Pictures into words

In the paper the problem of applying semiotic approach in the communication process. In the first part of the emphasis on the notion of character as the basic unit of a semiotic system, in terms of different semiotic theory. In the second part, the emphasis is on timacenju (hermeneutic approach) specific advertising, i.e. its linguistic message, visual phenomena such semantic, connecting with their signifying form. Through a semiotic analysis are the meanings of the symbols in the advertisement in which the two different levels of meaning: denotative and connotative meaning. Interpretation of the advertising suggests the possibility of a better understanding of its overall social and komutativnog meaning.

This chapter is about argumentation and connectives. It first gives a general definition of argumentation, as a relation between arguments and conclusions, such that arguments have as properties polarity, force, order, linguistic marking, and logical impairment. The function of an argument is to assign an argumentative orientation to an utterance and make acceptable conclusions that would be unacceptable without the presence of an argument. Second, the chapter gives a pragmatic description of close meanings connectives, implying causal, inferential, and temporal inferences (parce que, donc, et in French). Linguistic as well as experimental findings are given to support the thesis that causality is linguistically and cognitively a backward relation, and that parce que is a backward causal connective. Finally, causality and argumentation are conceptually and linguistically connected via the analysis of the argumentative use of parce que. In a nutshell, the main thesis of the chapter is that discourse connectives are devices that convey different levels of meaning, as semantic entailment, explicature, and implicature. For close connectives, their semantic differences do not rest on their conceptual content, but rather on the manner by which basic semantic and argumentative categories are conveyed in discourse, that is, their procedural meaning. French connectives, as parce que, donc, et (“because,” “therefore,” “and”), all include in their meaning a causal relation, the difference being the level at which this relation intervenes. The chapter aims at yielding a precise content to semantic and pragmatic meaning relations triggered by connectives, and, more specifically, the role of entailment, explicature, and implicature in discourse connectives meaning.

Justice is the central theme of the sculptural program of the Temple of Zeus at Olympia, and the so-called "Old Seer" is one key to the problem of justice represented in the east pediment. The subject of the pediment was the preparations for the fateful chariot race between Pelops and Oinomaos, but the Old Seer is an allusive figure who evokes the spectator's knowledge of another saga that, like the story of Pelops and the consequent tragedy of the House of Atreus, is replete with bribery, treachery, and blood-guilt: the myth of Amphiaraos. The Old Seer, in fact, has been lifted directly out of an iconographic tradition originally developed for the Amphiaraos myth and he is used in the east pediment to color darkly the myth presented there. Though it is generally thought that Classical sculptures directly and unambiguously address the spectator, it is suggested here that the idea that sculpture could be allusive or contain different levels of meaning was not foreign to the mentality of the fifth century b.c. Additional informationNotes on contributorsJeffrey M. HurwitJeffrey Hurwit's publications include articles on Bronze Age Aegean and Archaic Greek art (American Journal of Archaeology and elsewhere), and The Art and Culture of Early Greece, 1100-480 B.C. (1985). Currently he is preparing a study of the Kritios Boy. [Department of Art History, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403]

Making sense of not making sense: Novice English language teacher talk

One half of humanity is often referred to as the weaker sex owing to the categorization of certain traits of theirs as “weaknesses”, but these traits eventually turn out to be the tools for women’s empowerment. This paper attempts to analyse the empowering and subverting role of lamentation in Mahaswetha Devi’s “Rudali” where the act of mourning could be seen in different levels of meaning; lamentation as an agency for subverting the oppressor, the material prosperity gained by the mourners and the emergence of the Rudalis in deciding the prestige of the rich. The patriarchal notion regarding the sensitive nature of women categorize them as ‘mourners’ who wins through their ‘tears’ and “Rudali” reinstates this fact but in a new light. The protagonist Sanichari evolves into a strong and empowered woman who learns the commodification of grief and her lamentation destroys the hegemonic and oppressive rule of the exploiter. The ability to cry is transformed into a tool of subversion. Thereby mourning and the mourners become a threatening factor for the oppressors as it becomes a display of mockery. The grief that crept into the life of the oppressed through the oppressors is eventually transformed in to a mourning of jubilation, subversion and empowerment by the end of the narrative.

Fain’s theoretical conceptualisation of the ‘Censorship of the Lover’ (1971) offers a framework to investigate the unrepresented traumatic aspects of the hypochondriacal fear of breast cancer. The failure of the maternal role to function as both the mother-of-the-infant and the lover-of-the-father creates considerable deficits in the primal psychosomatic tie. The authors aim to draw attention on to the importance of the mother-of-the-infant facet of the dual maternal function. The threatening repetitive scenario experienced by the hypochondriacal patient is considered as a form of pathological autoerotism, indicating an insufficient construction of psychic bisexuality, and, subsequently, of sexual identity. The hypochondriacal fear of breast cancer constitutes a positive hallucination whereas the denial of the healthy breast represents a negative hallucination (Green, 1993). The topos of the body onto which the fear of death is projected implies the existence of underlying associations related to the subject’s history. The complexities surrounding such acute hypochondriacal anxieties are demonstrated in the analysis of a female patient, during which the analytic dyad was called upon to disclose and construct different levels of meaning in order to enhance the capacity for mentalization.

Higher education is positively imbued with social meaning. Every academic ritual, scientific routine or scholarly practice carries meanings that go far beyond the situational motives of the actors themselves. Social science hermeneutics, one of the best-known institutionalised paradigms in German-speaking qualitative research, offers a sound methodological basis and various methodical variants in order to approach such latent meaning levels. With its focus on reconstructing the underlying logics, values and norm systems of interaction processes and social structures, social science hermeneutics tackles questions that are highly relevant for understanding contemporary developments in higher education strategy and policy. This chapter introduces readers to key concepts in social science hermeneutics and their potential for higher education research. Based on an overview of the main methodological characteristics, the authors then give an in-depth example of an interpretative process by providing a step-by-step reconstruction of different levels of meaning.

This study considers the value of classifying attitudinal statements given by nurses in a questionnaire by the statistical procedure of latent class analysis. It demonstrates with the use of qualitative data derived from in-depth interviews how precarious are the groups derived from statistical analysis. However, it is argued that the apparent discrepancies between responses 'objectively' derived by a statistical approach and those 'subjectively' declared by respondents may focus on different levels of meaning and may well provide a useful resource. Most importantly, it is stressed that a dynamic model is needed which recognizes change and the consequences of change.

Unattended processing of hierarchical pitch variations in spoken sentences

Purpose Visual scene displays are contextual images designed to represent messages in augmentative and alternative communication systems. Currently, little is known about how children naturally compose photographs and select content. This study takes an exploratory approach to establish a preliminary baseline of how children take photographs to inform child-centred visual scene display design. The study aimed to examine the compositional features and thematic content of child-generated photographs, begin evaluating whether children with autism may differ from neurotypical peers in photographic composition, and develop a preliminary descriptive codebook to support future population-sensitive, visual scene display research. Method Sixteen neurotypical children and four children with autism took photographs of interest. Images were coded for composition (e.g. placement), inclusion of people, engagement, and thematic content. Result Children predominantly used central composition, included whole objects, and favoured straight-on or top-down perspectives. Children with autism appeared to diverge in some areas. Common themes included play activities, people, household items, animals, food, and nature. Conclusion Findings provide baseline insights into children’s natural photographic strategies and content preferences and suggest that children with autism may differ from neurotypical peers. These patterns, alongside the development of a preliminary descriptive codebook, support the future potential for population-sensitive, child-centred visual scene display design.

One thing that distinguishes robots from other machines is the extent to which they operate at the level of meaning and not just mechanism. In this presentation, I will suggest that the embodied nature of robots means that they sometimes function as icons and thus convey meanings in a different manner to other media forms. Moreover, the representational content of social robots sometimes implicates their designers in difficult ethical dilemmas. In order to try to address these, engineers need to think more consciously about the politics of the meanings their robots rely on and convey.

Multi-project Time-cost Optimization in Critical Chain with Resource Constraints

This study aims to identify the contents of teenagers' representations about eating and to analyze the relations established among feeding, weight and health. Social Representations Theory was applied in combination with the Convergent-Care Method. The participants were 27 teenagers of both genders between 13 and 19 years old who attended a group of young people from an evangelical church. The thematic content analysis organized categories that clarified the contents of the representations about healthy and unhealthy eating, which influence the occurrence of diseases and overweight. Although typical of teenagers, fast food is not healthy. It was concluded that teenagers know about healthy food and the problems deriving from bad eating habits; thinness represents health and obesity is related to disease; and the food culture of adolescence influences their practices.

Semiring-based constraint problems (SCSPs), as described in Chapter 2, extend classical constraint problems (CSPs) by allowing preferences, costs, priorities, probabilities, and other soft features. They are based over the notion of a semiring, that is, a set plus two operations. In this chapter we introduce a uniform, abstract presentation of (soft) constraint satisfaction concepts and constructions. Moreover, the soft constraint environment is enriched with the operation of function abstraction and application that can suitably be used to give modularity and compositionality to the framework. Finally, a small language is defined and used to represent and give semantics to general local propagation and dynamic programming algorithms.

This paper proposes a novel system that “rephotographs” a historical photograph with a collection of images. Rather than finding the accurate viewpoint of the historical photo, users only need to take a number of photographs around the target scene. We adopt the structure from motion technique to estimate the spatial relationship among these photographs, and construct a set of 3D point cloud. Based on the user‐specified correspondences between the projected 3D point cloud and historical photograph, the camera parameters of the historical photograph are estimated. We then combine forward and backward warping images to render the result. Finally, inpainting and content‐preserving warping are used to refine it, and the photograph at the same viewpoint of the historical one is produced by this photo collection.