Physical layer security in wireless smart grid

The conventional power grid has gone into transition and converted into what is called "smart grid The smart grid helps to bring reliability, monitoring, controllability, and efficiency. It provides a bidirectional flow of energy and communication. The major element of the smart grid is the communication networks. The smart grid system is comprised of different types of smart devices and heterogeneous networks. These communication networks are prone to many kinds of attacks such as Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS), Man In The Middle (MITM) and replay attacks. As a result, the smart grid is becoming a major target for cybercriminals. In this paper, the vulnerabilities and security issues exist in the smart grid are presented. Finally, the solutions for mitigating the attacks are discussed. It provides an overview of security issues present in the communication system in the smart grid. With this paper, readers can gain more understanding of security issues present in the smart grid communication systems, networks, and devices.

A smart grid has a complex topology which includes multiple diversity of components. Power interruption due to faulty components has become a major issue in smart grid. It is difficult to obtain warning for faults that occur in each component. Also, the security of smart grid is under threat due to these unnoticeable faults. To improve the security of smart grid, it is essential to develop an efficient fault detection technique. Hence, an attempt is made to determine the transmission line faults that occur in smart grids using Artificial Neural Networks. The proposal is simulated using MATLAB SIMULINK and the results confirm the supremacy of the proposal over other approaches.

Smart grid is the upgradation of the existing grid in terms of cost, communication infrastructure, internet of things and reliable technologies. In ambitious flagship programme of digital India-project an initiative of India, the potential fields of the missions are identified in the area are smart energy, smart grids, smart homes and smart cities. More than 100 smart cities are planned for information and communication technology driven solutions with big data analytics in India. The exponential growth in smart grids has given certain security risks, cyber threats and protection of stored data as Nation security. Smart Grids, comprising of several communication, monitoring intelligent, metering and electrical equipment used in power grid, have a greater exposure to grid security and cyber-attacks which are potentially disrupt distribution in a city. The paper discusses the electrical grid, challenges in smart grid and the use of Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) algorithm enable with field-programmable gate array (FPGA) hardware in smart grids. The AES encryption and decryption chip is designed in Xilinx ISE 14.2 software, synthesized on SPARTAN-3E FPGA and verified with some test cases to ensure that AES can be employed in smart grid security and communication infrastructure.

This paper investigates the smart grid communication infrastructure with an upgrade of existing electricity networks and advanced ICT technologies, intelligent devices & system. Considering that the energy utilities have been play an increasingly important role in our modern world, smart grid technology also introduces new security challenges that must be addressed. This paper focuses on the implementation of smart grid communication architecture to develop a real time situation and study the security challenges that is occurring on its communication infrastructure. A micro grid structure with particular generation and distribution specification along with its relevant communication infrastructure is designed to analyze the security challenges. The studies have been performed on the basis of digital computer simulation approach using the Power Factory 14.1 software package. Some dynamic system events were formulated to link the designed micro grid architecture to the real time situation and to analyze the change in different system parameters due to cyber-attack and effect of these changes are examined on the smart grid generation and distribution network. This analysis is further used for identifying the cyberattack prone areas to ensure cyber security and determine the methods required for enabling cyber security in smart grid communication infrastructure.

Information security has become a prominent issue, and this is especially critical for communications in the smart grid. For wideband connections with substations or end users, short and medium range radio communication can offer great convenience and flexibility. However, compared to network security of wired networks, achieving wireless security is more difficult. In general confining a radio signal in a desired space is infeasible, thus wireless information leakage is a critical problem. Encryption and authentication based security techniques have been proved effective, but all of them need to consume additional radio resources. In this research a physical-layer security technique complementary to the security means implemented at upper layers is proposed and examined. It takes advantage of rich multipath environment to focus radio energy on some desired spatial spot, while achieving nulling at other spots. What makes spatial focusing and nulling possible is transmit waveform optimization based on propagation environments. In particular, radio relay is considered for outdoor wireless communication, not only due to its range extension ability, but its virtual radio mirror function. The use of radio relay makes a virtually rich multipath environment thus validates the proposed physical-layer security scheme. Using a matched filter receiver at test points, the optimization problem is actually the Quadratically Constrained Quadratic Program (QCQP) which is known as an NP-hard problem, thus the Semidefinite Program (SDP) as a relaxation technique is used to obtain suboptimal results. Physical-layer security in terms of channel gain discrimination is numerically validated using the IEEE802.15.4a outdoor NLOS outdoor channel model, considering worst-case (maximal) information leakage at the eavesdropping location.

The smart grid idea was implemented as a modern interpretation of the traditional power grid to find out the most efficient way to combine renewable energy and storage technologies. Throughout this way, big data and the Internet always provide a revolutionary solution for ensuring that electrical energy linked intelligent grid, also known as the energy Internet. The blockchain has some significant features, making it an applicable technology for smart grid standards to solve the security issues and trust challenges. This study will present a rigorous review of blockchain implementations with the cyber security perception and energy data protections in smart grids. As a result, we describe the major security issues of smart grid scenarios that big data and blockchain can solve. Then, we identify a variety of recent blockchain‐based research works published in various literature and discuss security concerns on smart grid systems. We also discuss numerous similar practical designs, experiments, and items that have recently been developed. Finally, we go through some of the most important research problems and possible directions for using blockchain to address smart grid security concerns.

Reliable real-time sensing plays a vital role in ensuring the reliability and safety of industrial cyber-physical systems (CPSs) such as wireless sensor and actuator networks. For many reasons, such as harsh industrial environments, fault-prone sensors, or malicious attacks, sensor readings may be abnormal or faulty. This could lead to serious system performance degradation or even catastrophic failure. Current anomaly detection approaches are either centralized and complicated or restricted due to strict assumptions, which are not suitable for practical large-scale networked industrial sensing systems (NISSs), where sensing devices are connected via digital communications, such as wireless sensor networks or smart grid systems. In this paper, we introduce a fully distributed general anomaly detection (GAD) scheme, which uses graph theory and exploits spatiotemporal correlations of physical processes to carry out real-time anomaly detection for general large-scale NISSs. We formally prove the scalability of our GAD approach and evaluate the performance of GAD for two industrial applications: building structure monitoring and smart grids. Extensive trace-driven simulations validate our theoretical analysis and demonstrate that our approach can significantly outperform state-of-the-art approaches in terms of detection accuracy and efficiency.

With the rapid development of national economy, our demand for power resources has also increased rapidly. The traditional power grid can not be achieved operational status of equipment for effective monitoring and control, we will not be able to ensure the quality and quality of electricity service. Cloudbased build smart grid information platform enables gathering the parameter of grid operation state, greatly increasing the economic efficiency of power enterprises. Firstly, cloud computing and smart grid briefly described, and then pointed out that cloud computing applications in the smart grid information platform, and specialized of cloud-based smart grid information platform, in order for the power grid enterprises to enhance their level of service and provide effective reference. KEYWORD: cloud computing; smart power grids; information platform; Application 4th International Conference on Mechanical Materials and Manufacturing Engineering (MMME 2016) © 2016. The authors Published by Atlantis Press 202 3 THE MAIN PROBLEM IS STILL THE SMART GRID INFORMATION PLATFORM FACING The transition to a cloud computing data center. Our data center because of the different regions and the degree of information presents different characteristics, some data centers already have a basic cloud computing capabilities, but most data centers still remain in the initial level, to ensure the normal operation of the existing data center power under the premise, gradual transition to cloud computing data center in order to meet future requirements of the development of smart grid. Restricting data transmission problem. State Grid Corporation between provincial branches and there are a lot of data needs to be transmitted, will bring massive data transmission efficiency decreases, taking into account the load balancing device between the cloud node, thus building a wide area network channels to resolve data transmission problem. Security of data transmission. Data Center for Cloud Computing power companies to build internal private cloud, capable of self-maintenance and management, system wide area network data transmission services, according to the third security zone defined security partition, and install proprietary equipment production area and external public network isolation . 4 CLOUD COMPUTING APPLICATIONS IN THE SMART GRID INFORMATION POLICY PLATFORM Integrate and optimize the management of heterogeneous resources. Among the smart grid systems, data resources, information systems between various platforms and mutually dispersed, severe heterogeneity, thus leading to the integration of the quality of information sharing to increase difficulty, unable to effectively improve network management efficiency for the power distribution system electrical work quality management and marketing operations system maintenance upgrade will not be able to effectively meet demand (Jie Yang, 2014). Cloud computing technology enables the power system to effectively integrate the various business data and computing resources on the basis of information for business collaboration platform built on effective, able to satisfy the huge demand for smart grid information resource sharing. Cloud computing network virtualization and application virtualization technology, the server virtualization technology and other resources to achieve each service abstraction, and then realize the difference between the system and the software effectively eliminated by the appropriate method to achieve the effective integration of information resources, and then to optimize the management, greatly improving the efficiency of heterogeneous resources management applications. Distributed storage and management of large volume of data. After application of smart grid information platform construction, customer service requests varied, huge data volume information brought it to the storage and management of data provides a great challenge. Cloud computing technology in general face amount of data each smart grid system and unit collected using forms distributed storage of data to achieve the effective storage, greatly to ensure the security and reliability of data storage. GFS effective use of technology with each node, the master server is responsible for the effective management of the whole file system, the file system and complete the work of the metadata stored in the data block is the main server for data storage block sliced, and by saving three or more redundant backup storage. At the same time, client access and complete access to the main block server information. Fast Power System Parallel Computation and Treatment. Smart grids and information platform for the large volume of data to provide stable operation of the power grid data base, but more critical is the analysis and design of each system operating data, planning and decision-making, and even failures and transient stability, state estimation and intelligent a variety of computing and content analysis and decision-making process, its huge computing needs, general computing system can not reach its goal (Wang, Mengxue, 2015). Cloud computing technology through parallel computing technology has greatly enhanced parallel processing capability of the power system, which provides parallel programming model makes more simple and efficient parallel algorithms. MapReduce as Google made an important parallel programming model, and its role in large data sets in parallel computing plays a very prominent. Parallel processing job results by the client to achieve effective user submitted, via decomposition automated master role, the corresponding task scheduling to working nodes and nodes work completed by the specific calculations and perform the appropriate task. 5 SMART GRID INFORMATION PLATFORM CLOUD COMPUTING ANALYSIS Cloud Computing Smart Grid Information Platform Architecture. Smart grid technology information platform architecture cloud computing include the following several levels and aspects (Yan Cui, 2015): First, that the platform infrastructure layer is the integration of the various hardware resources and related management capabilities of virtualized using virtual technology to achieve the corresponding hardware devices such as computers and network storage devices abstraction, and then complete the automation and optimization of resource data and load management; secondly, the main platform for the integration of the various layers of software

The smart grid is an upgraded concept of electricity network with tight coupling among information, control, and bi‐directional communication technologies. Along with the silent features of the on‐going smart grid, cyber–physical security appears to be a deep concern due to its significant dependence on sensing technologies, complex networks of computers, intelligence, and wide‐area communication infrastructures. Moreover, the smart grid is an extensive critical infrastructure and vulnerable to coordinated cyber–physical attacks. As a result, cyber–physical attacks cause significant threats to the confidentiality and integrity of the power data, including power outages, cascading failures, and unnecessary expenditure. In this study, security issues of smart grid, including cyber–physical interdependency, attack varieties, detection methods, requirements, standards, challenges, and future prospects, are taken into consideration for both cyber and physical systems, aiming to provide an extensive understanding of vulnerabilities and solutions for the smart power grid. By revealing the inherent features of cyber–physical security in the smart grid, this survey study is addressed to facilitate future research in these two areas.

In smart power grid systems, real-time electricity data sharing can bring many benefits. However the security and privacy challenges have been a concern. This is because shared data may contain some private and sensitive information of data owners or users. So it has been an important issue to balance data utilization, data privacy and users privacy. Privacy-preserving multi-authority attribute-based encryption (MA-ABE) is a promising tool to tackle this issue, but it cannot be directly applied to addressed scenario of smart power grid systems. In this paper, we propose a framework to achieve secure data sharing in smart grid. The scheme uses the technique of inner product encryption (IPE). Under this framework, the access policy and the attribute set are fuzzy by converting them into two vectors. Only when the two vectors are orthogonal, users can successfully obtain the sharing data. Besides, our scheme allows that the threshold access policy only involves attribute name indexes, and sensitive attribute values are not sent along with the shared data so the attribute privacy is preserved. In addition, in order to improve efficiency, our scheme adds a testing phase to avoid the unnecessary operation before recovering data. Finally, our performance analysis and experiments confirm the merits of the proposed framework.

The growing use of edge computing in intelligent grids presents security issues as a result of the limited processing capabilities of edge devices and the intensifying complexities of cyberattacks. The conventional authentication schemes based on cryptographic protocols have excessive computational overhead, rendering them inappropriate for real-time grid communication. This paper presents a light-weight authentication scheme based on a five-layer deep autoencoder for anomaly-based authentication, facilitating secure and efficient communication in resource-limited edge-based smart grids. Temporal sequencing and feature normalization are utilized to optimize the model to enhance detection accuracy while minimizing computational complexity. Moreover, an adaptive thresholding scheme is incorporated to increase the robustness of the model against changing cyber-attacks, maintaining high reliability in dynamic smart grid scenarios. Experimental verification on the ICS dataset shows that the proposed framework attains 99.37% detection accuracy, actual rejection rate of 99.4%, and false rejection rate as low as 0.50%, outperforming the state-of-the-art solutions. Moreover, the framework facilitates real-time authentication with latency of ≤ 2 ms and ultra-low energy expenditure (0.015 W per authentication decision), being 30% faster and 50% more power-efficient compared to state-of-the-art solutions. The model performs at a high level even under heavy communication loads and demonstrated its scalability to 50,000 + edge devices. These findings set a new standard in smart grid security, delivering a low-latency, scalable, and energy-efficient authentication solution for deployment in real-world scenarios. The system is tailored to meet Middle East and Turkey regional cybersecurity challenges, tackling infrastructure asymmetry and environmental limitations in smart grid systems.

A smart grid is a new generation of the power grid, which has gradually shown its unique advantages, not only in electric distribution, but also in power management. While the operation of the smart grid needs supports of the communication networks, where security is a critical issue that needs to be carefully considered before it has been deployed. In this paper, the architecture of the communication networks in the smart grid has been introduced to explore its vulnerability. One solution to enhance the security functionality in it is designed and proposed to protect the system against malicious attacks. Finally, AVISPA is applied to prove the security of the enhanced protocol in smart grid.

Resilient communication for smart grid ubiquitous sensor network: State of the art and prospects for next generation

Recently, the security of Smart Grid has become an important issue. There are many security issues which should be addressed. With that, many previous studies have discussed these issues. However, most of them focus on the overall Smart Grid system rather than the Home Network Area (HAN) in Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) network. The HAN has become a critical issue of Smart Grid due to save energy and to reduce energy peak loading. In-Home Display (IHD) is a useful device in the HAN. Therefore, in this paper, we design a secure authentication protocol between IHD and Head End. The protocol is compatible with IEC 62056-53 which is a Smart Grid standard. Furthermore, the proposed authentication is the first protocol which takes the relationship between landlord and tenant into account. We leverage a cellphone to accomplish this purpose. In this paper, the security analysis of the proposed protocol is also given.KeywordsAuthenticationIn-home displayAMISmart grid

An efficient dependable smart power grid relies on the secure real-time data collection and transmission service provided by a monitoring system. In such a system, the measuring units, such as phasor measurement units (PMUs) and smart meters (SMs), are critical. These measuring equipments function as sensors in the smart grid. Data exchanges between these sensors and the central controller are protected by various security protocols. These protocols usually contain computationally intensive cryptographic algorithms that cause heavy energy overhead to the sensor nodes. Since PMUs and SMs are mostly energy-constrained, the problem of how to ensure the secure communication with minimum energy cost becomes a critical issue for the functionality of the whole smart grid. In this article, we focus on the low power secure communication of the PMUs and SMs. We take two wireless sensor platforms as examples to experimentally investigate the approaches and principles of reconciling the two conflicting system requirements-communication security and low energy consumptions. The proposed methods are general ones and applicable to other energy-constrained yet security sensitive systems.