Photon-counting-based dust monitor

Satellite laser ranging (SLR) to the satellites of the global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) provides substantial and valuable information about the accuracy and quality of GNSS orbits and allows for the SLR-GNSS colocation in space. In the framework of the NAVSTAR-SLR experiment two GPS satellites of Block-IIA were equipped with laser retroreflector arrays (LRAs), whereas all satellites of the GLONASS system are equipped with LRAs in an operational mode. We summarize the outcome of the NAVSTAR-SLR experiment by processing 20 years of SLR observations to GPS and 12 years of SLR observations to GLONASS satellites using the reprocessedmicrowave orbits provided by the center for orbit determination in Europe (CODE). The dependency of the SLR residuals on the size, shape, and number of corner cubes in LRAs is studied. We show that the mean SLR residuals and the RMS of residuals
\ndepend on the coating of the LRAs and the block or type of GNSS satellites. The SLR mean residuals are also a function of the equipment used at SLR stations including the single-photon and multi-photon detection modes.We also showthat the SLR observations to GNSS satellites are important to validate GNSS orbits and to assess deficiencies in the solar radiation pressure models. We found that the satellite signature effect, which is defined as a spread of optical pulse signals due to reflection from multiple reflectors, causes the variations of mean SLR residuals of up to 15mmbetween the observations at nadir angles of 0◦ and 14◦. in case of multiphoton SLR stations. For single-photon SLR stations this effect does not exceed 1 mm. When using the new empirical
\nCODE orbit model (ECOM), the SLR mean residual falls into the range 0.1–1.8 mm for high-performing singlephoton SLR stations observing GLONASS-M satellites with uncoated corner cubes. For best-performing multi-photon stations the mean SLR residuals are between −12.2 and
\n−25.6 mm due to the satellite signature effect.

Innovative airglow instrument based on constant photon count control

Light intensity is a critical variable of the dye-sensitized photooxidation reaction, and the rate of house fly, Musca domestica , mortality is observed to increase with increasing light intensity. Relative toxicities were described for 6 xanthene dyes (rose bengal, octabromofluorescein, erythrosin B, phloxin B, eosin Y, and tetrachlorofluorescein) as a function of the 3rd-order rate constant of photooxidation, k3, obtained for each dye and determined from the LT50, tissue dye levels, and light intensity measurements. The ranking of these 6 xanthenes by their respective k3 values is almost identical to the ranking of these same dyes by their k2, or second-order rate constant. The number of accumulated photons needed to produce 50% mortality was observed to decrease with an increase in light intensity.

Light intensity and image visualization of GDI injector sprays according to nozzle hole arrangements

High daytime light levels may reduce the risk of affective disorders. Outdoor workers are during daytime exposed to much higher light intensities than indoor workers. A way to study daytime light exposure and disease on a large scale is by use of a general population job exposure matrix (JEM) combined with national employment and health data. The objective of this study was to develop a JEM applicable for epidemiological studies of exposure response between daytime light exposure, affective disorders, and other health effects by combining expert scores and light measurements. We measured light intensity during daytime work hours 06:00-17:59 for 1-7 days with Philips Actiwatch Spectrum® light recorders (Actiwatch) among 695 workers representing 71 different jobs. Jobs were coded into DISCO-88, the Danish version of the International Standard Classification of Occupations 1988. Daytime light measurements were collected all year round in Denmark (55-56°N). Arithmetic mean white light intensity (lux) was calculated for each hour of observation (n = 15,272), natural log-transformed, and used as the dependent variable in mixed effects linear regression models. Three experts rated probability and duration of outdoor work for all 372 jobs within DISCO-88. Their ratings were used to construct an expert score that was included together with month of the year and hour of the day as fixed effects in the model. Job, industry nested within job, and worker were included as random effects. The model estimated daytime light intensity levels specific for hour of the day and month of the year for all jobs with a DISCO-88 code in Denmark. The fixed effects explained 37% of the total variance: 83% of the between-jobs variance, 57% of the between industries nested in jobs variance, 43% of the between-workers variance, and 15% of the within-worker variance. Modeled daytime light intensity showed a monotonic increase with increasing expert score and a 30-fold ratio between the highest and lowest exposed jobs. Building construction laborers were based on the JEM estimates among the highest and medical equipment operators among the lowest exposed. This is the first quantitative JEM of daytime light exposure and will be used in epidemiological studies of affective disorders and other health effects potentially associated with light exposure.

The sun transfers heat energy to the earth with radiation mode. To reach the air temperature with thermal comfort in the indoor air temperature then need to re-view using AC, but if the energy intensity of the sun's too much that goes into the conditioning room through a glass wall that will cause the AC is too big. This will lead to the use of electrical energy is too wasteful. To minimize the AC in the room caused by a number of incoming solar radiation intensity of heat is done by using a glass inhibitory properties of low light intensity. The purpose of this study was to determine the extent of the inhibitory effect of light intensity into the room by each type of glass. The research was done by varying the type of glass that will be mounted on the solar collector, rain glass, blue glass, black glass, One way glass, glass orange. Measurement of light intensity and temperature data were taken every 30 minutes within a period of 3 hours. Based on the results of the study five types of glass is the importance of the election of the best level of inhibition glass is types of glass One way because the light intensity 400 W/m2 - 500 W/m2, resulting in room temperature is 45 0 C.

The main purpose of smart city is to improve the quality of life, improve the efficiency of life, and save the energy resources of life, which is in line with the current global concept of low-carbon environmental protection, energy saving and emission reduction, and ecological sustainable development. Under the process of smart city, the development of urban public space is also committed to meeting the material and spiritual needs of residents’ lives. For the system hardware design, the street lamp node, and the concentrator node hardware design, the sensing node is composed of multiple sensors. Its main components are temperature sensor, infrared sensor, sound sensor, and light intensity sensor, which, respectively, realize the collection of temperature, infrared, sound, and light intensity information. The street light sensing system uses multisensor information fusion technology to detect the situation of people and vehicles in real time, so that people and vehicles can turn on the street lights and turn off the street lights of unmanned vehicles. Adjust the street light switch according to the intelligent analysis of the lighting demand scene in order to enhance the accuracy of the system to identify the lighting demand scene. This enables the system to provide safe lighting conditions for urban traffic while saving the power consumption of urban lighting. The sensor system of the street light randomly selects the detection results of temperature and humidity within a certain period of time. The error rate of the final test result is 1/2 of that of the traditional test, and the accuracy is far lower than that of the traditional measurement method. Regarding the lighting system of street lamps and public art in urban public spaces, it is worthy of extensive promotion to control street lamp lighting through sensor information fusion technology and reduce energy consumption.

Shortwave infrared (SWIR) detectors offer excellent penetration capabilities, making them highly valuable for applications such as target recognition and optical communication. However, traditional SWIR photodetectors suffer from high dark current, thermal noise, and the inability to resolve multidimensional information like polarization, making it challenging for highly sensitive and multidimensional sensing. Herein, we proposed a “symmetry breaking” principle to theoretically design an upconversion SWIR detector based on a silicon (Si) metasurface, which enables two-dimensional detection of light intensity and polarization information with high resolution and spectral tunability. By exciting a quasi-bound state in the continuum (quasi-BIC) mode with broken symmetry, this metasurface can achieve efficient third harmonic generation with an efficiency of 0.02%, which is seven orders of magnitude higher than that of the planar Si membrane. The efficient upconversion process increases the theoretical detectivity up to 7.9 × 1012 Jones in the SWIR band (1535.6 nm), comparable to that of commercially available InGaAs detectors. Benefiting from the filtering characteristics of the metasurface, the detector exhibits a response bandwidth of only 0.2 nm, making it one of the highest performance narrowband photodetectors in this spectral range. Furthermore, compared with conventional photodetectors, which only capture one-dimensional light intensity information, the third harmonic signal exhibits strong polarization sensitivity, which enables us to design a dual-dimensional optical communication system that doubles the data rate without additional readout time. This work provides a new technological pathway for the design of multiplexed high precision optical communication detectors.

pH-Induced structural transitions in whey protein isolate and ultrasonically solubilized Persian gum mixture

Summary form only given. Light measurements of the Balmer /spl beta/-line of a deuterium plasma on an IEC (inertial electrostatic confinement) device are used to investigate the ICC (inertial collisional compression) theory proposed by R.W. Bussard et al. (1992). These measurements also serve as an important benchmark for the computer simulation code PDS-1 (Plasma Device Spherical 1-dimensional). The light intensity shows a steady decrease following, as expected, the cross sectional values at low voltage ranges (< 40 kV). At higher voltages, however, an increase in the light intensity to neutron rate ratio has been observed. This may be attributed to the ICC effect, which predicts a nonlinear increase in light intensity measurement at higher core densities.

Liquid absorption-induced photoelasticity of polydimethylsiloxane

Cure width potential for MOD resin composite molar restorations

Neste trabalho mostraremos como obter a lei do inverso do quadrado da distância para a intensidade luminosa emitida por uma fonte pequena de uma maneira muito simples, rápida e com boa precisão. Com o auxílio de dois smartphones, aplicativos grátis e uma régua somos capazes de medir as distâncias entre os dispositivos citados (um como fonte e outro como medidor de intensidade luminosa) e as respectivas intensidades luminosas medidas por um dos aparelhos. A facilidade de reprodução do experimento e a penetração do uso de tablets e smartphones entre os estudantes e professores pode fazer com que a atividade proposta se torne uma boa alternativa para a introdução de fenômenos físicos que exibem a mesma dependência funcional, tais como a lei da gravitação universal de Newton e a lei de Coulomb.

A new particle-image-velocimetry (PIV)-data-processing methodcalled multi-intensity-layer PIV is developed and applied for injectorspray analysis. It uses the principle that the light intensity scatteredfrom a small particle is proportional to its diameter squared at a certainangle. The light-intensity information was used to provide diameterinformation from PIV data. There are two methods of uncertainty analysis:intensity weighted and number-density weighted. The measurement resultsdemonstrated that the droplet dynamics for droplets of various diameterscan be described by this multi-intensity-layer PIV, that is, small dropletsfollowed the vortex shearing and highly turbulent flows, whereas largerdroplets penetrated the shear flow. It was found that thismulti-intensity-layer PIV would be a useful method for describing spatialdroplet-spray behaviour in a practical spray diagnostic.

SummaryThe length of young internodes and stem water potential were measured daily on irrigated and non-irrigated field-grown ‘Concord’ (Vitis labrusca) grapevines along with measurements of light intensity and air temperature. Internode growth rate showed hysteresis with respect to air temperature and stem water potential on days having stem water potentials above –0.75 MPa and air temperatures below 35°C. Internode growth rate was negatively correlated with stem water potential when measurements were taken from 1930 to 0430 hours at three-hour intervals. Growth rate increased more slowly in the morning when light intensity was reduced by cloud cover. Midday decrease in growth rate was associated with stem water potentials lower than –0.75 MPa and air temperature higher than 35°C. Internode growth rate of non-irrigated vines decreased earlier in the morning compared with irrigated vines.