Polymer-based drug delivery systems: A bibliometric analysis

Anti-cancer conventional chemotherapeutic drugs novel formula progress, nowadays, uses nano technology for targeted drug delivery, specifically tailored to overcome therapeutic agents' delivery challenges. Polymer drug delivery systems (DDS) play a crucial role in minimizing off-target side effects arising when using standard cytotoxic drugs. Using nano-formula for targeted localized action, permits using larger effective cytotoxic doses on a single special spot, that can seriously cause harm if it was administered systemically. Therefore, various nanoparticles (NPs) specifically have attached groups for targeting capabilities, not seen in bulk materials, which then need activation. In this review, we will present a simple innovative, illustrative, in a cartoon-way, enumeration of NP anti-cancer drug targeting delivery system activation-types. Area(s) covered in this review are the mechanisms of various NP activation techniques.

A particular drug delivery system will aim to slow the tissue specific release. In these days, due to many issues linked with drug release with the use of synthetic polymers, many manufacturers are likely to make use of natural polymers. Natural polymers are used on the basis to get predetermined drug distribution throughout the body. Natural polymers are also used as exciepients with the various new advancements in the treatment of diseases. Mostly, natural polymers are utilized in TDDS as rate-controlling agent, stabilizing and protecting agents and also to minimize the number of dosing and to improve the efficacy of the drug by localizing at the site of action. The main objective of this review is to give a glance on the use of natural polymers.

Welcome to the second issue of the International Journal of Nanomedicine (IJN)! Nanomedicine research is certainly international, as we try to emphasize in each and every issue of IJN. Over the next several issues, this editorial section will take a closer look at various aspects of international nanomedicine research. What a better place to start than its definition. Although defining a term such as nanomedicine may sound simple, by comparing several main funding agencies from around the world, one quickly realizes that a uniform international definition of nanomedicine does not currently exist. This is typical of a new field, but can be problematic to those trying to understand the field, make significant contributions to it, and especially in how the public views nanomedicine. Clearly an established international gathering of nanomedicine experts would help establish an “internationally acceptable” definition and subsequent criteria for nanomedicine research. For example, recently, the European Science Foundation (ESF 2004) took an extensive examination of the field of nanomedicine. The particular definition for nanomedicine that the Medical Standing Committee of the ESF compiled is “the science and technology of diagnosing, treating, and preventing disease and traumatic injury, of relieving pain, and of preserving and improving human health, using molecular tools and molecular knowledge of the human body” (ESF 2004). Further, they defined five main disciplines of nanomedicine: analytical tools; nanoimaging; nanomaterials and nanodevices; novel therapeutics and drug delivery systems; and clinical, regulatory, and toxicological issues. Compare and contrast these concepts with those presented on the United States’ National Institutes of Health Roadmap for Medical Research in Nanomedicine (NIH 2006), in which nanomedicine is defined as “an offshoot of nanotechnology, [which] refers to highly specific medical interventions at the molecular scale for curing disease or repairing damaged tissues, such as bone, muscle, or nerve”. Both reports emphasize that nanomedicine emerged from nanotechnology which is generally defined by the creation and use of materials at the level of molecules and atoms (sometimes specifically less than 100 nm, other times this dimension is more diffuse and confusing). The European report put it into simple terms where “the focus [of nanomedicine] is always on nanointeractions within a framework of a larger device or biologically with a sub-cellular (or cellular) system” (ESF 2004). This focus on elucidating nanoscale events may be one manner in which nanomedicine research separates itself from other medical research fields. But does it? Specifically speaking, similarities in the numerous definitions of nanomedicine from around the world center on molecular events and this is where people (including scientists and clinicians) get somewhat confused. For example, many researchers in the medical fields (such as biology, anatomy, pathology) often state when presented with definitions of nanomedicine: “I have been examining molecular interactions for decades inside and outside cells (such as cell membrane calcium fluxes, mRNA, protein synthesis) and now my research is called nanomedicine.” In comparison, similar statements were made by chemists and physicists (among others) over a decade ago when nanotechnology was first emphasized in various funding agencies. That is, statements such as “I have been studying atomic interactions for decades, but why is my research now called nanotechnology?” were often asked. What separated nanotechnology from the study of fundamental atomic and molecular interactions that a traditional research field may accomplish (clearly, research that is still needed) was an emphasis on new properties of materials gained when controlling structures at the atomic and molecular level. It was this emphasis on the control of structures at the nanometer level leading to significantly changed properties that allowed (and still allows) nanotechnology to be separated from other traditional science fields. But what about the subset of nanotechnology, nanomedicine? How does nanomedicine separate itself from other traditional medical research fields? Is it really different from research that scientists conducted a decade or more ago? And, a possibly more important question, does it matter to the future of nanomedicine if it does not separate itself from these other traditional medical research fields? All questions worth asking for this maturing field. IJN takes a firm stance in this respect and emphasizes nanomedicine research in which significantly changed medical events are elucidated only by concentrating on nanoscale events. In this respect, our attempt to separate nanomedicine from other traditional medical research fields is a focus on significantly changed medically related events that result by concentrating solely on the nanoscale. I ask you to join me in this, our second issue, to discover medical advances made in this exciting nanomedicine research field!

Plant-based foods contain flavonoids, belonging to the polyphenols class. The phytochemical and phyto-pharmacological sciences advancement has enabled composition elucidation and biological activities of various medicinal plant products. The efficacy of medicinal plants can be measured on the basis of bio-active constituents they comprise. Flavonoid is one of the classes among the bio-active constituents that are hydrophilic in nature. They have low bioavailability and efficacy due to low absorption, as they cannot cross cells lipid membrane due to larger molecular size. A variety of novel drug delivery systems have been developed for polyphenolic compounds to enhance the relative bioavailability. However, if novel drug delivery technology is applied, it may reduce the adverse effects and increase the efficacy of several herbs and their compounds. Herbal medicines were not encouraged for novel formulations development for a long time due to lack of scientific justification and processing difficulties, such as individual drug components identification, extraction and standardization in complex poly-herbal systems. However, advance phytopharmaceutical research can reduce the scientific thirst (e.g, pharmacokinetics determination, mechanism of action, the accurate dose required, site of action etc.) for herbal medicines to be incorporated in novel drug delivery systems, such as nanoparticles (NPs), liposomes, matrix systems, and micro-emulsions (-E) etc. by improving activity by reducing the side effects and required dose. Various drug delivery technologies have been summarized in this chapter which can be used for flavonoids loaded polymeric drug delivery systems.

In recent years, excipient development has become a core area of research in pharmaceutical drug delivery because it influences the formulation development and drug delivery process in various ways. Polymeric drug delivery systems have been of great interest for controlled delivery as they show the great advantage in drug delivery systems because of optimized drug loading and releasing property. Then, the side effects of synthetic polymers far exceed that it leads to some difficulties like they impose dose reduction, treatment delay, or the given therapy is not continuous. With this in mind and together with the need for a protective delivery system for drugs, natural polymeric substances such as biopolymers and their composites are the choice of research as excipient because of their low toxicity, biodegradability, stability, and renewable nature. Furthermore, they have a wide variety of structures, different physiological functions and may provide a variety of biomedical applications, owing to their distinctive properties. The present brief review explores the concept of excipient delivery and the recent advances in both the biopolymers and the methods in the pharmaceutical drug delivery systems.

The success of any drug delivery system depends upon how it interacts with the biological system to deliver its drug at the optimum rate and at the site where it is needed. This paper discusses some of the considerations that must be made in developing successful drug delivery systems and the opportunities available if a comprehensive assessment is made of the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics involved.

Effect of radiotherapy and hyperthermia on the tumor accumulation of HPMA copolymer-based drug delivery systems

Synthesis and characterization of an injectable microparticles integrated hydrogel composite biomaterial: In-vivo biocompatibility and inflammatory arthritis treatment

Bibliometrics, via the exploitation of large-scale publication data, is a facile approach to explore gender-related trends, especially gender equality in academic publishing and authorship. For the first time, this study aims to investigate the gender-related trends in anti-doping sciences to (1) explore the relational structure of gender aspects of authorial, topical, and methodological features, (2) give recognition to women's contribution to anti-doping research, and (3) identify unique “gendered” potentials for advancing anti-doping research. To deliver on these aims, we employed bibliometric tools to publication records in anti-doping. After constructing a database containing academic publications on any aspect of anti-doping with at least one woman among the authors, we applied state-of-the-art methods from bibliometric science mapping and network analysis. The Lotka distribution model showed that the anti-doping research is a closed community with only 70 authors appearing more than once. Male authors being the majority (66.2%), women are under-represented in this field. The most important authorship position in the academic articles is mainly occupied by men, publications with male corresponding authors were in 774 out of 991 anti-doping related papers. The close connection of the top twenty most influential authors, men and women, to the World Anti-Doping Agency in some professional capacity suggest that the Agency have an influence on the anti-doping research beyond directly providing funding. In terms of geographical regions, publications with female authors were dominated anti-doping research in Italy, Romania, and Spain. In research networks to date, women have outperformed male authors in information centrality, which means that women in anti-doping research have had higher level of control over the information flow in the field than their male counterparts. The results of this study confirm the potential of bibliometric approach in the identification of emerging research topics and quantifying gender differentiation in the field of anti-doping. Due to their higher information centrality, women are better positioned for problem-focused multidisciplinary research both within anti-doping community, and with researchers in cognate fields. Bibliometric analyses have proved to be a powerful tool for monitoring and advancing anti-doping research impact via identifying new avenues for multidisciplinary work, better gender representation, and diversity.

One of the main indicators that determine the effectiveness of financial markets and the actors in these markets is financial participation. Financial inclusion is a determinant of access to financial services. In basic terms, having a bank account or buying and selling bitcoin in an advanced digital environment is defined as financial inclusion. Financial technology provides ease of time and availability in reaching such financial services and products to individuals. This study presents a bibliometric analysis to determine the impact of financial technology in increasing financial inclusion between 2016 and 2025. 429 documents were selected using the Web of Science database and Biblioshiny and R Studio software were used for analysis. Bibliometric analysis includes performance metrics such as publication year, important works, influential authors, and scientific mapping such as word map and publication links. The study aims to explore the connection between the themes of “financial inclusion” and “financial technology” with the help of bibliometric analysis and to provide ideas for future studies. The data show that there has been a significant increase in the number of studies on financial technology and financial inclusion, especially after 2020, and that important publications have been made in this field in China, the USA, the UK and India.

Smart polymers in drug delivery systems on crossroads: Which way deserves following?

Recent advances in the design and applications of platinum-based supramolecular architectures and macromolecules

In Vivo and In Vitro Release of Macromolecules from Polymeric Drug Delivery Systems

<p indent="0mm">Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a non-specific, chronic and easily relapsing inflammatory bowel disease, consisting of Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. IBD is not limited to intestinal lesions, but also involves organs and tissues throughout the body. In recent years, the global incidence of IBD has been rising rapidly and become a common and frequently-occurring disease in China. The pathogenesis of IBD may be related to interactions between immunity, genetics, environment and microorganisms. Since oral administration has good compliance with patients, high safety, convenience, ease of operation, and can directly act on intestinal mucosa, it is suitable for the long-term administration of chronic intestinal diseases, and is the most ideal administration route for IBD therapy. However, due to the poor water solubility and stability of oral drugs, the gastrointestinal physiological environment, systemic toxicity and side effects and single therapeutic function, the bioavailability is low and the therapeutic efficacy is poor. Therefore, it is urgent to develop novel functionalized oral administration therapy methods for IBD, improve the solubility and bioavailability of drugs, and realize colon targeting and multifunctional diagnosis and treatment, so as to provide new ideas and approaches for the precision treatment of IBD. Polymer drug delivery systems can effectively improve the solubility and stability of drugs and significantly improve the efficacy of drugs. Excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) can cause intestinal mucosal layer damage, stimulate immune response, and accelerate the occurrence and development of IBD. Nanoparticles with colonic and inflammatory targeted ROS clearance can effectively alleviate IBD symptoms while reducing systemic side effects of the drug. In addition, nano-enzymes play unique biological functions while have a variety of enzyme activities, such as cascade reaction, antioxidant, fluorescence imaging, and photothermal effect, becoming an important means of adjuvant therapy for IBD. By imitating the special structure and function of organisms through biomimetic methods such as morphological bionics, living-organism biomimetics, microecological bionics and biomimetic mineralization, a range of bionic drug delivery systems with strong gastrointestinal adhesion, efficient intestinal targeted delivery, collaborative therapy and resistance to harsh gastrointestinal environments have been developed for functional treatment of IBD. The use of synthetic biology to design engineered probiotics with specific gene products to reduce oxidative stress, repair the intestinal barrier, and regulate the immune response while regulating the intestinal flora. Currently, patients with IBD are usually diagnosed via endoscopy, an invasive test that is extremely painful for patients and difficult to achieve early diagnosis. Non-invasive biomarker detection provides an important basis for early diagnosis and subsequent stratified treatment of IBD. Nanodiagnostic probes integrate diagnostic and therapeutic functions, realizing multi-functional diagnosis of enteritis, targeted therapy and efficacy evaluation. The use of synthetic biology to construct intelligent engineered bacteria for the integration of diagnosis, recording and treatment is a promising approach. In this paper, we first review polymer drug delivery systems, which can improve drug solubility and achieve targeted therapy for colon and inflammation. We then introduced nanozyme preparations for the treatment of IBD through antioxidant cascades, CT imaging, photothermal effects, and colon targeting. Thirdly, the design of new biomimetic delivery systems based on biomimetic materials such as morphological biomimetic, living-organism, microecological biomimetic and biomimetic mineralization is reviewed to achieve functional treatment of IBD. In addition, the construction of genetically engineered probiotics not only regulates the intestinal flora, but also eliminates ROS, repairs the intestinal barrier and regulates the immune response. Furthermore, the application of biomarker detection, nanodiagnostic probes and intelligent engineered bacteria in the integration of diagnosis and treatment of IBD is introduced, which is expected to realize the multifunctional integration of detection, personalized treatment and remote guidance. Although these new functionalized treatment strategies offer new directions and new possibilities for the precision treatment of IBD, several challenges remain. Firstly, there is a need to evaluate the safety and efficacy of treatment strategies. Secondly, there is a lack of development and research on delivery systems based on drugs that promote mucosal repair. Thirdly, the pathogenesis of IBD needs to be further elucidated. Fourthly, multiple approaches should be used to increase the screening of novel biomarkers in the early diagnosis and treatment of IBD, so as to guide the development of new drugs for IBD and achieve precise treatment.

Antisense LNA-loaded nanoparticles of star-shaped glucose-core PCL-PEG copolymer for enhanced inhibition of oncomiR-214 and nucleolin-mediated therapy of cisplatin-resistant ovarian cancer cells.