Powerful Necessary Conditions for Class Number Problems

In this paper the authors provide strong evidence for a conjecture of Chinburg in the context of abelian extensions N/K of quadratic imaginary fields K with group G. For abelian groups G, the conjecture specialises to the statement that Chinburg's third invariant Ω(N/K, 3)=0 ∈ Cl(Z[G]). We prove (Theorem 1) that if K has class number 1 (and some technical conditions on the conductor of N/K and its roots of unity hold) then Ω(N/K, 3) lies in the kernel group D(Z[G]). For a special class of genus extensions of prime power degree we prove (Theorem 2) the full conjecture, that Ω(N/K, 3)=0. The proof technique for Theorems 1 and 2 uses Kolyvagin's Euler systems of units applied to certain explicit groups of elliptic units, which essentially determines the difference in Galois structure between units and ideal class groups over the maximal order MG ∈ Q[G]. This is made precise by using Hecke factorisation and working in the factorisability defect class group of the category of finitely generated Z[G]-modules, which is isomorphic to Cl(MG). For Theorem 2, the fact that the class number of N is coprime to [N:K] in such genus extensions N/K allows one to lift these results to Cl(Z[G]), after using cohomological calculations to check that (essentially) an explicit representative for a Tate sequence defining Ω (N/K, 3) has the correct extension class (which is related to the fundamental class of N/K). 1991 Mathematics Subject Classification: 11R33.

We determine all the simplest cubic fields whose ideal class groups have exponent dividing 3, thus generalizing the determination by G. Lettl of all the simplest cubic fields with class number 1 and the determination by D. Byeon of all all the simplest cubic fields with class number 3. We prove that there are 23 simplest cubic fields with ideal class groups of exponent 3 (and 8 simplest cubic fields with ideal class groups of exponent 1, i.e. with class number one).

Let {Km}m≥4 be the family of non-normal totally real cubic number fields as- sociated with the Q-irreducible cubic polynomials Pm(x) = x 3 − mx 2 − (m + 1)x − 1, m ≥ 4. We determine all these Km's with class numbers hm ≤ 3: there are 14 such Km's. Assuming the Generalized Riemann hypothesis for all the real quadratic number fields, we also prove that the exponents em of the ideal class groups of these Km go to infinity with m and we determine all these Km's with ideal class groups of exponents em ≤ 3: there are 6 such Km with ideal class groups of exponent 2, and 6 such Km with ideal class groups of exponent 3.

This paper explores the leading terms of equivariant Artin L -functions at $$s=0$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>s</mml:mi> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> for finite abelian extensions F / k , where k is an imaginary quadratic number field. We introduce a module constructed from these leading terms and the Dirichlet regulator, and compute its generalized index relative to the torsion-free part of the unit group of F . The main result establishes that this index equals the ratio of class numbers $$h_F/h_k$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>h</mml:mi> <mml:mi>F</mml:mi> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>/</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>h</mml:mi> <mml:mi>k</mml:mi> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> multiplied by an explicit annihilator index involving roots of unity. For primes p not dividing the Galois group order, we provide a p -adic refinement using idempotents from higher Stark theory. As consequences, we derive obstructions to the existence of integral higher Stark elements mapping to the equivariant L -value and prove class number divisibility under non-decomposition conditions for ramified places. These findings contribute to the verification of equivariant Stark-type conjectures and offer new insights into class number relations in abelian extensions.

Results are given for a class of square {0,1}-matrices which provide information about the 4-rank of the ideal class group of certain quadratic number fields.

The Non-normal Quartic CM-Fields and the Octic Dihedral CM-Fields with Relative Class Number Two

Given any family of cubic fields defined by local conditions at finitely many primes, we determine the mean number of 2-torsion elements in the class groups and narrow class groups of these cubic fields when ordered by their absolute discriminants. For an order $\cal O$ in a cubic field, we study the three groups: $\rm Cl_2(\cal O)$, the group of ideal classes of $\cal O$ of order 2; $\rm Cl^+_2(\cal O)$, the group of narrow ideal classes of $\cal O$ of order 2; and ${\cal I}_2(\cal O)$, the group of ideals of $\cal O$ of order 2. We prove that the mean value of the difference $|\rm Cl_2({\cal O})|-\frac14|{\cal I}_2(\cal O)|$ is always equal to $1$, whether one averages over the maximal orders in real cubic fields, over all orders in real cubic fields, or indeed over any family of real cubic orders defined by local conditions. For the narrow class group, we prove that the mean value of the difference $|\rm Cl^+_2({\cal O})|-|{\cal I}_2(\cal O)|$ is equal to $1$ for any such family. For any family of complex cubic orders defined by local conditions, we prove similarly that the mean value of the difference $|\rm Cl_2(\mathcal O)|-\frac12|{\cal I}_2(\cal O)|$ is always equal to $1$, independent of the family. The determination of these mean numbers allows us to prove a number of further results as by-products. Most notably, we prove---in stark contrast to the case of quadratic fields---that: 1) a positive proportion of cubic fields have odd class number; 2) a positive proportion of real cubic fields have isomorphic 2-torsion in the class group and the narrow class group; and 3) a positive proportion of real cubic fields contain units of mixed real signature. We also show that a positive proportion of real cubic fields have narrow class group strictly larger than the class group, and thus a positive proportion of real cubic fields do not possess units of every possible real signature.

Let K {\mathbf {K}} be a CM-field that is a quadratic extension of a totally real number field k {\mathbf {k}} . Under a technical assumption, we show that the relative class number of K {\mathbf {K}} is large compared with the absolute value of the discriminant of K {\mathbf {K}} , provided that the Dedekind zeta function of k {\mathbf {k}} has a real zero s s such that 0 &gt; s &gt; 1 0 &gt; s &gt; 1 . This result will enable us to get sharp upper bounds on conductors of totally imaginary abelian number fields with class number one or with prescribed ideal class groups.

Class group of the group ring of a cyclic group of order p2 over the ring of integers in a quadratic number field

Let K be a number field, let A be an abelian variety defined over K and let $$K_\infty /K$$ be a uniform p-adic Lie extension. We compare several arithmetic invariants of Iwasawa modules of ideal class groups on the one side and fine Selmer groups of abelian varieties on the other side. If $$K_\infty $$ contains sufficiently many p-power torsion points of A, then we can compare the ranks and the Iwasawa $$\mu $$ -invariants of these modules over the Iwasawa algebra. In several special cases (e.g. multiple $$\mathbb {Z}_p$$ -extensions), we can also prove relations between suitably generalised Iwasawa $$\lambda $$ -invariants of the two types of Iwasawa modules. In the literature, two different kinds of generalised Iwasawa $$\lambda $$ -invariants have been introduced for ideal class groups and Selmer groups. We define analogues of both concepts for fine Selmer groups and compare the resulting invariants. In order to obtain some of our main results, we prove new asymptotic formulas for the growth of ideal class groups and fine Selmer groups in multiple $$\mathbb {Z}_p$$ -extensions.

Dyadic ideal, class group, and tame kernel in quadratic fields

The class group of a number field K measures how far its ring of integers is from having unique factorization into irreducible elements. It is the quotient of the group of all fractional ideals of K by the subgroups of principal fractional ideals. It is well known from class field theory that the ideal class group is also the Galois group of the maximal unramified abelian extension of K.

The Maximal Unramified Extensions of the Imaginary Quadratic Number Fields with Class Number Two

The finiteness of the number of cyclotomic fields whose relative class numbers have bounded odd parts will be verified and then all the cyclotomic fields with relative class numbers non-trivial 2-powers will be determined.

There are 26 possibilities for the torsion groups of elliptic curves defined over quadratic number fields. We present examples of high rank elliptic curves with a given torsion group which set the current rank records for most of the torsion groups. In particular, we show that for each possible torsion group, except maybe for \(\mathbb {Z}/15\mathbb {Z}\), there exists an elliptic curve over some quadratic field with this torsion group and with rank \(\ge 2\).