Plant Disease Detection Using Image Processing and Machine Learning

The main goal of this research was to accurately diagnose diseases in pepper plants using convolutional neural network (CNN) models and visual parameters features. Thus, we aimed to build a computing system that can utilise visual cues to identify plant diseases with almost 100% reliability. A total of 2,200 images were trained and tested on a dataset, which was divided into healthy leaves and those with bacterial ailments. The images were preprocessed, resized to 300x300 pixels, and then segmented to extract the relevant traits from them. This CNN model, in a word, is accurate because it detects diseases with 99.65% accuracy. If we want to speak of a high accuracy rate, that's the CNN model. It learns to identify the intricate patterns and features in pepper plants that are associated with diseases. CNN can make revolutionary changes to the identification of plant diseases and help prevent crop damage through timely treatments. Automatic identification of the disease makes life easier for both agriculturists and scientists. The results underscore the importance of image preprocessing, segmentation, and feature extraction in improving the ability of CNN models to locate diseases. Additionally, the performance of the CNN model was compared with other machine learning models such as KNN, Decision Tree, ANN, and Random Forest. It was found that the developed CNN model can predict the response with greater accuracy than the others. Modern high-tech precision farming systems might utilise proposed CNN models for plant disease diagnosis.

Understanding the learning mechanism of convolutional neural networks in spectral analysis

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Outdoor ultrafine particles (UFP; 100 nm) and black carbon (BC) vary greatly within cities and may have adverse impacts on human health such as cardiovascular mortality and brain tumour incidence. Traditional regression methods for estimating spatial distributions of ambient air pollution depend on extensive, curated geospatial information system databases. This has resulted in a disparity wherein little is known about local air pollution in the data-sparse settings of low- and middle- income countries. We used a hybrid approach to develop new models to estimate within-city spatial variations in outdoor UFP and BC concentrations across Bucaramanga, Colombia. METHODS: We conducted a large-scale mobile monitoring campaign over twenty days in 2019. Land use regression (LUR) models were developed using land use parameters from curated and open-source databases. Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) models were developed using Google Maps satellite view and street view images. Combined models were developed by combining predictions from the LUR and CNN models. After training in the training and validation sets, predictions were generated in the test set and compared to measured values. RESULTS:The combined UFP model (R2=0.54) outperformed the CNN (R2=0.47) and land use regression (LUR) models (R2=0.47) on their own. Similarly, the combined BC model also outperformed the CNN and LUR BC models (R2 = 0.51 vs 0.43 and 0.45 respectively). Spatial variations in model performance were more stable for the CNN and combined models compared to the LUR models suggesting that the combined approach may be less likely to contribute to differential exposure measurement error in epidemiological studies. CONCLUSIONS:Estimates from these models can then be applied to population-based cohorts in order to evaluate population health risks. Additionally, our findings demonstrated that satellite and street-level images can be combined with a traditional LUR modelling approach to improve predictions of within-city spatial variations in outdoor UFP and BC concentrations. KEYWORDS: Ultrafine particles, Black Carbon, Deep learning, Images, Land use regression

Rice is the staple food in Bangladesh. Every year many crops are lost because of the disease of the rice plant. Our farmers are facing a great loss every year as well as rice productivity is declining. Some diseased and healthy leaf images of rice plants have been collected. The images have been classified into four classes. The classes are Brown Spot, Hispa, Leaf Blast diseased leaves, and Healthy leaves, usually known as Oryza Saiva diseases of rice. Deep learning is very common and popular to analyze and make predictions from these kind of image data. In this research, the CNN (Convolutional Neural Network) models have been used to predict the classes. Among various CNN models, VGG16, MobileNet, ResNet50, and DenseNet121 pre-trained models have been applied. Among those pre-trained models, the highest accuracy 95.3% has been found from the VGG16 model. In addition, an Android mobile app has been developed using the highest performant VGG16 trained model. Using this mobile app, farmers will be able to upload a photo and predict the disease of that rice plant or not in a convenient way.

Apple leaf diseases can cause significant crop failure and impact the economy of farmers and the agricultural industry. With the increasing demand for quality apples, it is important to develop effective and efficient solutions to detect apple plant diseases early. This research aims to develop an automated system that can identify diseases in apple plants based on leaf images using the Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) model. This model was developed with the ResNet50V2 architecture to classify four leaf conditions: three types of common diseases and one healthy condition. This research applies the CNN model for leaf image processing and the Waterfall system development method. The stages start from needs analysis by collecting data to be processed by the cnn model, interface design of the classification system, program code implementation, and functionality testing using black-box testing. CNN model development includes the stages of collecting datasets sourced from Malang apple plantations as many as 150 images and Kaggle public datasets totalling 3,071 images, then image preprocessing, model development and training. Our research results produced an apple plant disease classification system by implementing the CNN model. Based on the results of testing the system and the model used, it shows that the CNN model applied in the system achieves a classification accuracy of 99.01%, and the functionality of the system built runs well.

Automatic prediction of citrus fruit diseases requires the selection of a suitable classification model among various Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) models. The CNN models are the most effective for image classification. However, more than one CNN model occasionally performs closer to each other. Choosing the best classification model requires considerable effort in this situation. In this study, 17 CNN models were used for citrus fruit disease identification. Citrus fruit diseases include anthracnose, blackspot, canker, scab, and healthy. In this research, the performance of CNN models was analysed, and a two-phase statistical analysis was carried out to determine which CNN model provided the most accurate predictions of citrus crop disease. The 17 CNN models used were AlexNet, Darknet, Densenet, efficientnet, nasnetlarge, googlenet, inceptionresnetv2, inceptionv3, mobilenetv2, nasnetmobile, Xception, squeezenet, resnet18, resnet50, resnet101, vgg16, and vgg19. The two-phase statistical analysis was Duncan's multiple range test, followed by the Wilcoxon signed-rank test is the second one. Again, in order to do a statistical analysis, nine different indicators, including “accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, precision, FPR, F1 Score, MCC, Kappa, and computing time”, were taken into consideration. After the execution of 17 CNN models and twophase statistical analysis, it was revealed that resnet101 is superior among CNN models for citrus fruit disease prediction.

Distinguishing pericarpium citri reticulatae of different origins using terahertz time-domain spectroscopy combined with convolutional neural networks

Thousands of women worldwide are diagnosed with breast cancer yearly, which may be fatal if not treated. The diagnosis of the condition may take years, by which time the patient has little choice except to have the affected breast removed. Early diagnosis and treatments are the best ways to stop this disease's spread. In this study, the authors presented a Computer Aided Diagnosis (CAD) system to assist in breast cancer diagnosis. The study uses the Wisconsin breast cancer dataset to classify benign and malignant data. For the classification, three pre-trained Deep learning algorithms: Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), Multilayer Perceptron (MLP), were used. A novel CNN model that exceeds the performance efficiency of three pre-trained models and requires minimal compilation time is proposed. A number of evaluation matrices are used to analyze the models' classification abilities. Upon closer inspection, it has been established that the proposed CNN model outperforms CNN, LSTM, and MLP models with validation accuracy of 97.85%. CNN and LSTM performed with accuracies of 94.12% with the Adagrad optimizer and 93.5% with the Adam optimizer, respectively. Furthermore, MLP performance with 92.44% accuracy using the Adam optimizer. The proposed CNN model achieves the lowest Loss value and compilation time. In addition, the models' recall value, precision, and f1-score are computed to pick out the most effective model for diagnosing breast cancer on numeric data.

Ground short circuit faults in current transmission lines are common in the power systems. In order to prevent the power system from aggravating the accident caused by short-circuit faults of transmission lines, a novel convolutional neural network (CNN) model is constructed to identify the short-circuit fault of the transmission line in the power system. The CNN model is mainly consisted of five convolutional layers, three max-pooling layers, one concatenate layer, one dropout layer, one fully connected layer, and a Softmax classifier. This method uses a fixed time window to intercept system short-circuit fault data, extracts the deep features of these data from the training samples, and then corresponds the extracted features to labels one-to-one. Finally, in PSCAD/EMTDC, the new England 10 machine 39 nodes are taken as an example to realize the simulation. The experimental results show that the CNN model can quickly and accurately identify the short-circuit fault types, and the optimal model accuracy rate reaches 99.95%. The results of this manuscript -have positive effect on enhancing the disaster prevention capability and the operation stability of transmission lines.

PurposeSemantic segmentation is a fundamental part of the surgical application of deep learning. Traditionally, segmentation in vision tasks has been performed using convolutional neural networks (CNNs), but the transformer architecture has recently been introduced and widely investigated. We aimed to investigate the performance of deep learning models in segmentation in robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP) and identify which of the architectures is superior for segmentation in robotic surgery.Materials and MethodsIntraoperative images during RARP were obtained. The dataset was randomly split into training and validation data. Segmentation of the surgical instruments, bladder, prostate, vas and seminal vesicle was performed using three CNN models (DeepLabv3, MANet, and U-Net++) and three transformers (SegFormer, BEiT, and DPT), and their performances were analyzed.ResultsThe overall segmentation performance during RARP varied across different model architectures. For the CNN models, DeepLabV3 achieved a mean Dice score of 0.938, MANet scored 0.944, and U-Net++ reached 0.930. For the transformer architectures, SegFormer attained a mean Dice score of 0.919, BEiT scored 0.916, and DPT achieved 0.940. The performance of CNN models was superior to that of transformer models in segmenting the prostate, vas, and seminal vesicle.ConclusionsDeep learning models provided accurate segmentation of the surgical instruments and anatomical structures observed during RARP. Both CNN and transformer models showed reliable predictions in the segmentation task; however, CNN models may be more suitable than transformer models for organ segmentation and may be more applicable in unusual cases. Further research with large datasets is needed.

The Part 1 prequel to this review evaluated the evolution of modelling techniques used in evaluation of fruit quality over the past three decades and noted a progression towards the use of artificial neural networks (ANNs) and convolutional neural networks (CNNs). In this review, Part 2, the use of CNNs for NIR fruit quality evaluation is explored, given the success of CNNs in various other fields, such as image, video, speech, and audio processing, and the availability of large (open source) datasets of fruit spectra and reference quality attribute, which is required for the training of CNN models. The review provides an overview of deep learning and the CNN architectures and techniques used in NIR spectroscopy for regression modelling, with advantages and disadvantages identified. Studies using CNN for NIR based fruit quality evaluation are then critically examined. Eight publications have presented on models using the same open-source mango dry matter calibration and test set, enabling inter-method comparisons. CNN models have been demonstrated to be accurate, precise and robust. Techniques of transfer learning for CNN models offer an alternative solution to model updating and calibration transfer methods applied in traditional chemometrics. The review has highlighted crucial areas that require resolution and exploration in this application through future research, including, (i) data requirements for training a CNN (ii) optimal spectral pre-processing for CNN (iii) CNN architecture and hyper-parameter selection and tuning for fruit quality evaluation (iv) CNN model interpretability and explainability. Future studies must conduct clearer comparison to partial least squares (PLS) regression and shallow ANNs to better assess the prospective benefit of using CNN, a more complex model. The potential for visualisation of spectra relevance to the CNN model using techniques such as GradCam, currently employed in visualising 2D-CNN models, remains to be explored.

This study leveraged Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) models to estimate canopy height in Southeast Australian forests before and after the 2019–2020 bushfire event, using inputs from Sentinel-1, Sentinel-2, spectral indices, and terrain features and GEDI canopy height (rh99) as target variables. Our research consisted of three primary objectives: (1) an evaluation of GEDI rh99 canopy height in relation to an nDSM derived from airborne LiDAR, (2) the development of two CNN models for pre- and post-fire scenarios, and (3) utilizing the trained CNN models to generate pre- and post-fire canopy height maps and canopy height change maps across the continuous landscape. GEDI rh99 accuracy analysis revealed R 2 = 0.85, RMSE = 7.25 m and nRMSE = 0.23 for pre-fire GEDI and R 2 = 0.78, RMSE = 10.1 m and nRMSE = 0.3 for post-fire GEDI. The pre-fire CNN model achieved R 2 = 0.75, RMSE = 7.29 m and nRMSE = 0.22, and post-fire CNN model achieved R 2 = 0.62, RMSE = 11.67 m, and nRMSE = 0.34 when validated against nDSM. Bias analysis was conducted, revealing that GEDI rh99 underestimated nDSM across all canopy height ranges, and slope has no significant impact on GEDI accuracy. Notably, post-fire GEDI rh99 exhibited significant underestimation in high to extreme fire severity. The CNN models’ prediction displayed overestimation in short forests < 20 m and increasing underestimation in taller forests > 20 m and underestimation in high and extreme fire severity. Subsequent investigation indicated that canopy layer thinning in high fire severity conditions resulted in weak GEDI waveform signals and consequent bias. Additionally, the GEDI rh99 bias was propagated to the CNN models, together with insensitivity of spectral band values to canopy height in dense and burnt forests potentially contributed to models’ bias. Finally, we demonstrated CNN models’ ability to monitor forest recovery by generating canopy height maps spanning East Gippsland from 2019 to 2023.

Abstract: This research aims to develop a method for detecting leaf spot disease in oil palm seedlings using Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). Leaf spot disease in oil palm seedlings can hinder growth and production. CNN has proven effective in image processing and classification, particularly in plant disease detection. In this study, we utilized a dataset of images containing oil palm seedling leaves infected with leaf spot disease and healthy leaves. We performed data processing, built a CNN model, and conducted hyperparameter tuning. The test results demonstrate that the developed CNN model achieves high accuracy in recognizing and distinguishing between oil palm seedling leaves infected with leaf spot disease and healthy ones. This research contributes to the development of plant disease detection technology that can support economic growth in the oil palm plantation sector. Keywords: Convolutional Neural Network, image processing, leaf spot disease detection, oil palm seedlings. Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan metode deteksi penyakit bercak pada bibit kelapa sawit menggunakan Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). Bibit kelapa sawit yang terinfeksi penyakit bercak dapat menghambat pertumbuhan dan produksi kelapa sawit. Metode CNN telah terbukti efektif dalam pengolahan citra dan klasifikasi, khususnya dalam deteksi penyakit pada tanaman. Dalam penelitian ini, kami menggunakan dataset citra daun bibit kelapa sawit yang terinfeksi penyakit bercak dan yang normal. Kami melakukan processing data, membangun model CNN, dan melakukan tuning hyperparameter. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa model CNN yang dikembangkan memiliki akurasi yang tinggi dalam mengenali dan membedakan citra daun bibit kelapa sawit yang terinfeksi penyakit bercak dan yang normal. Penelitian ini memberikan kontribusi dalam pengembangan teknologi deteksi penyakit tanaman yang dapat mendukung pertumbuhan ekonomi di sektor perkebunan kelapa sawit. Kata kunci: bibit kelapa sawit, Convolutional Neural Network, deteksi penyakit bercak, pengolahan citra.

A case study on computer-aided diagnosis of nonerosive reflux disease using deep learning techniques

To better understand and improve the prediction of the seasonal surface temperature (TS) across the United States, we employed convolutional neural network (CNN) models trained on the Community Earth System Model Version 2 Large Ensemble (CESM2 LENS). We used lagged sea surface temperatures (SST) over the tropical Pacific region, containing the information of the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), as input for the CNN models. ENSO is the principal driver of variability in seasonal US surface temperatures (TSUS) and employing CNN models allows for spatiotemporal aspects of ENSO to be analyzed to make seasonal TSUS predictions. For predicting TSUS, the CNN models exhibited significantly improved skill over standard statistical multilinear regression (MLR) models and dynamical forecasts across most regions in the US, for lead times ranging from 1 to 6 months. Furthermore, we employed the CNN models to predict seasonal TSUS during extreme ENSO events. For these events, the CNN models outperformed the MLR models in predicting the effects on seasonal TSUS, suggesting that the CNN models are able to capture the ENSO‐TSUS teleconnection more effectively. Results from a heatmap analysis demonstrate that the CNN models utilize spatial features of ENSO rather than solely the magnitude of the ENSO events, indicating that the improved skill of seasonal TSUS is due to analyzing spatial variation in ENSO events. The proposed CNN model demonstrates a promising improvement in prediction skill compared to existing methods, suggesting a potential path forward for enhancing TSUS forecast skill from subseasonal to seasonal timescales.