses favored the growth of chia plants in relation to control promoting an increase in all studied variables, evidencing the necessity of cultivation by these elements.In general, considering the values of the variables according to the increasing doses of nutrients, a preliminary recommendation could be indicated, under the conditions of this research, as 125: 100: 40 kg ha -1 of N: P: K.So the effect of these nutrients on chia need to be more investigated.

Chia seeds (Salvia hispanica L.) are small seeds that develop on an annual herbaceous plant. Recently, there has been tremendous growth in the use of chia seeds because of their associated medicinal as well as high nutritional values. Initially, chia cultivation took place in Mesopotamian cultures, eventually disappearing for some centuries before being rediscovered in the mid-20th Century. In this paper, the main aim has been to provide an overview of chia seed in relation to its perceived medicinal properties. From the majority of scholarly affirmations, it has been established that some of the compounds that chia seeds contain, explain its associated healthful effects include minerals, vitamins, proteins, dietary fiber, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and ω-3 fatty acids. Also, the literature contends that chia seeds are excellent sources of antioxidants and polyphenols, which include quercetin, myricetin, rosmarinic acid, and caffeic acid. Around the world, therefore, more and more scholarly investigations have focused on some of the beneficial effects of chia seeds, including the food, pharmaceutical, and medicinal industries. In this paper, it has been established that chia seeds have their medicinal properties gained in terms of pharmacological activities that include steatohepatitis and acute dyslipidemia improvement, sensory attributes, bioactive peptide and protein source, metabolic profile, and antioxidant and appetite suppressing properties. Important to note is that while most studies concur regarding these medicinal properties, in a few investigations, findings suggest that chia seeds do not pose significant beneficial effects, especially concerning health improvements in human subjects. As such, there is a need for future research to examine some of the parameters that could explain this variation, upon which more valid and informed conclusions and inferences might be made.

Despite the plethora of information on seed characteristics and seedling vigor in cotton, the near-continuous release of new cultivars coupled with limited information on seedling vigor for field conditions necessitates re-evaluation of seed characteristics important for vigorous seedling growth and plant establishment. Consequently, seedling vigor (fresh weight at the 2 to 3 leaf stage) and stand establishment were evaluated for 11 cotton cultivars across five locations in Georgia during the 2012 growing season. Seed size, seed oil content, and seed protein content were also evaluated for each cultivar. Cultivar differences in seedling vigor existed under field conditions for the genotypes evaluated. Genotypic correlations and regression analysis revealed a negative relationship between oil (%) and protein contents for quiescent seeds (r2 = 0.945). Additionally, positive relationships were observed between seedling vigor and total seed oil content (r2 = 0.573), and seedling vigor and seed size (r2 = 0.642). Cultivar differences existed in germination responses to incubation time and temperature, but these responses were not necessarily predictive of seedling vigor. These data indicate that information on seed oil content and seed size could help identify cultivars or seed sources with potential for high seedling vigor for use in production scenarios where reduced seedling vigor may limit productivity.

The objective of this study was to quantify changes in soybean seed quality characteristics in response to indigenous Bradyrhizobium inoculation and N fertilization applied under field conditions during the years 2009 and 2010. Seven indigenous Bradyrhizobium isolates were isolated from the different locations under the foothills of great Himalayas Rawalakot Kashmir, Pakistan. The field isolates were compared to a reference strain (exotic) TAL102, three N fertilizer rates and to an un‐inoculated control. The seed oil content, fatty acid composition, seed N, P and K concentration and seed N, P and K uptake were quantified. Bradyrhizobium inoculation and N fertilization significantly increased oil content compared to the un‐inoculated control. The seed oil content varied between 16.2 and 21.5 %, highest in the seeds treated with indigenous Bradyrhizobium strains NR22, NR25 and NR35, and mainly composed of linoleic acid (47 %), and oleic acid (24 %). Inoculation and N fertilization both decreased the saturated fatty acids (palmitic and stearic) and increased unsaturated fatty acids (linoleic acid and oleic acid). The mineral nutrient content of N, P, and K and their accumulation in seed increased by 2–3‐fold compared to the corresponding control. Indigenous Bradyrhizobium strains were able to generate the highest values for seed oil content (NR22, NR25, and NR35), unsaturated fatty acids, i.e. linoleic acid and oleic acid (NR25, and NR35) and N, P and K uptake (NR20, and NR22). There were noticeable differences among the treatments in terms of essential fatty acid, oil, and mineral nutrient content. The study demonstrates the potential benefits of using indigenous Bradyrhizobium strains in order to achieve high quality soybean seeds that can be used as a balanced health product.

Effect of late salinization of chia ( Salvia hispanica), stock ( Matthiola tricuspidata) and evening primrose ( Oenothera biennis) on their oil content and quality

The objective of this study was to evaluate the initial growth of jatropha (Jatropa curcas L.) plants under the effect of phosphate fertilization and simulation of glyphosate drift. The experiment was conducted using plastic vessels, conditioned under field conditions. A randomized block design, in a 3 x 5 factorial scheme, three doses of phosphorus (0, 40 and 80 kg ha-1 of P2O5) and five doses of glyphosate (0, 1.1, 3.3, 10 e 30 g ha-1) with four replicates. Leaf area, total dry matter, lignin and cellulose content, foliar phosphorus content, and gas exchange were evaluated. It was concluded that fertilizations from 40 kg ha-1 presented on average the largest increases in: leaf area; total dry matter; phosphorus content and for liquid photosynthesis. The simulation doses of glyphosate drift above 30 g ha-1 may impair the growth of jatropha plants considering the following variables: total dry matter, lignin content and cellulose and protein. Phosphate fertilization may render jatropha plants tolerant to glyphosate drift simulation doses.

This study was conducted at the University of Cukurova, Faculty of Agriculture research area in 2018 and 2019 in Adana, Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of plant density on pod yield and some agronomic characteristics of different growth type peanut varieties (Halisbey and NC-7) in main crop growing condition. In this research; five different intra-row spacing (5, 10, 15. 20 and 25 cm) were used in single row planting pattern. The experimental design was a split plot with three replications. Pod number and pod weight per plant, 100 seed weight, shelling percentage, oil and protein content, pod and kernel yield per hectare characteristics of varieties were investigated. As a result; pod number and weight per plant and 100 seed weight values were decreased when the plant density was increased, but shelling percentage, pod and kernel yield and protein percentage values were increased. The oil content was not affected by the plant density. The highest pod yield (6652 kg ha-1 ) was obtained when the seeds planted at 5 cm inter-row spacing (28.5 plants m-2 plant density). The highest pod yield was obtained from Halisbey variety.