Phrase-level sentence patterns for estimating positive and negative emotions using Neuro-fuzzy model for information retrieval applications

Aging is associated with higher levels of emotional well-being, with older adults experiencing more positive emotions, fewer negative emotions, and more mixed emotions in daily life. Mixed emotional experiences (reporting more than one type of emotion during the same period) may indicate more emotional complexity and adaptive functioning. Alternatively, it may indicate degraded emotional experience. Here, we examined the relationship between everyday positive, negative, and mixed emotional experiences with life satisfaction, trait-level positive emotion, psychological well-being, and depression. Participants in an experience sampling study (n =180, aged 18 to 93, M = 56.9) reported their emotions at five randomly selected times each day for seven days. As expected, reports of positive emotions were associated with life satisfaction and trait-level positive emotion, while negative emotions were associated with depression and inversely correlated with psychological well-being. Interestingly, the association of negative emotions with depression was weaker in older participants, suggesting that older people may be more resistant to clinical depression even in the face of negative emotions. Most interestingly, we found that mixed emotional states were associated with increased psychological well-being among older adults but decreased psychological well-being in younger adults. Older adults’ increased psychological well-being in relation to mixed emotions and their resilience to the effects of negative emotion are consistent with adaptive, age-related changes in emotional experience and well-being. These findings highlight the differential effects of experiential positive, negative, and mixed emotions on various measures of well-being, with younger and older adults experiencing key differences in emotional drivers of well-being.

Affective experiences have been shown to influence attitudes and future behaviors related to physical activity, but no studies have related these experiences to physical literacy or examined affective experiences in quality physical education (QPE). The aim of this study was to describe emotions experienced in a QPE context and relate those emotions to students' physical literacy and self-esteem. A cross-sectional study of 145 4th and 5th grade students was surveyed after a single PE class on their emotional experiences (positive emotions: pride, enjoyment, and relief; negative, emotions: shame, anger, and boredom; aggregate emotional experience as the sum of positive and negative emotions) physical literacy (self-description and movement valuation) and self-esteem. In this QPE context, 73% of students reported only positive emotions, 26% mixed positive and negative emotions and 1% expressed only negative emotions. Pride and enjoyment were strongly co-occurring (89%). Among students expressing mixed emotions, 90% still yielded positive aggregate emotional experiences. Positive emotions have significant (p<0.001), moderate to strong positive correlations with physical literacy (rho=0.65 pride, 0.50 enjoyment) and self-esteem (rho=0.48 pride, 0.38 enjoyment), and negative emotions have significant (p<0.001), moderate negative correlations with physical literacy (rho = -0.47 shame, -0.30 anger, -0.32 boredom) and self-esteem (rho = -0.33 shame, -0.29 anger, -0.21 boredom). This study reveals strong positive emotional responses by students in a purported QPE context. The presence of mixed emotions with net positive aggregate experiences highlights the importance of consideration of both negative and positive emotions in movement contexts. Affective states have been proposed as key elements of physical literacy, and this study supports this through valence matched associations between both positive/negative affect with physical literacy and self-esteem.

Across five studies (total N = 8,414), we examined whether religious individuals experienced more mixed emotions. Studies 1 and 2 examined associations between dispositional religiosity and mixed emotions, while Study 3 provided a pre-registered replication. Study 4 provided a pre-registered exploratory examination of three potential mediators of the relationship between dispositional religiosity and mixed emotions: trait dialecticism, cognitive reappraisal, and fear of God. Finally, Study 5 provided pre-registered prospective analyses testing associations between dispositional religiosity and mixed emotions 1 month later. Across all studies, positive and negative emotions were also examined, and latent variable structural equation modeling was performed, controlling for age, gender, education, and income. A multilevel multivariate meta-analysis was then performed to aggregate key findings. Results indicated that dispositional religiosity was associated with increased mixed emotions and positive emotions but not negative emotions. Additionally, fear of God was supported as a potential mediator between dispositional religiosity and mixed emotions.

Summary form only given. We present here the results of a series of experiments comparing the operation of an X-pinch in positive and negative polarity. Of particular interest are the X-ray yield, timing, radiating spot size, and the number of radiating spots in a given X-pinch. Conventionally, an X-pinch is operated in negative polarity resulting in electric field lines that terminate on the wires. This choice of polarity for the generator is due to the fact that breakdown in these machines is easier to prevent when they are operated in negative polarity. Previous experiments involving single wire explosions at low current (1-5 kA) have shown that more energy can be deposited in the wire cores when they are driven in positive as opposed to negative polarity. These results raised the question of what happens when pinch-type experiments are driven in positive polarity. Recently, it has become possible to use the 450 kA XP pulser at Cornell to drive X-pinches in positive polarity. The positive polarity condition is established by inserting a convolute before the load and this results in electric field lines that originate on the wires of the X-pinch. This arrangement added complexity and inductance to the positive polarity shots, making it difficult to directly compare results from positive and negative shots. More recently, the entire pulser was switched to positive polarity. This allows a more direct comparison between positive and negative polarity X-pinch operation

We report four studies (N=1419) examining emotional reactions from March to April 2020, when COVID-19 exhibited exponentially increasing infections and fatalities. Specifically, we examined associations between emotions with self-reported intentions to enact virus-prevention behaviors that protect oneself from COVID-19 and eudaimonic functioning. Study 1A, 1B, and Study 2 provided naturalistic evidence that mixed emotions predicted legitimate virus-prevention behaviors and eudaimonic functioning in the USA and Singapore, and Study 2 also supported receptivity as a mediator. Finally, Study 3 provided experimental evidence that mixed emotions causally increased legitimate virus-prevention behaviors relative to neutral, positive emotion, and negative emotion conditions, whereas eudaimonic functioning was increased only relative to the neutral condition. Across all studies, positive and negative emotions were unrelated to legitimate virus-prevention behaviors, while relationships with eudaimonic functioning were inconsistent. While self-reported measures do not represent actual behaviors, the findings suggest a potential role for mixed emotions in pandemic-related outcomes.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42761-021-00045-x.

Within the framework of control‐value theory (CVT), this study employed latent profile analysis to identify distinct academic emotion profiles (encompassing enjoyment, anxiety, boredom and foreign language peace of mind) among 1088 secondary school ethnic minority English‐as‐a‐foreign‐language (EFL) learners in China. Four emotion groups were identified: negative emotions, moderate‐level mixed emotions, high‐level mixed emotions and positive emotions. Wald chi‐square tests revealed significant differences in engagement across the four groups in behavioural and cognitive engagement, with the positive emotion group scoring the highest, followed sequentially by the high‐level mixed emotion, moderate‐level mixed emotion and negative emotion groups. In emotional engagement, the positive emotion group still ranked highest and the negative emotion group lowest, while no significant difference was observed between the two mixed emotion groups. Multinomial logistic regression analysis indicated that perceived classroom affordance significantly predicted emotion group memberships. Higher affordance perception increased the likelihood of belonging to the positive emotion group while reducing the probability of classification into the high‐level mixed, moderate‐level mixed and negative emotion groups in sequence. These findings extend the CVT by illuminating the complex emotional experiences of underrepresented ethnic minority EFL learners in China and their correlates with environmental and behavioural factors.

O-131: Negative emotion predicts poor outcome in poor prognosis IVF patients

The Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ) assesses emotion regulation strategies, particularly expressive suppression and cognitive reappraisal. However, the ERQ does not discern between regulating positive vs. negative emotions. Recent research suggests that suppression and reappraisal can impact mental health differently when targeting positive vs negative emotions. We developed and validated the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire - Positive/Negative (ERQ-PN), designed to measure positive and negative forms of suppression and reappraisal strategies. We recruited 963 participants (female = 478) through Prolific.com and administered the ERQ-PN. Participants had an average age of 45 years and were predominantly White (74%) and heterosexual (84%). Structural validity was assessed through confirmatory factor analyses. Model fit was estimated using the comparative fit index and the root-mean-square error of approximation. We also used the Bayesian information criterion to compare the fit of different models. Overall, participants used reappraisal more often to decrease negative emotions (vs. increasing positive) and leaned toward using suppression more for negative (vs. positive) emotions. These analyses revealed that the four-factor model (Model 2) delineating four latent variables (positive reappraisal, negative reappraisal, positive suppression, and negative suppression) had a good fit (RMSEA = 0.07, CFI = 0. 97, TLI = 0.96, χ 2(98) = 531.28, p < 0.001). An incremental validity assessment revealed that positive and negative reappraisal correlated similarly with related mental health constructs. By contrast, suppression of negative vs. positive emotions was differentially associated to the validators tested. The ERQ-PN represents a valid measure of emotion regulation that accounts for both positive and negative emotions.

Nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) is prevalent in adolescents and is often linked to emotion dysregulation. However, it remains unknown which specific processes of emotion regulation and under what emotional context these processes are related to the risk for NSSI in samples of community-based adolescents. This study used two laboratory tasks to examine whether adolescents with a history of NSSI displayed difficulties in emotional reactivity and inhibitory control in response to negative and positive emotions. In Study 1, adolescents with/without a history of NSSI (N = 64; MAge = 13.45 ± 0.50; 53% female) completed a picture perception task in which they were asked to judge the valence and arousal of images. In Study 2, adolescents with/without a history of NSSI (N = 74; MAge = 13.49 ± 0.80; 50% female) were given a two-choice emotional oddball task that required them to differentially respond to frequent stimuli (images of an object) and infrequent stimuli (affective images). The results showed that adolescents with a history of NSSI showed decreased emotional sensitivity and lower levels of inhibitory control in response to images depicting negative emotional content but not to those depicting positive emotional content. Furthermore, affective inhibitory control problems were significantly positively related to the severity of NSSI, especially in the context of negative emotions. These findings suggest that there is a divergence between positive and negative emotions in both emotional reactivity and affective inhibitory control processes on NSSI. Specifically, relative to adolescents with no history of NSSI, adolescents with a history of NSSI showed lower emotional awareness and behavioral inhibitory control when processing negative emotions, but these distinctions were not found in contexts involving positive emotions. Additionally, the results suggest that affective inhibitory control deficits specific for negative emotions may result in vulnerability to increased NSSI severity.

Existing work linking empathy with social behavior has focused overwhelmingly on empathy for the negative emotions of others. But recent research suggests that feeling along with others’ negative emotions is a capacity distinct from feeling along with others’ positive emotions. In Study 1, we demonstrate the separability of positive and negative empathy by showing that although both relate to some of the same foundational empathic processes, each has a number of distinct correlates. In Study 2 we take an experimental approach and show that encouraging participants to empathize with the positive versus negative emotions of a suffering yet hopeful social group results in distinct patterns of vicarious emotion. Finally, Study 3 shows that although both positive empathy and negative empathy are associated to a similar degree with helping behavior directed toward others in need, positive—but not negative—empathy is related to “everyday” prosocial behaviors aimed specifically at increasing others’ positive emotions (e.g., random acts of kindness). Together, these results provide what to our knowledge is the first demonstration of the causal potency of positive and negative empathy as well as the first evidence that positive and negative empathy relate to different types of social behaviors.

Although negative anticipatory emotions are typically seen as risk factors for poorer psychological outcomes over COVID‐19, emotion theorists suggest that this risk may be attenuated if balanced by the experience of positive emotion. Thus, the current study examined whether interactions between positive and negative anticipatory emotions were concurrently associated with psychological distress and greater personal wellbeing/posttraumatic growth (PTG) at three distinct periods (i.e., pre‐lockdown, during lockdown, post‐lockdown), and whether associations varied by these three COVID‐19 time periods. The study utilizes two large longitudinal Australian samples, surveyed in 2020 prior to, during, and after a strict 4‐month lockdown that occurred in Australia. Overall, positive emotions attenuated the adverse psychological outcomes arising from higher levels of negative emotion (i.e., higher psychological distress and lower personal wellbeing). Observed effects varied according to COVID‐19 threat exposure. Specifically, the interaction was significantly associated with psychological distress prior to the lockdown for Sample 2, and during the lockdown for both samples. The interaction was significantly associated with wellbeing (Sample 2) prior to, and during, the lockdown but only marginally associated post‐lockdown. The interaction, however, was not significantly associated with PTG (Sample 1). The results suggest that it is valuable for future research to consider greater emotional complexity (i.e., mixed emotions) over COVID‐19, and other stressors more generally, to encompass a more nuanced understanding of resilience.

Objective:: In this research, we tried to explore how short-term mindfulness (STM) intervention affects adolescents’ anxiety, depression, and negative and positive emotion during the COVID-19 pandemic.Design:: 10 classes were divided into experiment groups (5 classes; n = 238) and control (5 classes; n = 244) randomly. Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) were used to measure participants’ dependent variables. In the experiment group, we conducted STM practice interventions every morning in their first class from March to November 2020. No interventions were conducted in the control group.Methods:: Paired-sample t-tests were used to identify if a significant difference exists between every time point of the experimental and control groups. Repeated ANOVA and Growth Mixture Model (GMM) were used to analyze the tendency of positive and negative emotions, anxiety, and depression in the experimental group.Results and Conclusions:: (1) With the intervention of STM, there was a significant decrease in negative emotions and an increase in positive emotions in the experimental group, whereas there were non-significant differences in the control group. (2) To explore the heterogeneity trajectories of dependent variables, we built a GMM and found there were two latent growth classes in the trajectories. (3) The results of the models showed their trajectories were downward, which meant that the levels of anxiety, depression, and negative emotions of participants decreased during the STM training period. Nonetheless, the score of positive affect showed upward in three loops of intervention, which indicated that the level of the participants’ positive affect increased through the STM intervention. (4) This research indicated that STM should be given increasing consideration to enhance mental health during the worldwide outbreak of COVID-19.

Increases in positive emotions may not only be indicators of progress in therapy but also precursors to that improvement. Conducted in a psychology training clinic, this naturalistic, repeated-measures study tracked changes over the course of therapy in 34 clients' emotional experience and two of the primary targets of clinical interventions, symptom distress and relationship functioning. During treatment, positive emotions increased, negative emotions decreased, and improvements were seen in therapeutic outcomes. Positive and negative emotions were correlated, as were changes in positive and negative emotions. However, despite this association, increases in positive emotions were a significant predictor of concurrent improvements in symptom distress and relationship functioning, even when decreases in negative emotions were included in the same model. Additionally, positive emotions not only predicted change in these treatment outcomes over the same time period, but they also predicted future change. This study contributes to research on the critical role positive emotions play in psychotherapy and may encourage the development of interventions focusing on increasing positive emotions. These findings highlight the distinct functioning of positive emotions separate from negative and the value of attending to positive emotions during therapy.

Investigation of the influence of emotions on working memory capacity using ERP and ERSP

How emotional and cognitive processes combined to produce resilience in military marriages post-combat deployments was examined using the “broaden-and-build model of positive emotions” with 40 military couples. The model suggests that positive emotions expand, and negative emotions impede cognitive processes. Using the Actor-Partner Interdependence Model, the association between positive and negative emotions on insight-causation was examined. Actor and partner effects were found for service members’ positive emotions and spouses’ negative emotions but not for service members’ negative emotions and spouses’ positive emotions. Service members’ actor and partner effects were significantly stronger than those of their spouses. Clinical and research implications are discussed.