Preaching the Truth under Communism

The first essay in this volume is a very generous and gracious article on the part my Christian faith plays in my work as an economist. It is not my place to comment on this essay except to provide a little historical background. From the first year in which I studied economics, in 1950 at the University of Western Australia, I had no doubt that a person’s faith, or ideology, or world view should provide an underpinning for one’s work as an economist. This was both appropriate and inevitable. Equally appropriate and inevitable was that it affected the conclusions to which one came as an economist. In those days of a brave new world of Keynesian economics it was easy to see a relationship between a faith that firmly believed in God’s concern for all human beings and an economics which would save Australian society from the horrors of the depression of the 1930s, of which I had some personal memories. Incidentally, the parochialism revealed in the last sentence was clearly there in practice, but would have been denied on principle if anyone had challenged me about it.

The aim of this research is to analyze the novel, Things Fall Apart as a liminal Identity: Thematic approach of Identity Crisis from the perspective of Postcolonial Literature. The study analyzes the plot development and the thematic aspects of the novel on one level. On the other level the paper analyzes how the facts related to the colonial aspects of Africa and the impact of colonialism are embedded in this fiction. Therefore, it is a comparative study of Post-colonialism and Post-Colonial Literature. A brief introduction to Postcolonial literature is given at the outset. The indication of the word ‘post-colonialism’ along with the origin and development of the postcolonial theories and studies are critically examined. The research evaluates the thematic aspect of postcolonial literature, identity crisis with special reference to liminal identity. It also critically analyses the various representative authors like Rushdie, Achebe, Ondantje, Fanon, Derek Walcott, and J. M. Coetzee in addition to some female writers like Jamaica Kancaid, Isabelle Illende and Eavan Bolland. Furthermore, it also briefly examines the political history of colonization and the impact of colonialism on the literature produced during post-colonial period. The research introduces Chinua Achebe, the author of Things Fall Apart, from the point of his personal and historical background in order to compare the content and the context of his writing. Thus, the study reveals that the novel, Things Fall Apart, is a revelation of Identity Crisis.

This paper reflects a personal perspective on the interface between communication and instruction by a representative of two early doctoral programs in Communication Education—Purdue University and Florida State University. The paper provides some personal and historical background concerning the development and success of the two doctoral programs. In addition two critical events which shaped the focus and image of Communication in the past two decades are discussed: (1) The New Orleans Conference on Research and Instructional Development, and (2) The change in name of the journal SPEECH TEACHER to COMMUNICATION EDUCATION. The paper concludes with a brief discussion of five trends in Communication Education viewed by the author on the basis of his personal perspective.

Purpose of this paper is to present traits of penal law during Stalinist period in Poland based on a handbook by I. Andrejew, L. Lernell and J. Sawicki “Prawo karne Polski Ludowej”, which was first published in 1950. For this purpose, a number of issues appearing in the publication were described, such as: materialist definition of crime, ex post facto law, penality of preparation, attitude towards pre-war legislation instituted by interpretation, criticism of sociological school in penal law, position of death penalty in punishment system. Based on characteristics of them, traits of Stalinist penal law were identified, some of which are: excessive repressiveness, subordination of law to the power, or its instrumentalization. Identification of these traits was made possible by utilization of modern literature concerning the subject, presentation of regulations from laws having effect at the time, as well as comparison of handbook’s contents with current historical knowledge. Characteristics of traits of Stalinist penal law was preceded by a description of circumstances of origins of the handbook – its position among existing course books, reviews and consideration of impact of authors’ personal background on character of their work. What is more, teaching of penal law in the early days of Peoples’ Poland was briefly described, with an indication, why work of I. Andrejew, L. Lernell and J. Sawicki was particularly needed in law schools created by communist government.

A survey of 465 U.S. (90.5 percent) and Canadian (9.5 percent) 1993 graduates of master's (M.L.I.S. and M.L.S.) programs accredited by the American Library Association (ALA) addressed lesbigay issues within the context of professional social responsibilities. Specifically, graduates were asked to agree or disagree with thirty-three statements reflecting attitudes toward (I) the ALA position on social responsibility as manifested in official professional documents such as the ALA Library Bill of Rights; (2) multiculturalism and political correctness; (3) the status of women in librarianship; (4) gay and lesbian issues in Iibrarianship; and (5) the treatment these topics received in their M.L.I.S. and M.L.S. programs. Extensive personal data were also solicited, including the subjects' selfidentified political orientation, sexual orientation, personal acquaintance with AIDS victims, educational background, and job history. Responses and openended comments indicated that library and information studies and library and information professionals are not ideologically cohesive in their views on women's issues, lesbigays, or the relationship between social responsibilities and professionalism. The findings of the study, although not definitive, would seem to justify more exhaustive studies on the demographic and ideological identity of library and information professionals. 1.

The Helikon Publishing House has published (2006–2018) Sándor Márai’s (1900–1989) diaries in eighteen volumes of eight thousand pages under the title The Complete Diary. After Márai left the country for good in 1948 and went into exile, the communist regime eliminated him from the history of Hungarian literature, and generations grew up without reading his books or hearing about him in their literary studies. The diary is a testament to the existential vulnerability of the writer in exile. This major piece of work has four layers: the first is made up of notes on regular readings, the second is about recent Hungarian history, the third is personal memory, and the fourth is the material for the absorption of the host country’s culture. The Complete Diary changes our view of Márai, whose vision of Hungarian history is disturbing. He sees Hungary as a failed attempt to create a modern bourgeois nation. What is unique about Márai’s diary is the way it fuses memories of the personal past with reflections on the present. The recording of daily events goes beyond the genre of the diary: on the one hand towards the essay, on the other towards the novel.

Lotte Beese (Reisicht, Silesia 1903 - Krimpen aan den IJssel, the Netherlands 1988) cooperated for some years as an architect in building the Sotsgorods (socialist cities) in the Soviet Union. In interviews in the seventies and eighties, she looked back on her work and the living conditions in this country. These memories are being examined against the results of research carried out in archives and by means of literature study. Consideration will be given to where she worked and with whom, and which designs she made. This paper discusses whether there are similarities between her working experiences and the conclusions drawn by architectural historians on the work of western architects involved in the Soviet Union. How can these personal memories be evaluated within the perspective of a later approach to this issue by architectural historians? From the seventies, architectural historians have written critically about the participation of western architects in the urban development of the communist state. In their research, these authors focus mainly on the Russian authorities’ growing suppressive and hostile attitude towards the architects. Beese’s ego documents will be compared with the views of these historians.

With its core purpose of establishing the legal status of immovable property, the system of land and mortgage registers (perpetual books) operating in Poland plays a paramount social and economic role in ensuring legal security of real estate conveyancing, and thereby contributes to implementing the constitutional principle of democratic state ruled by law. The foundations for a uniform land and mortgage register law were laid down in the 1930s by the Codification Commission of the Republic of Poland, appointed after the Polish State regained independence in 1918, following the period of partitions. The works of the Commission were interrupted by the outbreak of the Second World War in 1939. In the early years of the post-war communist regime, the Commission’s draft provisions on land and mortgage registers served as the basis of the unified legislation that entered into force. Shortly thereafter, however, the very usefulness of the institution of land and mortgage register was contested by communist authorities, as it was considered contrary to the ideological assumptions underlying the socialist system. As a consequence, although not abolished, the land and mortgage register law’s relevance was diminished substantially for several decades, as manifested by the fact that it was not incorporated into the Civil Code of 1964. The significance of land and mortgage registers was restored to a certain degree only upon adopting the Land and Mortgage Registers and Mortgage Act of 1982, which, after being appropriately amended, is still in force. Subsequently, land and mortgage registers were subject to systemic reforms as part of the democratic transition process in Poland, and in recent years, advanced computerisation and informatisation actions have been undertaken bringing about noteworthy modernisation effects. In view of the forthcoming 40th anniversary of the enactment of the Land and Mortgage Registers and Mortgage Act, it is worth providing deeper insights into contemporary Polish land and mortgage register law against the historical background. The article is aimed at outlining the evolution of legislative and doctrinal approaches to the position of land and mortgage registers in the legal system in Poland — from the period of the interwar Codification Commission’s activity, through the decades of the totalitarian domination of the communist system, until the present time. In this respect, particular reference will be made to basic rules underpinning the organisation of land and mortgage registers. Based on the overview of the development of land and mortgage register law, with special consideration of its legislative marginalisation in the People’s Republic of Poland, conclusions will be drawn as to the current legal position of land and mortgage registers in the context of recognising the vital importance thereof for property law relations.

The historical background, the present position, and the future prospects of both the non-Russian and Russian peoples are considered in their many aspects, as are the maneuvers of the Communist regime to suppress, appease, or make use of them. The future of the Soviet Union, and thus of the world, depends greatly on whether, and how, the Communist leadership, whose own ideology has lost most of its appeal, can adjust to a new surge of national feeling. The authors examine the question from many points of view, in a broad conspectus of political, cultural, economic, demographic, and other approaches.

In my presentation I will explore the situation of social work education in Europe, looking at the challenges of the XXI Century, underlining the effects and the demands arising from the application of the Bologna process and stressing the importance of developing innovative experiences in training, that focus more on competences and on an international dimension in education. Social work education initially grew in Europe at different stages from the beginning of XX th century till the end of the second world war, but also had a new and important “rebirth” after the crash of the communist regime in the central eastern part of Europe. In the last two decades the creation or re-opening of social work education in eastern European countries has been of considerable significance. What does ‘social work’ mean today and what currently are the social professions being referred to in different European countries? Authors like Lyons, Lawrence (eds.2006) and Lorenz (2006), among others, deal with the topic of social professions in Europe, with a particular focus on the role covered by education in preparing social workers. Education in social work is worthy of such a sustained focus, because of its unique nature in reflecting specific cultural and contextual dimensions. Historical backgrounds, social policy trends, pedagogical and disciplinary relationships and ‘politics’ all have implications for the way in which training in social work has been established in different countries. Local factors and European policy developments are all important elements in determining in what way social work education is evolving in terms of structure, curricula and pedagogical issues.

The 26,316 patients who entered drug therapy programs participating in the DARP from June, 1971, to March, 1973, and who had used drugs for at least two years were grouped into three drug use categories: daily users of opioids, less-than-daily users of opioids, and non-users of opioids. Differences were observed among these three groups regarding the first drug used daily and the age at first drug use. A multiple discriminant analysis including demographic, drug history, and personal background variables indicated that the major differences among these types of drug users revolved around ethnic and age-related variables.

During Communist times in Albania (1944-1991) everyone was defined, evaluated and classified through his or her « biography » [biografi], which was a judgement, in political terms, on one’s personality, acts and familial background. The « biography » was largely responsible for the authorities’ attitude towards the individual. In this paper, I try to understand what the word « biography » (and the phrase « good/bad biography ») meant for the people themselves. It appears that « biography » is often synonymous with « family or lineage background ». Such an observation leads to explain, in a second step, « biography » as the conjunction of a political concept, the « class struggle » as it was understood by both the authorities and the people, and the family or lineage [fis] as an institution of Albanian society. Finally, the paper suggests an interpretation of « biography » in terms of « purity », « stain » and naturalisation of differences.

Prefatory Note—Dr. Joseph L. Hromádka, Dean of the Jan Hus Theological Faculty in Prague, is considered the foremost Protestant theologian and Church leader in Czechoslovakia. He fled the Nazi terror and came to the United States to spend eight years in exile as a professor of theology in Princeton Theological Seminary. Shortly after the War closed, during the summer of 1947, he and his family returned to his native land to help in the reconstruction. Political conditions changed rapidly and the Communist Party came into power early in 1948. Since that time Dr. Hromádka and his colleagues have had to face a new situation. They have tried to maintain a Christian position in their national revolution, believing that while the new order represents an inevitable development in history, the Christian must not withdraw from it, but take a positive yet critical attitude towards it and give his Christian witness in it. That this is being done is evidenced by this powerful address, which is here presented in unabridged form. Some think that Hromádka has gone too far in working with the new order, although they admire his courageous stand and his precarious position. Others, who know the European situation, feel that he is on the right course, and that his future will no doubt determine the future of evangelical Christianity in all Communist countries. Communists in Czechoslovakia respect men like Hromádka, because they know that such Christians are sincere, fearless, and incorruptible. They also know that Christians like Hromádka have great social concern for the people. This address, delivered a few months ago to several thousand people in one of the large halls of Prague, is based upon Psalm 75 and will indicate to those who read the Psalm how relevant the Bible is! It reveals the core of the Protestant faith of the Reformation which is coming to renewed life in many areas of the Church. The address also communicates the tension which in a sense always exists between the Church and the world, the tension which in our time has become acute.—E. G. Homrighausen.

Water and energy are thoroughly linked: water is required to generate, transfer, and use the lot characteristics of energy; and energy is demanded to extract, treat, and distribute water. Shortage in clean water deems as the main challenge facing the world as a result of the escalating in the energy consumption required for desalinating the sea/brackish water which increases costs and provokes on the marine life and environment due to the high concentrate solute produced from desalination plants. Solar pond is a reservoir of water with different salt concentration implements to gather and store the incident solar energy which it can be employed later on in different thermal energy applications, such as industrialized heating process, electricity power generation, farming crop drying and cooling of houses. In this paper a short but concentrated review of the literatures that dealt with the implemented of the solar pond to illustrate succinctly the historical background for the solar ponds as well as the most word-wide established solar ponds. In addition to the theoretical background of heat and mass transfer which governed the solar pond operation is presented and discussed.

Once the fall of the communist regime, one of the cruelest dictatorships round Europe, the deep economic crisis induced all Albanians to the exodus versus neighbor European countries. Their exodus was short, immediate, uncontrolled, and not organized. Finding themselves in such difficult conditions of survival, they didn‟t preserved strong links with their home-country, and the co-nationals. They had a very hard beginning, dealing with their need to be employed, to have a house to live, and to be integrated to the new societies. In these conditions, we look today the Albanian immigrant community in lower levels of social hierarchy in the host countries, and this is reflected to the second generation of Albanian immigrants too. They have lower social status, occupy business and economic sectors of a lower social status, and are less developed. They still lack strong social capital and high level trusts too. But they are much more oriented to alter ties (weak), than to other immigrantsin the Albanian community and more addicted to the host country living. They own weaker ties to the outside enclave community, and this is a good case for development and success. Increase of trust to meso-level within the Albanian enclave of the immigrants,reinforcing strong ties between Albanian egos, increasing the level of social capital, is necessary to support theireconomic and social development, improving image, social status and business potentials too. Identifying ways and possibilities to increase social capital, social status and the economic development, the Albanian immigrant community of the region of Lombardy in Italy will increase its potential to transnational bridging with home country in international trade.