Practice and application of three-dimensional modeling algorithm based on multi-source data fusion in geographic information systems

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are central to spatial evidence in Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). In this review, GIS is used in a broad, integrative sense to refer to an ecosystem of geospatial technologies—such as remote sensing (RS) and GPS—where GIS serves as the core platform for managing, analyzing, and communicating spatial data throughout the EIA process. GIS plays a crucial role at each stage of EIA, from baseline data collection to spatial analysis, ecological sensitivity mapping, impact prediction, scenario simulation, and landscape connectivity assessment. These capabilities support alternatives analysis, risk communication, and decision-making in EIA. This paper synthesizes thematic evidence and presents case studies to illustrate the synergies between GIS, remote sensing, GeoAI, and multisource data fusion. It highlights operational workflows and key deliverables for EIA applications, including urban expansion, transport corridors, and protected-area management. We identify persistent challenges in data quality and standardization, interoperability, model uncertainty, and policy gaps. To address them, we propose a minimum geospatial dataset with clear metadata standards, interpretable GeoAI paired with formal sensitivity analysis, IoT–GIS pipelines for real-time monitoring and adaptive management, and the systematic inclusion of cumulative effects and climate scenarios. By linking GIS methods to typical decision points and reporting standards in EIA, this review clarifies where GIS adds value, how to quantify and communicate uncertainty, and how to align analytical outputs with regulatory requirements and stakeholder expectations. The study offers a practical framework and implementation checklist for standardized, transparent, and reproducible EIA processes, contributing to evidence-based ecological governance.

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) is one of the modern methods that contributed extensively to facilitating the tasks and performance of planners during decisions related to the development or analysis of a particular problem with a spatial dimension, and this technique has been used in many different scientific fields such as the study of the distribution of services, analysis of land uses, or the division of transportation. The paper aims to highlight the benefits of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in tourism planning, identify the basic stages of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) applications in tourism planning, and to identify the importance of using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in the tourism planning of archaeological sites in Fatimid Cairo. This study was based on a descriptive analytical approach and the field survey method was applied in the sample method to reach conclusions that serve the objectives of the study. This study was finalized by several results, most notably: The need to use Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in documenting the monuments by transferring all images, data and written inscriptions on them and illustrating them through pictures and videos, to form a database to be available to the tourist, researcher and planner. The planning of archaeological sites using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in the study area (Fatimid Cairo), saves time and effort by relying on aerial and space images and topographic maps with high accuracy and conducting analysis and reaching accurate results in a very short period, compared to the time required using traditional methods.

The application of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in the work of government bodies, economic subjects and units of regional and local self-government presents the real situation today in every European country, as well as in its regions. The organisation of collecting, storing, distribution and usage of spatial data, in accordance with the principals of spatial data infrastructure (SDI) presents the next (higher) level in the application of spatial data and GIS. Rapid development of GIS application in the last decade highlights two problems in the efficient usage of GIS technologies, entailing the usage of spatial data in general. The first problem is the lack of the concept in organising the spatial data that has been solved basically through the development of IPP concept. The other problem lies in the fact that the subjects and the users do not have enough knowledge of GIS and IPP. Therefore, special attention has been paid within the frame of INSPIRE project to the development of education concept for the subjects and users of IPP, in order to provide the possibility for them to use the advantages offered by the concept of enhanced technologies and IPP itself. The paper presents the current situation in the education referring to GIS and IPP, and describes the activities carried out for the purpose of creating the environment that would provide quicker and more efficient implementation of National SDI (NSDI) based on better information given to the subjects and users.

The application of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in green project management has gained significant attention due to its potential to support sustainable construction. This review explored the application of GIS in green project management practices, focusing on the challenges and opportunities involved to propose a future research agenda for advancing the use of GIS. A systematic literature review of publications from 2000 to 2024 was conducted, focusing on the role of GIS in promoting sustainable construction and energy-efficient project management. The review used specific keywords, including "Geographic Information Systems (GIS)," "Green Projects," "Energy Optimization," "Sustainability Reporting," and "Waste Management." These terms were combined with Boolean operators (AND, OR) to refine and enhance search results, ensuring the inclusion of relevant studies related to GIS applications in sustainability and resource management within construction projects. The findings revealed that GIS enhances energy optimization by analyzing consumption patterns, guiding interventions like retrofitting and renewable energy integration. In water and waste management, GIS helps detect inefficiencies and optimize collection routes, although challenges remain in acquiring high-resolution data. GIS also supports real-time monitoring, providing continuous insights into energy and resource usage, though integration with advanced systems and infrastructure is essential. In sustainability reporting, GIS aids in visualizing indicators like carbon footprints and conducting Lifecycle Assessments (LCA), providing an in-depth evaluation of environmental impacts throughout a project’s lifecycle. This review recommends integrating GIS with real-time monitoring systems and standardized sustainability metrics to enhance its effectiveness in optimizing energy use, waste management, and sustainability reporting in green projects.

The article presents the results of the application of geographic information systems for environmental auditing, which allows you to monitor the ecological situation on the objects, food and chemical industries and to ensure environmental safety of natural and industrial areas. The authors propose a mathematical model that performs monitoring of environmental objects. The computational experiment is performed in Matlab for classifying the soil measurement conditions. The results of the analysis and the electronic cartograms constructed on their basis are used to predict the location of the points exceeding the parasitological indices in the soil. The assessment of the condition of the soil in different districts of the Voronezh city is made with the help of the created neural networks. The results are compared with the same indicators, measured in 2017. Data is taken from the information Bulletin «Evaluation of the influence of environmental factors on the health of the population of the Voronezh region on indicators of socio-hygienic monitoring». Information was prepared by the Office of Rospotrebnadzor in the Voronezh region. A study cited in the article was conducted at the Department of information and control systems of the Voronezh state University of engineering technologies. Geographic information system was built with the help of MapInfo software product. It can be used to simulate the environmental situation and to inform about its current state with the help of cartography. Thus, the geoinformation research method reviewed in this article allows predicting the emission of harmful substances into the environment and it can be used by regulatory agencies of the state authorities to control the environmental state of the territory.

The article is devoted to the problem of incorporation geographic information systems (GIS) in world school practice. The authors single out the stages of GIS application in school geographical education based on the retrospective analysis of the scientific literature. The first stage (late 70s – early 90s of the XX century) is the beginning of the first educational GIS programs and partnership agreements between schools and universities. The second stage (mid-90s of the XX century – the beginning of the XXI century) comprises the distribution of GIS-educational programs in European and Australian schools with the involvement of leading developers of GIS-packages (ESRI, Intergraph, MapInfo Corp., etc.). The third stage (2005–2012) marks the spread of the GIS school education in Eastern Europe, Asia, Africa and Latin America; on the fourth stage (from 2012 to the present) geographic information systems emerge in school curricula in most countries. The characteristics of the GIS-technologies development stages are given considering the GIS didactic possibilities for the study of school geography, as well as highlighting their advantages and disadvantages.

The role of Geographic Information System (GIS) technology in tourism analysis and site selection is well established. The tourism industry have widely adopted information technology (IT) to reduce costs, enhance operational efficiency, and most importantly to improve service quality and customer experience. The paper explores the applications of Geographic Information System (GIS) that present travel patterns related data obtained from Petra city in Jordan. The paper demonstrates that Geographic Information System (GIS) is increasingly becoming critical for the competitive operations of the tourism sites as well as hospitality organizations in Jordan. As proposed by the system used in this study the paper provides various utilities and a proposal for the application of Geographic Information System (GIS) in marketing of tourist sites in Jordan. Furthermore, the paper will highlight the barriers the researchers encounter in applying Geographic Information System (GIS) in marketing of tourist sites in Petra city and Jordan in general.

For many years, modeling and GIS applications have been used as separate systems for planning, design and operation of water distribution systems. As digital information becomes increasingly available, the potential benefits of an integrated model and GIS system become more obvious. These benefits of integration and resulting automation include: better service to internal and external customers, improved work processes and higher productivity, reduced data entry errors and duplication, improved data security and reliability, and improved emergency response. Las Vegas Valley Water District (LVVWD) is developing an integrated system that includes a hydraulic and water quality model. Geographic Information System (GIS), Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA), and other database systems. Model data is dynamically linked to the GIS information with unique identification features. The model utilizes GIS and other linked data to compute hydraulic and water quality results for master planning, operational planning, facility outage scenarios, and other what-if scenarios. The integrated system enables the data process to be automated to the maximum extent possible so that manpower and time is saved. This paper describes the significance of such integration and demonstrates its value with example applications. The examples encompass master planning, water quality planning and operational planning for rapid-growing communities. This paper was presented at the 8th Annual Water Distribution Systems Analysis Symposium which was held with the generous support of Awwa Research Foundation (AwwaRF).

This study aimed to conduct archival collection and search and rescue of traditional mountain village landscapes through the application of geographic information system (GIS) technology, addressing potential cultural heritage losses during natural disasters or human-induced events. Initially, on-site surveys were conducted to gather fundamental information about the geographical locations, natural environments, architectural structures, and cultural activities of traditional mountain villages. Subsequently, GIS technology was employed to spatially locate and digitize the collected data, constructing 3D landscape models of these villages. Building upon this foundation, a GIS-based search and rescue path planning algorithm was devised to enhance the efficiency of landscape archival retrieval during mountain disasters. On this basis, this study combined GIS-based terrain modeling with trust region policy optimization, an artificial intelligence reinforcement learning method, to achieve real-time search and rescue path planning in disaster scenarios. Compared with traditional path planning methods, the proposed model shows significant advantages in three typical mountain village scenarios: the average path length is shortened by 5 km (p < 0.01), the path coordinate deviation is controlled between 0.3 and 0.6 km, and the average search and rescue success rate is increased by 12.3% (p < 0.05). This integrated framework of a GIS and artificial intelligence has a significant effect on improving the efficiency and spatial accuracy of landscape archive retrieval and emergency response. In conclusion, this study not only provides novel technical means for the collection and preservation of landscape archives in traditional mountain villages but also highlights the significant application value of GIS technology in the field of search and rescue.

Methodology for application of a Geographical Information System (GIS) to the distribution of selected toxic chemicals in Lake Erie of the Great Lakes is proposed and described in detail in this paper. Seventeen different organic compounds were selected as toxic chemicals. An integrated analysis was conducted utilizing a GIS system — SPANS. Concentration distributions for individual organic compounds were mapped in GIS by applying the spatial interpolation of point data. An overlay map of fourteen selected toxic chemicals was produced in GIS displaying an overall concentration pattern. On this overlay map different levels of toxic chemical concentrations in Lake Erie were clearly identified taking into consideration the fourteen chemicals. The results indicated that the distributions of the selected toxic chemicals displayed higher concentration primarily in the West Basin, near the Detroit River, of the lake. Polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs) and Dieldrin which come from the sediments are the predomina...

Objective Through the application of geographic information system in Sanjiangyuan Region to observe the epidemic trend of brucellosis and do prevention and control study. Methods Brucellosis epidemiological investigation data of 9 counties and Tanggula Town from 2011 to 2013 from Qinghai Institute for Endemic Diseases Prevention and Control were collected. The information of Brucella strains separated from people, animals and wild animals from 1958 to 2013 in Sanjiangyuan Region were collected, too. Geographical information technology software was applied to build database information system for brucellosis and to retrieve the time and spatial distribution. Results A total of 6 310 people from 2011 to 2013 were investigated, patients with brucellosis were 33, and prevalence was 0.52%. Twenty-seven strains were separated which distributed in 10 counties of Sanjiangyuan Region. These strains contained 3 species (22 Brucella melitensis strains, 4 Brucella abortus strains and 1 Brucella suis strains). Database for brucellosis was successfully built which was used to query brucellosis' time and spatial distribution of this area and other information such as infection and prevalence. Conclusion Through the application of geographic information system, the informationization degree of brucellosis prevention and control has been improved, so as to formulate effective prevention and treatment measures. Key words: Brucellosis; Preventive medicine; Geographic information system

Developing a three-dimensional (3D) data model for Geographic Information Systems (GIS) is an essential and complex issue. 3D modelling in GIS is becoming ever more important for the development of cyber cities and digital earth, which have recently become feasible. A competent 3D model forms an efficient foundation for 3D visualization, query and spatial analysis. As a development of the existing 3D models, this study proposes particular improvements in handling complex 3D objects. We present an object-oriented data model for handling complex 3D objects in GIS. First, the conceptual data model is developed based on the principle of object-oriented (OO) data modelling. This model is designed based on the following three basic geometric elements: node, segment and triangle. Accordingly, the abstract geometric objects are defined: including points, lines, surfaces and volumes. Second, the corresponding 3D logical model is designed based on the defined abstract objects and the relationships between them. Third, a formal representation of the 3D spatial objects is described in detail. Fourth, a prototype 3D GIS is developed based on the proposed 3D data model. Finally, we describe the results of an experimental study to reconstruct 3D objects using this 3D GIS and a comparison with the performance of other 3D data models. The proposed model is able to handle complex objects, such as complex buildings and TV towers, which is an essential functionality for building large-scale cyber cities, such as for Hong Kong. The proposed data model proves to be very efficient, particularly in visualization and rendering. The experimental results show which the data volume of the proposed model is compacted and the visualization speed for 3D objects is improved, compared with the existing models.

The widespread application of geographic information systems (GISs) at airports is detailed through surveys of U.S. airports. A recent survey conducted through the Airport GIS Committee of the American Association of Airport Executives indicated that more than 60 percent of airports use GISs or plan to use GISs within the next 3 years. The application of GISs for infrastructure management, environmental analysis, and airport operations is becoming commonplace at larger U.S. airports. Integration of infrastructure management in general and pavement management in particular with airportwide GISs provides far greater management capabilities than traditional infrastructure management systems. The development of integrated airport GISs and the availability of affordable, differentially corrected Global Positioning System receivers have resulted in a paradigm shift in methods of infrastructure management. As the new millennium approaches, the state of the art in infrastructure and pavement management is turning away from the traditional forms toward map-based systems that have sophisticated analytical tools. In the case of pavement management, the use of map-based analysis will overcome many of the shortcomings of the traditional MicroPAVER inspection process. The capabilities of the current state of the art in pavement management are detailed.

The application of Geographic Information System (GIS) technology in education is becoming increasingly vital for enhancing digital literacy and spatial analysis skills. Rahmatullah Lempake Islamic Boarding School in Samarinda is one of the educational institutions with significant potential to utilize this technology in supporting the management of its environment and local resources. The initiative aims to provide students with training in GIS, enhancing their knowledge and skills in spatial data management and geographic analysis. The training employed a combination of lectures, discussions, and practical sessions using GIS software. It was attended by students aged 12 to 15 and covered foundational topics, such as an introduction to GIS, mapping applications, and data analysis techniques. The results of this training demonstrated a notable improvement in the students' understanding and basic GIS skills, as well as increased awareness of the technology's potential applications in their local environment. The integration of GIS into the educational process offers significant benefits, particularly in enhancing students' technological literacy and spatial analysis capabilities, which can be applied to environmental management activities within the Islamic boarding school. In conclusion, the GIS training at Rahmatullah Lempake Islamic Boarding School has effectively developed the students' foundational skills in technology and geographic analysis, offering practical benefits for future resource management and environmental planning endeavors.

The role of environmental management is extremely important in human life because of its contribution to environmental protection and strategies. In modern society, nevertheless, facing the challenges in land, water, and air quality management in reality is unavoidable. Understanding the information on variability and features of environmental issues is necessary to support decision-makers in establishing environmental management planning. Spatial information and data should be considered as basic initial knowledge of environmental management. Among various technologies, Geographic Information Systems (GIS) is known as one of the most popular tools to store, analyze, and visualize data relating to geographically referenced information which can mitigate these challenges more effectively and accurately. The main purpose of this paper is to emphasize how GIS applications in environmental management, discuss the challenges of GIS technology in environmental management, and provide recommendations for future research directions. Many articles over the last decades were reviewed to highlight the application of GIS in environmental management. These results indicated GIS applications support land, water, air quality, and waste management. Moreover, it is a useful tool to monitor and assess environmental quality and in environmental planning and decision-making. For the limitation of GIS application, it is obvious that accuracy assessment and sensitivity analysis should be noticed and assessed although GIS application may strongly support decision-making in environmental management. Emerging GIS technologies and tendencies could help address these challenges. In future, GIS should be integrated along with new technologies and different decision-making algorithms in further steps for developing and supporting spatial decision-support systems more efficiently.