Power system stability enhancement using static synchronous series compensator (SSSC)

Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) controllers are advanced power electronic devices employed in electrical power systems to enhance system stability, reliability, and power transfer capabilities. These controllers enable dynamic and flexible control of various transmission parameters such as voltage, current, impedance, and phase angle, thereby improving the overall power system performance. FACTS devices are broadly classified into series, shunt, series- series, and series-shunt configurations, each designed to manage reactive power and regulate voltage either by injecting voltage in series or current in shunt with the transmission line. Well-known FACTS devices include Static Var Compensators (SVC), Static Synchronous Compensators (STATCOM), Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitors (TCSC), Static Synchronous Series Compensators (SSSC), and Unified Power Flow Controllers (UPFC), each serving specific roles in power flow control, voltage regulation, and transient stability enhancement. The integration of these controllers provides significant benefits such as increased transmission line capacity, improved voltage stability, minimized transmission losses, and damping of power system oscillations. They are capable of rapid response during transient disturbances, effectively mitigating voltage collapses and enhancing system resilience against faults and contingencies. FACTS controllers not only improve steady-state operational parameters but also address dynamic stability and transient conditions, enabling power systems to operate closer to their stability limits while maintaining security. Their deployment helps avoid costly infrastructural expansions by optimizing existing transmission assets, which is critical given environmental and economic constraints. Recent advances in semiconductor technologies and control algorithms have made FACTS devices more reliable, efficient, and adaptable to modern grids, including renewable integration and deregulated power markets. In summary, FACTS controllers play a vital role in modern power systems by providing flexible, efficient, and reliable solutions for power flow management, voltage control, and system stability enhancement, thereby supporting the evolving demands of today's complex electrical networks.

To improve the efficiency of existing transmission lines, Smart Power Flow controlled (SPFC) is presented based on Flexible AC transmission (FACTS). By Injecting controllable voltage in series to transmission lines, reactive and active power can be controlled. SPFC helps the transmission lines to obtain their maximum power capacity by avoiding the redundant reactive power which overloads the transmission line. This paper investigates three different modes of SPFC using a 48-pulse controller i.e., static synchronous series compensator (SSSC), unified power flow controller (UPFC), and static synchronous compensator (STATCOM). STATCOM, SSSC, and UPFC are designed to stabilize voltage and provide compensation to reactive power of the power grid system, by using a 48-pulse converter. Using 48-pulse STATCOM reduces harmonics and gives the maximum power at 90 degrees of injected voltage in SSSC. The overall SPFC has been investigated and simulated in MATLAB/SIMULINK environment.

A static synchronous series compensator (SSSC) has the ability to emulate a reactance in series with the connected transmission line. A static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) is able to provide the reactive power to an electricity network. When fed with some supplementary signals from the connected power system, both SSSC and STATCOM are able to participate in the power system inter-area oscillation damping by changing the compensated reactance or the provided reactive power. This paper analyses the influence of SSSC and STATCOM on power system small signal stability. The damping controller schemes for SSSC and STATCOM are presented and discussed. The IEEE 39-bus New England system model as the test system is built in DIgSIELNT PowerFactory, in which the damping control strategies for both SSSC and STATCOM are validated by time domain simulations and modal analysis. Furthermore, comparison studies show that the SSSC is a better solution in term of equipment capabilities and costs.

This paper represents, the enhancement of power system stability by coordinating control design of power system stabilizer (PSS) and static synchronous series compensator (SSSC). The coordinated controller's parameters are formulated as an optimization problem and to search for such optimal parameters firefly (FF) algorithm is used in both cases of single machine infinite bus and multi machine power system(MMPS). The coordinately control design of power system stabilizer and PID based SSSC based controller uses speed deviation as input signal. The dynamic performance of the proposed technique is obtained under different loading conditions and different position of fault conditions. The effectiveness and robustness of coordinated design approach is discussed to improve the damping of power system oscillation and hence stability of power system.

Problem statement: The critical clearing time provides very important role of the robustness in power system. The Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC) has been accepted to be equipped in series with modern power system. This study presents the method to evaluate the Critical Clearing Time (CCT) of the system equipped with a SSSC. Approach: The parameter on SSSC is modeled in energy function. The presented energy function is applied to determine CCT of the system. The verification of the proposed method is tested on sample system. Results: The maximum generator rotor angle of the faulted system without a SSSC is continuously oscillation and the maximum value is much more than the system with a SSSC. Conclusion: SSSC based the proposed nonlinear control can damp power system oscillation.

Improvement of synchronizing power and damping power by means of SSSC and STATCOM: A comparative study

The planning and operation condition of electrical power systems are changing due to a variety of causes. FACTS controller helps in raising dynamic stability limit and provide better power flow control. Static synchronous series compensator (SSSC) is one of the important members of series FACTS controller. In this paper is presented the effect of SSSC for damping power system oscillation. The complete digital simulation is performed in the Matlab Simulink environment.

In this paper, a novel method is developed for designing the output feedback controller for Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC). In the proposed method, the problem of selecting the output feedback gains for the SSSC controllers is changed into an optimization problem with a time domain-based objective function.Then, it is solved by using the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm that has a strong ability to find the most optimistic results. Only local and available state variables are used as the input signals of each controller for the decentralized design. Therefore, the designed SSSC controller has a simple and easy-to-implement structure. The performance of the proposed controllers is evaluated for both single-machine infinite-bus (SMIB) power system and multi-machine power system. Then, to show the robustness and effectiveness of proposed design approach, the results are presented over a wide variety of system configurations, loading conditions, and disturbances. Analyzing the results reveals that the designed PSO-based output feedback SSSC damping controller has a strong ability in damping power system oscillations. Furthermore, analyzing system performance under different operating conditions shows that the ψ-based controller is superior to the m-based controllers.

<b>Problem statement:</b> Modern power system consists of the complicated network of transmission lines and carries heavy demand. Thus they cause in the stability problem. <b>Approach:</b> Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC) is a power electronic based device that has the capability of controlling the power flow through a line. The series voltage injection model of SSSC is modeled into power flow equation and thus it is used to determine its control strategy. This study applies the fuzzy logic applies the SSSC to improve stability of power system. The mathematical model and control strategy of a SSSC are presented. The SSSC is represented by variable voltage injection with associate transformer leakage control to derive control strategy of SSSC. The swing curves of the three phase faulted power system without and with a SSSC is tested and compared in various cases. <b>Results:</b> The swing curve of the system with SSSC based fuzzy logic control has the less amplitude during the dynamic period. <b>Conclusion:</b> It was found from simulation results that SSSC can improve the power system oscillation after disturbance.

In electromechanical oscillation damping within power system, power system stabilizers (PSSs) are often deployed. However, a PSS is less effective in damping interarea oscillation and is limited by changes in network configuration due to weak tie-lines and load variations. Consequently, this paper presents a wide-area coordination approach that damps interarea oscillations using FACTS devices and phasor measurement units. We selected a static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) and static series synchronous compensator (SSSC) for realistic power system interarea oscillation damping. The performance of the coordinated FACTS installed in a power system depends on their suitable locations, sizes, tuned parameters, and remote input signal selection. Hence, we formulated a multiobjective problem to provide the STATCOM and SSSC's optimal solutions using multiobjective particle swarm optimization. In addition, we employed a participation factor to select suitable generator speed deviations as the wide area stabilizing signal. The proposed approach was tested on different configurations of the Kundur $2$-area $4$-machine test system within MATLAB and Psat environments. The outcome of the nonlinear simulation proved that the multimachine power system stability was enhanced.

One of the technical solutions for improving the stability of power system is incorporation of Static Synchronous Compensators (STATCOM) and Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC) controllers. However, the impact of hybridized STATCOM and SSSC on the generator damping stability of the power system to improve the post disturbance recovery voltages of the generator is necessary. Thus, in this study, hybridized model of STATCOM and SSSC controllers were incorporated on the Nigerian 31-bus power system to improve the system generator damping stability during disturbance. Transient stability of electrical power system with contingency was performed using swing equations technique. Line-Voltage Stability Index (L-VSI) technique was employed to determine the critical load bus for the placement of the controllers. Hybridized model of the STATCOM and SSSC was developed and incorporate into the selected load buses and its impact on stability of the generator oscillation damping was examined. Simulation was done in MATLAB R2023a. The generator damping ratio, total active power losses and total cost of controllers were determined. Results verified the effectiveness of hybridized model of STATCOM and SSSC controllers in improving the stability of power generator oscillation damping. Keywords : STATCOM, SSSC, Line-Voltage Stability Index, Contingency, Generator Oscillation Damping, Power Loss. DOI: 10.7176/NCS/15-04 Publication date: February 28 th 2025

The static synchronous series compensator (SSSC) is an important component of flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS) devices. SSSC can be used to control the active and reactive power flow in transmission lines. This paper presents a simplified model for SSSC in Newton–Raphson (NR) load flow algorithm. It also presents strategies for handling the operating constraints of SSSC including the series‐injected voltage and current passing through this device. The presented strategies are based on modifying the specified active and reactive powers with the maximum limits of the operating constraints. However, the SSSC is simply implemented in NR load flow algorithm based on the power injection approach. In this model, the SSSC is represented as injected loads as a function of the desired power flow through the transmission line. The main advantages of this model are avoiding the modification of Jacobin matrix and reducing the complexities of incorporating SSSC in the load flow algorithm. Moreover, the resistance of SSSC is considered in this model. Standard IEEE 14‐bus and 30‐bus test systems are used to verify the performance of the developed model and strategies handling the constraints of the SSSC model. © 2017 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Power system stability enhancement by fractional order multi input SSSC based controller employing whale optimization algorithm

The Flexible alternating current transmission systems (FACTS) is considered one of the most developed technologies applied for enhancing the performance of system due to their ability of adjusting different parameters in the transmission systems such as the buses voltage, the transmission line impedance, the active and reactive powers flow in transmission lines. The static synchronous series compensator (SSSC) is an effective member of the FACTS which is connected in series with the transmission lines and it consists of a solid-state voltage source inverter coupled with a transformer which aims to control and secure the operation of the power system. The main function of SSSC is inserting a controllable voltage in series with the transmission line to control the active and reactive powers flow in transmission lines. Solving the optimal reactive power dispatch (ORPD) problem is nonlinear, non-convex and it becomes a complex problem with integration of the SSSC. The contributions of article include, 1) an efficient and reliable optimization algorithm is developed to solve the ORPD problem and identify the optimal location and ratings of the SSSC, 2) The proposed algorithm is based on modifying the salp swarm algorithm (SSSA) using Levy Flight Distribution and spiral movement of particles to enhance the searching capabilities of the SSA, 3) an efficient model of SSSC based on power injection approach is used for representation the SSSC in ORPD. The ORPD is solved with and without the SSSC controller to minimize power losses and voltage deviations as well as improve the voltage stability. The proposed algorithm for ORPD is tested on the standards IEEE 30-bus and 57-bus systems. The simulation results demonstrate that MSSA is more effective and superior for solving the ORPD compared with some other reported meta-heuristic techniques. Moreover, the system performance is enhanced considerably with optimal inclusion the SSSC.

Today, there is a large increase in the demand for electricity. The transmission and distribution networks, however, cannot fulfill unbound demands due to the scarcity of resources. Power lines have losses which make the situation more unfavorable for maximum power transfer. Implementing a flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) is one of the best ways to reduce line losses. This paper proposes a FACTS-based method for minimizing the fault current in the system. Switchgear and protection equipment also perform better when this is done. Moreover, due to the reduced fault current of the switched system, a larger amount of power can be transmitted. Static synchronous series compensator (SSSC), static synchronous compensator (STATCOM), and unified power flow controller (UPFC) are evaluated in this case. With STATCOM and UPFC, fault currents are significantly reduced. Furthermore, STATCOM and UPFC can also reduce the fault currents in the power system in addition to voltage regulation and power flow control. A MATLAB/Simulink model is used to evaluate the model’s feasibility.