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Amaç: Bu çalışma, yetişkinlerin “fast food” tüketimi ile bireylerin diyet kalitelerini belirlemek amacıyla kullandığımız Sağlıklı Yeme İndeksi (HEI)-2015 ve Akdeniz Diyet Kalite İndeksi (PREDIMED) arasındaki ilişkileri değerlendirmek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Gereç ve Yöntemler: Çalışmaya Ankara’da yaşayan 19-64 yaş aralığındaki yetişkin 400 birey dahil edilmiştir. Veriler bireylerin sosyodemografik özellikleri, beslenme alışkanlıkları, antropometrik ölçümleri, PREDIMED, Uluslararası Fiziksel Aktivite Ölçeği (IPAQ) ve besin tüketim kaydı sorularından oluşan anket formu ile yüz yüze toplanmıştır. Beslenme durumlarının tespiti için 24 saatlik besin tüketim kaydı alınmıştır. Diyet kalitesini belirlemek için Sağlıklı Yeme İndeksi -2015 (SYİ-2015) kullanılmıştır. Verilerin analizinde tanımlayıcı istatistikler, ki-kare testi, t testi, One Way Anova, Mann Whitney U, Kruskal Wallis testi ve linear regresyon analizi kullanılmıştır. Bulgular: Katılımcıların %63,7’si kadın, %36,3’ü erkektir. Bireylerin %56,3’ünün “fast food” tükettiği, ortalama “fast food” tüketim sıklığının 3,7±1,5 hafta olduğu saptanmıştır. Yetişkin bireylerin %30,5’i fazla kilolu/obez iken, %85,0’inin hafif fiziksel aktivite yaptığı belirlenmiştir. “Fast food” tüketen bireylerin ortalama doymuş yağ ve tekli doymamış yağ alımları tüketmeyenlere kıyasla daha fazladır (p

IntroductionClustering of fast-food restaurants around schools facilitates fast-food consumption among students, which may cause obesity. We examined the prevalence of fast-food restaurants and identified the clusters of fast-food restaurants near secondary schools in Hong Kong.MethodsWe collected data of Western fast-food chain restaurants and 490 secondary schools in Hong Kong. Descriptive statistics and buffer analysis identified the prevalence of fast-food restaurants around the secondary schools within 400-m and 800-m buffers. Additional analyses compared schools stratified by the 3 main regions in Hong Kong, district-level population density, and median monthly household income. We used Getis-Ord GI* hot spot analysis to measure spatial clusters of fast-food restaurants around schools and Global Moran’s I to measure the spatial autocorrelation based on each school and the number of fast-food restaurants within the 400-m buffer.ResultsThe average number of fast-food restaurants within 400 m and 800 m of a school was 2.0 and 6.3, respectively. Seven in 10 secondary schools had at least 1 fast-food restaurant within 400 m. The number of schools with no fast-food restaurants was higher in Hong Kong Island, considered the “rich region” in Hong Kong. Hot spots of clusters were significantly located in the high-density downtown areas. We observed significant spatial autocorrelation between fast-food restaurants and secondary schools in the areas with high density, low income, and high income (P < .001, z > 2.58).ConclusionFast-food restaurants were substantially clustered around secondary schools in Hong Kong. Territory-wide studies about the health effect of fast-food clusters around schools on children and adolescents are warranted in Hong Kong.

BackgroundThe association between the residential fast food environment and diet has gained growing attention. However, why the food environment affects food consumption is under-examined. This study aimed to investigate neighbourhood social norms with respect to fast food consumption as a potential mediating pathway between residential fast food outlet exposure and residents’ fast food consumption.MethodsA correlational study was conducted in which a nationwide sample of 1038 respondents living across The Netherlands completed a survey. Respondents reported their fast food consumption (amount/week) as well as perceived descriptive and injunctive norms regarding fast food consumption in their neighbourhood. Fast food outlet exposure was measured by the average count of fast food outlets within a 400 m walking distance buffer around the zip-codes of the respondents, using a retail outlet database. Regression models were used to assess associations between residential fast food outlet exposure, fast food consumption, and social norm perceptions, and a bootstrapping procedure was used to test the indirect -mediation- effect. Separate analyses were performed for descriptive norms and injunctive norms.ResultsThere was no overall or direct association between residential fast food outlet exposure and residents’ fast food consumption. However, fast food outlet exposure was positively associated with neighbourhood social norms (descriptive and injunctive) regarding fast food consumption, which in turn were positively associated with the odds of consuming fast food. Moreover, results of the bootstrapped analysis provided evidence of indirect effects of fast food outlet exposure on fast food consumption, via descriptive norms and injunctive norms.ConclusionsIn neighbourhoods with more fast food outlets, residents were more likely to perceive fast food consumption in the neighbourhood as more common and appropriate. In turn, stronger neighbourhood social norms were associated with higher fast food consumption. Acknowledging the correlational design, this study is the first that implies that neighbourhood social norms may be a mediating pathway in the relation between the residential fast food environment and fast food consumption. Future research may examine the role of neighbourhood social norms in other contexts and explore how the changing food environment may shift our consumption norms.

Hypertension is caused by a variety of factors, including an unhealthy lifestyle such as a poor diet (high in salt, fat, and sugar), lack of physical activity, obesity, and smoking and drinking habits. Despite extensive global and national research on the link between fast and junk food consumption and hypertension, there is a notable lack of localized studies in regions like Bengkulu. The rising fast food intake and hypertension prevalence in these areas underscore the urgent need for context-specific evidence to support targeted public health interventions. This study aims to determine the relationship between fast food and junk food consumption habits and the incidence of hypertension in adults with a control case design. A total of 30 case groups and 60 control groups. Data collection was carried out using instruments such as respondent identity forms, informed consent sheets, the Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ), and blood pressure measuring devices (digital sphygmomanometers, stethoscopes, and observation sheets). Data analysis using the Chi-Square Test and multivariate logistic regression. The results of the bivariate analysis show that the habit of eating fast food often had a risk of 28.5 times, and the habit of eating junk food often had a risk of experiencing hypertension in adults 26.0 times. The results of the multivariate analysis showed a significant correlation between fast food consumption (p-value &lt;0.0001; OR=23,709) and junk food (p-value &lt;0.0001; OR=16,687) with the incidence of hypertension after controlling for the age factor. It is necessary to increase efforts in prevention, early detection, treatment, and education.

BackgroundFast food restaurants reportedly target specific populations by locating in lower-income and in minority neighborhoods. Physical proximity to fast food restaurants has been associated with higher obesity rates.ObjectiveTo examine possible associations, at the census tract level, between area demographics, arterial road density, and fast food restaurant density in King County, WA, USA.MethodsData on median household incomes, property values, and race/ethnicity were obtained from King County and from US Census data. Fast food restaurant addresses were obtained from Public Health-Seattle & King County and were geocoded. Fast food density was expressed per tract unit area and per capita. Arterial road density was a measure of vehicular and pedestrian access. Multivariate logistic regression models containing both socioeconomic status and road density were used in data analyses.ResultsOver one half (53.1%) of King County census tracts had at least one fast food restaurant. Mean network distance from dwelling units to a fast food restaurant countywide was 1.40 km, and 1.07 km for census tracts containing at least one fast food restaurant. Fast food restaurant density was significantly associated in regression models with low median household income (p < 0.001) and high arterial road density (p < 0.001) but not with percent of residents who were nonwhite.ConclusionNo significant association was observed between census tract minority status and fast food density in King County. Although restaurant density was linked to low household incomes, that effect was attenuated by arterial road density. Fast food restaurants in King County are more likely to be located in lower income neighborhoods and higher traffic areas.

To evaluate the sodium levels in Canadian restaurant and fast-food chain menu items. Nutrition information was collected from the websites of major sit-down (n=20) and fast-food (n=65) restaurants across Canada in 2010 and a database was constructed. Four thousand and forty-four meal items, baked goods, side dishes and children's items were analyzed. Sodium levels were compared to the recommended adequate intake level (AI), tolerable upper intake level (UL) and the US National Sodium Reduction Initiative (NSRI) targets. On average, individual sit-down restaurant menu items contained 1455 mg sodium/serving (or 97% of the AI level of 1500 mg/day). Forty percent of all sit-down restaurant items exceeded the AI for sodium and more than 22% of sit-down restaurant stir fry entrées, sandwiches/wraps, ribs, and pasta entrées with meat/seafood exceeded the daily UL for sodium (2300 mg). Fast-food restaurant meal items contained, on average, 1011 mg sodium (68% of the daily AI), while side dishes (from sit-down and fast-food restaurants) contained 736 mg (49%). Children's meal items contained, on average, 790 mg/serving (66% of the sodium AI for children of 1200 mg/day); a small number of children's items exceeded the children's daily UL. On average, 52% of establishments exceeded the 2012 NSRI density targets and 69% exceeded the 2014 targets. The sodium content in Canadian restaurant foods is alarmingly high. A population-wide sodium reduction strategy needs to address the high levels of sodium in restaurant foods.

Introduction: This study assessed the association between dietary patterns and the frequency of eating at fast-food or sit-down restaurants. Methods: A crosssectional study, with a sample of adults living in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (SA), was conducted between January and March 2021. An online, self-administered survey was conducted using social media and WhatsApp. A total of 399 adults living in Riyadh were included; 40.4% were males, with a mean age of 35 and standard deviation (SD) of 12 years, and had no significant health problems. Results: Using principal component analysis to analyse 15 food groups based on the food items consumed, four dietary patterns were extracted: Western, unhealthy, plant-based, and healthy. After adjusting for potential covariates, a higher frequency of eating at fast-food restaurants was significantly associated with unhealthy dietary patterns [odds ratio (OR) = 4.85, 95.0% confidence interval (CI) = 1.80, 12.59]. In contrast, participants in the highest tercile of the frequency of eating at fast-food restaurants showed lower odds of adhering to a healthy dietary pattern (OR = 0.29, 95.0% CI = 0.11, 0.71). No significant association was found between participants in the highest tercile of the frequency of eating at sit-down restaurants and their dietary patterns. Conclusion: Frequently eating at fast-food restaurants was associated with increased odds of adherence to less healthy dietary patterns and negatively associated with adherence to a healthy pattern. No association was found between sit-down restaurants and any of the identified dietary patterns. The present findings can assist stakeholders and policymakers in developing strategic plans and policies for targeted interventions for this population.

Frequent fast-food consumption is a well-known risk factor for obesity. This study sought to determine whether the availability of fast-food restaurants has an influence on body mass index (BMI). BMI and individual-level confounding variables were obtained from the 2007-08 Canadian Community Health Survey. Neighbourhood socio-demographic variables were acquired from the 2006 Canadian Census. The geographic locations of all restaurants in Canada were assembled from a validated business registry database. The density of fast-food, full-service and non-chain restaurants per 10,000 individuals was calculated for respondents' forward sortation area. Multivariable regression analyses were conducted to analyze the association between restaurant density and BMI. Fast-food, full-service and non-chain restaurant density variables were statistically significantly associated with BMI. Fast-food density had a positive association whereas full-service and non-chain restaurant density had a negative association with BMI (additional 10 fast-food restaurants per capita corresponded to a weight increase of 1 kilogram; p&lt;0.001). These associations were primarily found in Canada's major urban jurisdictions. This research was the first to investigate the influence of fast-food and full-service restaurant density on BMI using individual-level data from a nationally representative Canadian survey. The finding of a positive association between fast-food restaurant density and BMI suggests that interventions aiming to restrict the availability of fast-food restaurants in local neighbourhoods may be a useful obesity prevention strategy.

The restaurant industry being the largest service sector has a significant role in Indian economy. In today’s fastest walk of the day, fast food restaurant holds a pivotal position in restaurant industry. Among the various fast food restaurants in Erode City, the perception of consumers differs between branded and non-branded fast food restaurants. The growth in population, changing culture, trends in fashion, innovation in food items have led to the growth of fast food restaurants. In this aspect, the present research probes into the level of consumers’ satisfaction towards branded fast food restaurants by employing Chi-square Test. Further, the problems faced in utilising the services of fast food restaurant is analyzed with Weighted Average Ranking. The result showed that gender, age and monthly family income have significant association with the level of satisfaction towards fast food restaurant and more number of respondents faced the problem of consuming high fat content food items.

Increasing prosperity, technological advances and westernization can result in changes in lifestyle and eating patterns in society, especially medical personnel who are at the forefront of maintaining public health. However, ironically, they themselves are faced with a health risk that is no less serious, namely obesity. One of the factors that can influence obesity/overweight is the availability of cheap, fast but unhealthy food, one of which is fast food. Fast food consumption is increasing among medical personnel because this type of food tends to be easy to obtain, tastes delicious, and is served quickly. The nutritional content of food is no longer a consideration for medical personnel. The aim of this research is to determine the effect of fast food consumption on obesity in medical personnel. This type of research uses quantitative descriptive research methods with a cross sectional research design. The results of this study show that there is a direct influence of fast food consumption on the incidence of obesity (9.45%, T statistic 4.06%, α 5%). The conclusion is that excessive consumption of fast food can increase the risk of obesity in medical personnel. Efforts to prevent and control obesity need to be carried out comprehensively to maintain the health of medical personnel and improve the quality of health services.

Fast-food habits, weight gain, and insulin resistance (the CARDIA study): 15-year prospective analysis

Fast-food consumption among US adults and children: Dietary and nutrient intake profile

Global industries and technological advancements have contributed to the proliferation of fast food (FF) establishments and ultraprocessed food, associated with poorer diet quality and health outcomes. To investigate FF as an indicator, we compared alternative methods to capture self-reported FF consumption and examined associated socio-demographic factors. We conducted a secondary analysis of the 2014-2015 Foodbook study, a cross-sectional survey on foods consumed by Canadians during the previous week. An embedded randomized design compared alternative FF intake questions of varying details. A total of 6062 participants aged 18+were included, representing 24.7 million Canadian adults. Approximately 48% consumed FF in the past week, and of FF consumers, average frequency was twice. Asking broadly about FF intake without examples resulted in significantly lower reported FF intake compared with the two more detailed questions; the latter two were not significantly different. Burgers, pizza, and submarines/sandwiches were most commonly consumed. Men, younger age, higher BMI, women in central Canada (versus territorial regions), and men with income $30 000-$80 000 (versus >$80 000) were associated with higher FF consumption. Consumption of FF is common among Canadians; some associated factors are gender-specific. Further research examining FF as an indicator, and individual and societal implications of FF consumption, is recommended to inform programs and policies.

Connections between viewing media about President Trump's dietary habits and fast food consumption intentions: Political differences and implications for public health

The present study aimed to examine associations between availability of outlets where takeaway or fast food could be purchased and consumption of takeaway or fast food among children. Cross-sectional. Parents completed a questionnaire regarding the frequency per week their child usually ate takeaway or fast foods. The availability of outlets where these foods could be purchased close to home and en route to school was determined with a Geographic Information System (presence of any outlets and density of outlets within 800 m from home and along the route to school, and distance from home to closest outlet). Greater Melbourne and Geelong, Australia. Three hundred and fifty-three children aged 5-6 years and 463 children aged 10-12 years. Overall, 69.4% of children consumed takeaway or fast foods once weekly or more often. Only one measure of availability of outlets close to home was associated with consumption; each additional outlet within 800 m was associated with 3% lower odds of consuming takeaway or fast foods at least once weekly (OR = 0.97, 95% CI 0.95, 1.00). There were no associations between availability en route to school and the likelihood of consuming takeaway or fast food at least once weekly. Access to outlets where takeaway or fast food could be purchased did not predict frequency of consumption of takeaway or fast food in the expected direction. Such relationships appear to be complex and may not be adequately captured by the measures of access included in the current study.