PII: S1353-1131(97)90105-X

High-Definition and 3-dimensional Imaging of Macular Pathologies with High-speed Ultrahigh-Resolution Optical Coherence Tomography

This article, which builds on previous studies published in Business History, documents the largest employers of labour in the Edwardian United Kingdom. It provides a more comprehensive coverage than hitherto by indicating several important firms which have previously escaped enumeration. More specifically, it demonstrates the neglected importance of several large companies in the coal industry and in metallurgy. With the identification of large employers in Wales, Scotland and the north-east of England, it also redresses an imbalance caused by previous under-enumeration of large firms in ‘Outer Britain’. This more comprehensive coverage also contributes to analysis of several aspects of big business in twentieth-century Britain: first, it contributes to analysis of concentration, analysis which can be undertaken for the whole economy or with reference to specific sectors; second, it reveals firms which exhibited economic dynamism, stasis or decline; third, it is indicative of the impact of internal growth and amalgamation for individual companies; fourth, it discloses many of the firms which would have had recourse to an internal labour market. An international perspective is adopted by comparative analysis of similar developments in Britain's major rivals, the USA and Germany. All told, it sheds important light on both the emergence of big business and the historiography of this phenomenon, reaffirming a revisionist view that British companies were larger and more varied in their activities than previously suggested.

Nanomaterials, Metamaterials, and Smart Materials: Synthesis and Characterization explores the science and technology behind nanomaterials, metamaterials, and smart materials, focusing on their synthesis, characterization, and applications. It bridges fundamental concepts with cutting-edge research, covering material classification, size-dependent properties, fabrication challenges, and real-world applications in energy, healthcare, and electronics. Societal and ethical considerations are also discussed, providing a well-rounded perspective on material advancements. Key Features: - Comprehensive Coverage: Explores nanomaterials, metamaterials, and smart materials, from foundational principles to advanced applications. - Practical Learning Tools: Includes prerequisite concepts, video resources, and end-of-chapter problems for self-assessment. - Interdisciplinary Approach: Connects physics, chemistry, and engineering to real-world applications. - Extensive

This case study focuses on deploying the multiple array production suite to the maximum safe depth within the horizontal well to achieve comprehensive borehole coverage and capture detailed subsurface production information to understand and evaluate reservoir performance in order to optimize acid stimulation design, allocation, and evaluation, ultimately maximizing oil production and controlling gas production for a better well and reservoir management strategies throughout the lifetime of an oil well. To facilitate reaching the well's total depth, a friction reducer was employed to assist the deployment of coiled tubing to the maximum total depth required. The methodology employed rigorous planning, equipment selection, and precise field implementation. These measures ensured safe and efficient deployment and acquisition of the multiple array production logging tools to the well's maximum safe depth. This provided detailed flow profile information of the oil and gas entry points across the reservoir to help design the acid stimulation allocation across the oil entry points of the reservoir while maintaining the gas production to a minimum. The results showcased the impact of deploying and analyzing the array production logging suite on operational efficiency, acid stimulation design and allocation, and overall production performance. The utilization of an array production logging facilitated comprehensive borehole fluid coverage, offering a detailed evaluation of subsurface fluid distribution conditions enabling the identification of oil producing inflow control devices as well as gas producing inflow control devices. The subsequent focused acid stimulation design and allocation through the reservoir section led to 20% increase in oil production while effectively minimizing undesired gas production. These findings highlight the instrumental role of multi-sensor production logging in delivering data acquisition operational efficiency while providing the necessary data to optimize the production outcomes. The pre-stimulation array production logging acquired data provided a decisive input to support the acid treatment design for the production performance enhancement. The comprehensive borehole coverage provided detailed subsurface fluid distribution evaluation, enabling identification of oil and gas producing inflow control devices and focused acid stimulation allocation across the oil producing inflow control devices resulting in a remarkable 20% increase in oil production while minimizing gas production.

Background: Advances in big data analytics can enable more effective and efficient research processes, with important implications for aging research. Translating these new potentialities to research outcomes, however, remains a challenge, as exponentially increasing big data availability is yet to translate into a commensurate era of ‘big knowledge,’ or exponential increases in biomedical breakthroughs. Some argue that big data analytics heralds a new era associated with the ‘end of theory.’ According to this perspective, correlation supersedes causation, and science will ultimately advance without theory and hypotheses testing. On the other hand, others argue that theory cannot be subordinate to data, no matter how comprehensive data coverage may ultimately become.Objective: Given these two tensions, namely (i) between exponential increases in data that have not translated into exponential increases in biomedical research outputs; and (ii) between the promise of comprehensive data coverage and inductive data-driven modes of enquiry versus theory-driven deductive modes, this critical review seeks to offer useful perspectives of big data analytics and to derive certain theoretical implications for aging research.Method: This work offers a critical review of theory and literature relating big data to aging research. Result: The rise of big data provides important insights into the theory development process itself, highlighting potential for holistic theoretical assemblage to ultimately enable near real time research capability. Conclusion: Big data may represent a new paradigm of aging research that can dramatically increase the rate of scientific breakthroughs, but innovative theory development remains key to this potential.

Process‐based Life Cycle Assessments (PLCA) rely on detailed descriptions of extensive value chains and their associated exchanges with the environment, but major data gaps limit the completeness of these system descriptions and lead to truncations in inventories and underestimations of impacts. Hybrid Life Cycle Assessments (HLCA) aim to combine the strength of PLCA and Environmentally Extended Input Output (EEIO) analysis to obtain more specific and complete system descriptions. Currently, however, most HLCAs only remediate truncation of processes that are specific to each case study (foreground processes), and these processes are then linked to (truncated) generic background processes from a non‐hybridized PLCA database. A hybrid PLCA‐EEIO database is therefore required to completely solve the truncation problems of PLCA and thus obtain a comprehensive product system coverage. This paper describes the construction of such a database using pyLCAIO, a novel framework and open‐source software enabling the streamlined hybridization of entire PLCA and EEIO databases. We applied this framework to the PLCA database Ecoinvent3.5 and the multiregional EEIO database EXIOBASE 3. Thanks to the correction for truncation in this new hybrid database, the median and average life cycle global warming potential (GWP) of its processes increased by 7% and 14%, respectively. These corrections only reflect the truncations that could be readily identified and estimated in a semi‐automated manner; and we anticipate that further database integration should lead to higher levels of correction in the future.

Enhancing employer coverage of smoking cessation treatment: A randomized trial of the Partners in Helping You Quit (PiHQ) program

High pressure carbon dioxide (HPCD) could cause sublethally injured cells (SICs), which may cause food poisoning and spoilage during food storage and limit its application. Therefore, the formation of SICs of Escherichia coli O157:H7 was investigated by isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) proteomic methods in this study for better controlling the SICs induced by HPCD. A total of 2,446 proteins was identified by iTRAQ, of which 93 and 29 were significantly differentially expressed in the SICs compared with live control cells (CKL) and dead control cells (CKD), respectively. Among the 93 differentially expressed proteins (DEP) in the SICs compared with CKL, 65 proteins showed down-regulation and 28 showed up-regulation. According to the comprehensive proteome coverage analysis, the SICs survived under HPCD by reducing carbohydrate decomposing, lipid transport and metabolism, amino acid transport and metabolism, transcription and translation, DNA replication and repair. Besides, the SICs showed stress response, DNA damage response and an increased carbohydrate transport, peptidoglycan synthesis and disulfide bond formation to HPCD. Among the 29 DEP in the SICs compared with CKD, 12 proteins showed down-regulation and 17 showed up-regulation. According to the comprehensive proteome coverage analysis, the SICs survived under HPCD by accumulation of cell protective agents like carbohydrates and amino acids, and decreasing transcription and translation activities. Results showed that the formation of the SICs with low metabolic activity and high survival ability was a survival strategy for E. coli O157:H7 against HPCD.

In the digital era, big data auditing has gradually emerged as a crucial approach in audit work, boasting its distinct advantages. This paper delves into the implementation pathways and safeguard mechanisms that facilitate the advancement of big data auditing. Initially, it elaborates on the theoretical essence of big data auditing and its alignment with the theory of comprehensive audit coverage. Subsequently, through empirical investigation, it demonstrates the application effects of big data analysis technology in auditing, encompassing trend analysis, cluster analysis, anomaly detection, correlation analysis, and machine learning prediction technology. The research findings indicate that big data auditing can effectively enhance the ability to identify problems in auditing and achieve comprehensive audit coverage. In terms of implementation pathways, suggestions are put forward, such as strengthening data governance, improving technical capabilities, optimizing audit procedures, and establishing coordination mechanisms. Regarding safeguard mechanisms, emphasis is placed on the significance of organizational guarantees, system guarantees, talent guarantees, and security guarantees. Despite the fact that big data auditing still encounters numerous challenges in practical applications, it plays a vital role in promoting the healthy development of the economy and society and safeguarding national economic security. In the future, efforts should be made to further improve the implementation pathways and safeguard mechanisms to promote the sustainable development of big data auditing.

Aircraft Display Systems covers all aspects of this vital field of avionics. All elements from simple fuel monitoring, through to the displays associated with complex fly--by--wire and navigational systems, are explored. Covering civil and military aircraft, large and small, essential information is provided for those who need to have a clear understanding of aircraft display systems. The book is: * Written by an internationally recognized authority* Lavishly illustrated with photographs -- some in full colour* Detailed, comprehensive coverage* Easily accessible style* Excellent source of valuable information* Everyday professional reference and study text Display systems are the vital indicators that monitor the various avionics, environmental, and electronic systems that keep aircraft in the air. Aircraft Display Systems introduces the reader to the means by which information is presented to the crew, enabling them to carry out their tasks safely and successfully. Aircraft Display Systems provides an assessment of the current and potential future information needs in civil and military flight decks. It also offers the reader an appreciation of the technologies available to the display engineer in order to provide solutions that meet those needs. As such, this volume will be an invaluable source of information to all those involved in aircraft design, build, testing, and investigation.

Problem Solving and Computer Programming is a definitive resource that takes readers on a journey through the world of problem solving and computer programming using C++ language. This book serves as a comprehensive guide for beginners and intermediate programmers, providing them with the necessary skills and knowledge to excel in the field. With a practical and hands-on approach, the book starts by introducing fundamental problem-solving techniques and algorithmic thinking. Readers learn how to analyze problems, break them down into smaller subproblems and devise efficient solutions. Through clear explanations and real-world examples, the book demonstrates how algorithms drive the core of computer programming. The book dives into essential programming constructs, such as sequential structures, control structures, data types, functions, arrays, string and file input/output. What sets this book apart is its emphasis on practical problem solving. Each chapter presents programming challenges that encourage readers to think critically, analyze problems from different angles and devise creative solutions using C++. Additionally, the book provides detailed explanations of the solutions, helping readers understand the underlying principles and refining their programming skills. With a strong focus on algorithmic problem solving, this book prepares readers for real-world challenges. Whether readers aspire to compete in programming competitions, excel in academic studies, or pursue a career in software development, Problem Solving and Computer Programming equips them with the tools and strategies to tackle complex problems and build efficient, scalable solutions. In summary, Problem Solving and Computer Programming is an all-inclusive guide that combines the art of problem solving with the science of computer programming. With its comprehensive coverage, practical examples and hands-on exercises, it is an essential resource for anyone seeking to master algorithms and unleash their full potential in the world of computer programming.

As the preferred choice of both teachers and students, this textbook offers an unrivalled combination of expertise, accessibility and comprehensive coverage. The new edition reflects the way the economic crisis has impacted the shape and nature of European Union law. Materials from case law, legislation and academic literature are integrated throughout to expose the student to the broadest range of views. Additional online material on the application of EU law in non member states and on rulings on the Fiscal Compact ensures the material is completely current. The new edition includes a timeline which charts the evolution of the EU project. Written in a way which encourages sophisticated analysis, the book ensures the student's full engagement with sometimes complex material. More importantly, it offers the clarity which is essential to understanding. A required text for all interested in European Union law.

Given the expected increase in total long-term care (LTC) expenditure, there is interest in some OECD countries in the potential role of private LTC insurance. Indeed, financial planning for retirement may include the subscription to a private LTC coverage product to protect one’s income and assets against the risk of needing long-term care, in order to reduce the burden it would create on the family and provide more choices regarding the care received. But, there are very different views regarding the merit of private LTC coverage. For some, this could leverage new financial resources towards long-term care, thereby alleviating future potential pressures for governments to increase their support. For others, it could represent a less efficient and more costly way to ensure universal and comprehensive coverage, relative to public pooling. However, private long-term care coverage arrangements represent small markets in OECD countries. This chapter describes and analyses the role and size of private LTC coverage arrangements across OECD countries. It examines the potential factors affecting the size of LTC insurance markets and countries’ initiatives to encourage its development. It then discusses the role that private insurance arrangements could play in LTC systems in the future.

New York was the fourth state to enact a disability benefits law, following California, New Jersey, and Rhode Island. The New York statute has created controversy, and the discussion herewith presented points up the nature of that controversy. The dispute as to the merits of the New York law will hardly be settled by the discussion herein presented, and the editors expect the discussion to be continued in the pages of this periodical. Robert Tilove is research director of Martin E. Segal & Co., consultants on group health, group insurance, and pension programs, with offices in the City of New York. M. William Zucker is director of the Governmental Affairs Department of the Commerce and Industry Association of New York. Comments are by Herman A. Gray, member of the faculty of New York University and formerly chairman of the New York State Unemployment Insurance Advisory Council; Solomon Barkin, director of research, Textile Workers Union of America (CIO); Lazare Teper, director of the Research Department, International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union; Martin F. Hilfinger, president of Associated Industries of New York State; Charles W. Rivoire, assistant secretary of W. T. Grant Company; and Harold R. Elliot, comptroller of Wellington-Sears Company. The statements made by the writers are entirely their own and do not necessarily represent the views of their organizations. EDITOR preserve maximum scope in private enterprise. A compulsory disability benefits law is an extension into new territory of the state's interest in public welfare. In our earlier forms of social insurance, the responsibility of the state was more apparent. Workmen's compensation substituted for the existing liabilities of emp loyers. Unemployment compensation and the old-age and survivors insurance program cover risks for which the responsibility of society can readily be established. Disability insurance laws cover a different sort of hazard. They compensate for wage loss due to temporary nonoccupational disability, a risk attributable neither to the employment nor especially to society. Moreover, the hazard is one against which many individual groups are able to protect themselves. Nevertheless, compulsory legislation is increasingly regarded as necessary if comprehensive coverage is to be assured. Four American jurisdictions preceded New York in enacting such a law: Rhode Island (1942), Congress in its legislation for railroad workers (1946), California (1946), and New Jersey (1948). In all of these instances, a pre-existing tax for unemployment insurance was converted to use for disability benefits, a relatively painless process. New York's enactment,

Statistical theory forms a foundation for how epidemiologists learn about populations in public health and medical studies and is fundamental for the understanding of more advanced epidemiological methods (e.g., in causal inference and machine learning). Textbooks provide in-depth coverage of probability and statistical theory, but with such comprehensive coverage that it can be easy to miss the forest for the trees. Here, we provide a summary of fundamental concepts from large-sample statistical theory to allow for more focused understanding tailored to epidemiologists and health science researchers. This primer aims to promote appropriate understanding and application of statistical methods in epidemiologic research. We clarify several often-confused statistical topics and provide a motivation for the application of large-sample inferential methods to data from population health and medical studies. Assumptions underlying commonly used statistical methods that must be considered for valid inference are also discussed. These ideas are contextualized with an example from the Women's Interagency HIV Study.