Power control and localization of wireless body area networks using semidefinite programming

The development of a transmission power control (TPC) protocol for wireless body area networks (WBANs) is proposed. The WBAN consists of wireless sensors attached to the user. Each sensor has a transceiver and an inertial measurement unit (IMU) to measure user's motion. The TPC protocol increases the WBAN's lifetime by reducing the power consumption of the transceiver. The protocol is based on a mathematical model of the human motion performed by the user. It uses the model to determine the minimum transmission power required to achieve a packet delivery ratio (PDR). The TPC protocol uses the received signal strength indicator (RSSI) to characterize the channel. It uses IMU measurements to determine the parameters of the model and then decide on transmission-power levels. Also, the TPC protocol includes a method to reduce the complexity of the human-motion model to reduce the calculations the wireless sensor has to perform. The TPC protocol is implemented and tested real-time on a Shimmer2r wireless sensor. Experimental results on a bicep-curl movement show that the average power per packet decreased from 31.3mW to 19.0mW, which is a reduction of 39%, while maintaining the PDR within a 4% difference from the target PDR.

Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs) enable real-time data collection for medical monitoring, sports tracking, and environmental sensing, driven by Internet of Things advancements. Their layered architecture supports efficient sensing, aggregation, and analysis, but energy constraints from transmission (over 60% of consumption), idle listening, and dynamic conditions like body motion hinder adoption. Challenges include minimizing energy waste while ensuring data reliability, Quality of Service (QoS), and adaptation to channel variations, alongside algorithm complexity and privacy concerns. This paper reviews recent power control mechanisms in WBANs, encompassing feedback control, dynamic and convex optimization, graph theory-based path optimization, game theory, reinforcement learning, deep reinforcement learning, hybrid frameworks, and emerging architectures such as federated learning and cell-free massive MIMO, adopting a systematic review approach with a focus on healthcare and IoT application scenarios. Achieving energy savings ranging from 6% (simple feedback control) to 50% (hybrid frameworks with emerging architectures), depending on method complexity and application scenario, with prolonged network lifetime and improved reliability while preserving QoS requirements in healthcare and IoT applications.

Power efficient ultra-wideband based wireless communication for wireless body area network applications

A wireless body area network (WBAN) consists of a single coordinator and multiple low-power sensors to monitor the biological signals and functions of the human body. Due to the highly mobile and social nature of WBANs, the performance of the individual WBANs could be degraded due to the adverse co-channel interference that results from their uncoordinated coexistence with other nearby wireless networks. Like other wireless networks, energy and spectrum in WBANs are both scarce resources. In fact, the limited spectrum resource is the cause of competition among WBANs and leads to interference. Dynamic and efficacious energy and interference management taking into account the channel state and traffics are both crucial and substantial to further upgrade the capacity and enhance the goodness of user experience. In addition to the co-channel interference, the individual communication links between the body-mounted sensors and the WBAN’s coordinator experience high signal attenuation and distortion due to the nonhomogeneous nature of the human body tissue. In this chapter, the issues related to the coexistence among WBANs and between WBANs and other wireless networks will be analyzed. A comparative review of the radio co-channel interference mitigation and avoidance techniques in the literature will be provided. Furthermore, we show that the existing solutions fall short from achieving satisfactory performance, and outline open problems that warrant more investigation by the research community.

In this paper, we have reviewed and presented a critical overview of “energy-efficient and reliable routing solutions” in the field of wireless body area networks (WBANs). In addition, we have theoretically analysed the importance of energy efficiency and reliability and how it affects the stability and lifetime of WBANs. WBAN is a type of wireless sensor network (WSN) that is unique, wherever energy-efficient operations are one of the prime challenges, because each sensor node operates on battery, and where an excessive amount of communication consumes more energy than perceiving. Moreover, timely and reliable data delivery is essential in all WBAN applications. Moreover, the most frequent types of energy-efficient routing protocols include crosslayer, thermal-aware, cluster-based, quality-of-service, and postural movement-based routing protocols. According to the literature review, clustering-based routing algorithms are the best choice for WBAhinwidth, and low memory WBAN, in terms of more computational overhead and complexity. Thus, the routing techniques used in WBAN should be capable of energy-efficient communication at desired reliability to ensure the improved stability period and network lifetime. Therefore, we have highlighted and critically analysed various performance issues of the existing “energy-efficient and reliable routing solutions” for WBANs. Furthermore, we identified and compiled a tabular representation of the reviewed solutions based on the most appropriate strategy and performance parameters for WBAN. Finally, concerning to reliability and energy efficiency in WBANs, we outlined a number of issues and challenges that needs further consideration while devising new solutions for clustered-based WBANs.

Wireless body area network (WBAN) is an emerging technology which is getting a lot of attention these days due to its application in medical field and health monitoring system. In this technology by using different bio-sensors which could be implanted or worn by patient, he/she get his/her health conditions at regular intervals. Wireless connectivity makes it more popular because of its patient could use it in his daily life activities also. There are various fields in WBAN where a lot of development could be made, as this field is still in its developing stages. Efficient energy utilisation techniques have been explained. Routing metrices which consists of residual energy, delay, packet collision, network lifetime, complexity, network traffic etc. is also an interesting area where we will be working to develop intelligent routing metrices for wireless body Area Network (WBAN).Fuzzy Logic(FL) is a powerful tool used to develop solution of various problems today which maps the crisps inputs to give corresponding outputs. Momdani Fuzzy Inference System (FIS) provides the atmosphere needed for Fuzzy Logics where depending on degree of membership functions maps the variables and a surface is generated with respect to various factors in routing metrics. In this paper we had reviewed its basic aspects like its constituents, layered architecture and Issues as well as requirements of WBAN with Fuzzy Inference System (FIS). Keywords: Wireless Body Area Network, WBAN, Routing Metrices, Layered Architecture, Fuzzy Logic, Energy efficiency, Fuzzy Inference System (FIS).

The emergence of wireless body area networks (WBANs) has paved the way for real-time sensing of human biometrics in addition to remote control of smart medical devices, which in turn is revolutionising the smart healthcare industry. However, the limited power and computational capabilities of WBAN sensors make them vulnerable to a myriad of security attacks, thus securing them is paramount to their success and wider adoption. Received signal strength indicator (RSSI) secure key extraction (SKE) methods are used for securing WBAN sensors. However, such methods may suffer from stagnant RSSI values, significantly increasing the secret keys construction time. To remedy this, we propose a new method that involves one of the two sensors being mobile and thus can be picked up and moved around. This results in the stimulation of RSSI values which in turn improves the quality of the generated keys and thus shortening the execution times of the SKE process. The evaluation results highlighted the effectiveness of our method.

Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) is an emerging field of research which has been progressing rapidly in recent years. WBAN is a network utilized for continuous monitoring of physiological state of the subject, where the patient can perform his regular activities while his body parameters get measured continuously and are accessed by the physician remotely. This chapter provides a thorough survey of current WBAN technologies in the healthcare sector. Besides the recording of physiological parameters, discussions have been provided on remote data transmission to a server called Virtual Doctor Server (VDS). During this transmission, WBAN network uses various technologies namely Ultra Wide Band WBAN, Technology Enabled Medical Precision Observation 3.1 (TEMPO 3.1), J2ME and Bluetooth. Details of several existing WBAN related projects have been discussed along with their applications. The next section of the chapter deals with the use and design of medical sensors in WBAN. Performance comparison between WBAN and WSN (Wireless Sensor Network) has also been provided.

Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs) are integral to modern healthcare systems, providing continuous health monitoring and real-time data transmission. The sensitivity of medical data being transmitted makes security a significant concern in WBANs. This study explores the application of the Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC)-based Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange (ECDH) algorithm to enhance security within WBANs. The study investigates the suitability of ECC for this context and evaluates the performance and security implications of implementing ECDH in WBANs. The findings reveal that ECDH provides a robust and computationally efficient solution for secure key exchange in WBANs, addressing inherent vulnerabilities. The adoption of ECC-based ECDH is poised to bolster data confidentiality and integrity in WBANs, promoting trust and widespread use of these networks in healthcare applications. This research contributes to the growing body of knowledge regarding security measures in WBANs and opens new avenues for the secure transmission of sensitive medical information.

Chapter 7 - WBAN: Driving e-healthcare Beyond Telemedicine to Remote Health Monitoring: Architecture and Protocols

This paper explores how the integration and performance of Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs) contribute to sustainable healthcare practices. WBANs play a crucial role in reducing the environmental footprint of healthcare systems by providing continuous monitoring that can prevent unnecessary hospitalizations and reduce the consumption of disposable medical supplies. Additionally, the design of WBANs using environmentally friendly materials, low-power devices, and recyclable components is discussed to optimize the sustainability of healthcare practices. To enhance infrastructure, services, and quality of life, new technologies have been integrated to improve WBANs. Patients' essential health data may be continuously and instantly collected thanks to these networks, and healthcare providers can receive the data right away for quick analysis and action. WBANs have healthcare benefits, but there are also major drawbacks. Technologies that can combine low power consumption, minimal delay, and high enough data rates are needed for WBANs in order to support a variety of medical applications. The effectiveness of the LoRaWAN and IEEE 802.15.6 technologies in WBAN is assessed in this paper. With the use of seven crucial metrics which are throughput, arrival rate, delay, energy consumption, residual energy, network lifetime, and packet delivery ratio (PDR), this paper seeks to study which technology is appropriate with WBANs using NS3 as a simulation program. With network parameters, 1000 seconds, and 50 nodes, the paper evaluated the performance of each technology. The results show that IEEE 802.15.6 is superior in terms of throughput, PDR, and arrival rate whereas LoRaWAN is superior in terms of energy consumption, residual energy, network lifetime, and delay.

Wireless body area networks (WBANs) are expected to play an important role in monitoring the health information and creating a smart, reliable, and ubiquitous healthcare system. Only authorized users can access the network since the collected data by the WBANs are used to diagnosed and treated. However, it is still a challenging task to design a cost-effective and secure access control scheme because of inherent characteristics of the WBANs, such as open medium channel, limited resources of sensor nodes, and the absence of fixed infrastructure. In this paper, we first propose a novel certificateless signcryption scheme, and then, design a cost-effective and anonymous access control scheme for the WBANs using the novel signcryption. The proposed access control scheme achieves anonymity, confidentiality, authentication, integrity, and nonrepudiation. Compared with existing three access control schemes for the WBANs, our proposed scheme has the least computational cost and total energy consumption for the controller.

Current advances in wireless sensor technologies have contributed to the development of wireless body area network (WBAN). Due to specific features and reliability requirements in WBAN, a number of new challenges have been introduced to design novel WBAN protocols. In order to cope with these challenges, game theoretic approach can allow WBANs to improve their performance while increasing their flexibility and adaptability. In this paper, we develop a new WBAN resource sharing scheme based on the reverse-biform game model. Based on the dual-level phases, the limited WBAN resource is effectively shared by employing a game manner. The simulation results demonstrate that our game-theoretic framework can provide the ability to practically respond to current WBSN conditions. This approach is suitable for real WBAN operations, particularly for the energy efficiency, network throughput, and quality of service (QoS) provisioning.

Wireless body area networks (WBANs) are an emerging technology expected to revolutionize mobile healthcare via the real-time monitoring and analysis of medical data. This article describes the generalized WBAN concept and examples of WBAN medical applications for a variety of users and scenarios. The properties of wireless communication channels used in WBANs - specifically the human body communications channel and the 60 GHz Millimeter-wave (mmWave) - highlight the challenges facing modern WBAN development. Several research topics related to WBAN implementation in 5G networks are examined, including simulating extremely high-frequency communications, routing protocols, energy harvesting, tailoring WBANs to individual users, and user satisfaction. Future WBAN developments related to 6G networks and quantum technologies are also explored to demonstrate the potential future of mobile health.

Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) is a pioneer trend in healthcare technology.A WBAN consists of small sensors that may be worn or implanted on the patient's body or around them.These sensors are responsible for sending wireless, real-time physiological signs of the patient's body (such as blood pressure, heart rate, blood sugar, temperature, breathing, etc.) to an intermediate device.An intermediate device (such as a mobile phone) collects and prepares data to send and display to the doctor.In the WBAN, since data is sent through all broadcasts, any cyber attack such as eavesdropping and data modification/ sabotage can be done.Any cyber-attack on a WBAN could jeopardize the patient's health; therefore, securing the WBAN plays a crucial role in healthcare applications.Due to the limitation of energy, memory, and processing power of sensors in WBAN, it is not possible to use traditional security methods, such as encryption and security protocols.For this reason, one of the methods to provid security in the WBAN is the use of intrusion detection systems.An intrusion detection system (IDS), as a second-line defense, is one of the security methods in computer networks.Intrusion detection is the intelligent monitoring of network or computer systems to find any security breach.These systems are divided into two groups, signature-based and anomaly-based.One of the advantages 1 55 160 of anomaly-based systems is the detection of zero-day attacks.Statistical, knowledge-based, data mining and machine learning methods can be used to implement anomaly-based intrusion detection systems.In this paper, a new IDS has been presented which is able to detect denial of service (DoS) attacks in a WBAN.The proposed IDS is a hybrid anomaly-based system using machine learning and feature engineering methods.In the proposed IDS, a genetic algorithm is used to select features of collected data, in a way that increases the performance of the IDS, and as a result the WBAN (increasing detection rate and reducing energy consumption in the node).Then, using support vector machine and k nearest neighbor algorithms, the data classification is performed to detect DoS traffic from regular data traffic.Simulation results indicate that the proposed IDS has effective performance with a 90% detection rate.